Optimizing Bio-Oil Yield: A Study on Trichosanthes Tricuspidata Seed Extraction | Chapter 2| Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

 

This study investigates Trichosanthes tricuspidata seeds as a potential novel source for bio-oil production. Employing a Soxhlet extractor, the research delves into the presence of fatty acids in oil extracted using various solvents. The primary aim is to optimize the extraction process to maximize bio-oil yield, examining factors such as extraction time and seed particle size. Initial experiments encompass a diverse range of particle sizes and extraction durations. Subsequently, to refine the process, a fixed particle size is utilized alongside different solvents. The study identifies the optimal extraction process as a 3h extraction time with a particle size of 0.55 mm, employing isopropyl alcohol as the solvent, resulting in a bio-oil extraction rate of 20% (w/w). The significance of this research lies in introducing a fresh approach to bio-oil production from an untapped plant source. By enhancing the extraction process from Trichosanthes tricuspidata seeds, this study contributes to the advancement of sustainable and economically viable bio-oil production methods. Furthermore, the study employs analytical techniques to comprehend the composition of the extracted bio-oil.

 

 

Author(s) Details

V. Mansa Devi

Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.

M. Dharmendira Kumar

Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.

R. Sridhar

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pillaichavadi, Puducherry, 605 014, India.

C. Jaya Kumar

Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/8276E

Sourcing and Comparative Study on Proximate and Characterisation of Chitin and Chitosan from the Biomass of Nigerian Shrimp and Crab Shells and Conversion to Glucosamine | Chapter 7 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 5

 

The most important biopolysaccharides for biochemical industries are chitin and chitosan. These chemical entities are nitrogenous polysaccharide polymers containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucoside units. These products are useful in engineering, medicine, agriculture and other industrial uses. Over the past few years, these compounds have garnered significant recognition for their numerous potential applications in cutting-edge pharmaceutical research.

 

Glucosamine is a known drug for treating musculoskeletal problems and has been obtained from a set of amino polysaccharides. Despite their broad applicability, there is limited information in the Nigerian context regarding their extraction and utilisation from local sources.

 

The present study was aimed at isolation of chitin and chitosan from shrimp and crab wastes by chemical methods involving deproteinization, demineralisation at 1M concentration of HCl and NaOH depigmentation, filtration and Deacetylation with 50% NaOH at 100°C, where necessary. These were simultaneously converted to glucosamine by acid hydrolysis using 37% HCl for 1 hour. The yield of chitin was 17% for shrimp and 28.00% for crab. Deacetylation of chitin using 50% NaOH at 100oC resulted in 56% chitosan from shrimp and 71.10% from crab. The proximate analysis of chitin isolated gave rise to the following result: moisture 2.9%, ash 4.54%, lipids 2.1% and protein 3.3% for shrimp and moisture 4.03, ash 1.97%, lipid 1.73%, and protein 2.90% for Crab. These compounds were characterised using FTIR. In the infra-red spectrum, the shrimp chitin indicated an amide (I) band at 1614cm-1, while crab chitin indicated an amide (1) band at 1629 cm-1 whereas chitosan and glucosamine showed no amide band but hydroxyl and amino groups between the ranges of 3110-3595 cm-1 while crab showed absorption at 3565-3015cm-1. The results of these analyses, including the proximate analysis, compared well with literature values. There is a paucity of information in the literature about this type of study in Nigeria. This study has created awareness that these biomaterials from crustacean sources from Nigeria are technologically useful for conversion into useful products that can be used in Engineering, Medicine, Agriculture and other industrial products. This work provides a route for controlling pollution threats caused by fishing and canning sites. This is a case of creating Wealth from Waste.

 

Author(s) Details

Akpuaka M U
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

 

Esimai B G
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v5/5761

Novel PHEMA Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 3

 

 

This chapter discusses the preparation and characterization of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) nanoparticles for potential use in controlled drug delivery. PHEMA nanoparticles were prepared using a modified suspension polymerization technique. This study describes the preparation, identification, and structural and morphological characterization of PHEMA nanoparticles. PHEMA nanoparticles have been characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis. FTIR is used to confirm the presence of specific functional groups within the PHEMA structure, while particle size distribution provides information about the dimensions and uniformity of the nanoparticles. It is found that the nanoparticles have having size of up to 100 nm and are almost identical in shape. The small size of nanoparticles makes them a suitable candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, especially in the controlled drug delivery field. PHEMA nanoparticles can encapsulate and release drugs, making them effective for targeted drug delivery, such as in cancer therapy. PHEMA nanoparticles are significant in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, tenable properties, and ability to serve as drug-delivery vehicles. Their high water content, low toxicity, and tissue compatibility make them suitable for a variety of medical devices and therapies, including soft contact lenses, drug delivery systems, and tissue regeneration scaffolds.

 

Author (s) Details

Huda Begam
Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha (M.P), India.

 

A.K. Bajpa
Bose Memorial Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Government Autonomous Science College, Jabalpur (MP)-482001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v3/5316

Characterization of Medicinal Plants Using FTIR and SEM-EDX Techniques | Chapter 3 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 5

Medicinal plants are crucial in both traditional and modern healthcare systems. This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the medicinal plants: Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum tenuiflorum through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) techniques. The study identifies key functional groups and elemental compositions, providing insights into the medicinal properties of these plants. The findings are significant for developing medicinal formulations and understanding the biochemical roles of elements like Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium. This research serves as a foundation for further exploration into the pharmacological uses of these plants.

 

Author (s) Details

 

P. Sakuntala
Department of Physics, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, TS, India.

 

R. Selva Raju
Physics Section, FEAT, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Kaleem Ahmed Jaleeli
Department of Physics, Nizam College, O.U., Hyderabad, T.S., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v5/2894

Evaluating Phytochemicals Functional Groups and Mineral Composition of Allium sativum (Garlic) Cloves Using FTIR and ICPOES | Chapter 3 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1

Background: Garlic cloves (Allium sativum) belong to the family Amaryllidaceae, a natural medicinal plant used for disease prevention against all kinds of internal infections. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals has found plenty of secondary metabolites which are present in garlic cloves. Their functional groups and mineral compositions, the potential of trace elements have been evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES).

Objective: The main objective of the study was to screen the phytochemical constituents present in garlic cloves by different solvents like hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water and find the secondary metabolites with functional moieties which are present in cloves by FTIR and to identify the mineral composition by ICPOES.

Methods: The fresh bulb cloves were collected from the Local market of Tirupati, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. An aliquot of the dry extracts of garlic was used for phytochemical examinations to detect the secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides etc. The screening of phytochemicals, FTIR and ICPOES were done. All the methods were performed by standard protocols.

Results: The phytochemical screening of plant extracts of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water revealed the presence of steroids, saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and carbohydrates. The results of the methanolic extract of A. sativum analysis showed rich bioactive compounds. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed characteristic peak values from 3500-1000 cm-1 for various functional compounds like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic organosulfur and aromatic compounds in the garlic methanolic extract. The elements present in garlic play an important role in the treatment of various diseases described in the traditional medicinal system. The elemental analysis was carried out on garlic methanolic extract using the ICP-OES technique and it showed the order of abundance as K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn>Al that could enhance the curative process of ill health and the potentially toxic elements were not detected.

Conclusion: FTIR analysis identified specific functional groups in the methanolic extract of garlic, indicating that the properties revealed in this study could contribute to the treatment of various diseases. Thus, this data on garlic shows great importance to understanding the pharmacological actions and therapeutic efficacy possessed by a majority of active compounds.

 

Author (s) Details

 

K. Thyagaraju
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

B. J. Divya
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3888

Optimizing Bio-Oil Yield: A Study on Trichosanthes Tricuspidata Seed Extraction | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

This study investigates Trichosanthes tricuspidata seeds as a potential novel source for bio-oil production. Employing a Soxhlet extractor, the research delves into the presence of fatty acids in oil extracted using various solvents. The primary aim is to optimize the extraction process to maximize bio-oil yield, examining factors such as extraction time and seed particle size. Initial experiments encompass a diverse range of particle sizes and extraction durations. Subsequently, to refine the process, a fixed particle size is utilized alongside different solvents. The study identifies the optimal extraction process as a 3h extraction time with a particle size of 0.55 mm, employing isopropyl alcohol as the solvent, resulting in a bio-oil extraction rate of 20% (w/w). The significance of this research lies in introducing a fresh approach to bio-oil production from an untapped plant source. By enhancing the extraction process from Trichosanthes tricuspidata seeds, this study contributes to the advancement of sustainable and economically viable bio-oil production methods. Furthermore, the study employs analytical techniques to comprehend the composition of the extracted bio-oil.

Author(s) Details:

V. Mansa Devi,
Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.

M. Dharmendira Kumar
Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.

R. Sridhar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pillaichavadi, Puducherry, 605 014, India.

C. Jaya Kumar
Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.


Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/8276E

Production of Ag and ZnO Nanoparticles Using Morinda citrifolia Extract and Comparison of Their Antibacterial Study of Nanoparticle-impregnated Jean Fabric | Chapter 8 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 Morinda citrifolia usually called as Noni belongs to Rubiaceae family was secondhand for synthesis of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles using green combination method. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) product juice is used as cure for several diseases in the way that arthritis, diabetics, high blood pressure, power aches and pains, menstrual problems, headaches, heart afflictions, AIDS, malignancy, gastric ulcers, sprains, mental despair, senility, poor digesting, atherosclerosis, blood vessel problems and drug hook. Noni has unique curative properties which help in normalization of unusually functioning cells by delivering the biography-chemical nutrients. Noni new fruits obtained from the forests present in the campus of GITAM, Visakhapatnam, India. Combined Ag and ZnO nanoparticles have been applied aware jean fabric by dip and cure method. Nanoparticles were from different methods in the way that UV- VISIBLE, FTIR, SEM, EDS, TEM and a comparative study of antimicrobial action were done. The happening of colour change in the nanoparticles was confirmed by UV – Spectroscopy. Identification of working groups in fruit which was being the reason for reduction of nanoparticles was observed by FTIR reasoning. The size and study of plants of the nanoparticles were observed by SEM and TEM. The presence of basic silver and zinc were rooted by EDS. The silver and zinc group of chemical elements nanoparticles synthesized using Noni product extract exhibited excellent inhibition against bacterial pathogens. Application of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles to jean material may reduce bacterial contaminations and blocks UV rays. Zone of hindrance of silver was almost akin to zinc group of chemical elements nanoparticles but comparative to silver, metallic mineral oxide was cost effective and less poisonous.

Author(s) Details:

Kantipriya Kondala,
Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Dr. B R Ambedkar University, Etcherla, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sarvamangala Dhurjeti,
Department of Biotechnology, GIT, GITAM (Deemed to be University), India.

Sivakumar N.,
Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, India.

Murthy U. S. N.,
Department of Ophthalmology, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Health Care and Medical Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V4/article/view/12929

Synthesis, Photocatalytic Applications of AI Gum Stabilized Cobalt Doped Zno Nanoparticles in Methylene Blue Dye | Chapter 5 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 2

 The current study secondhand a traditional wet synthetic approach to manufacture Azadirachta indica gum (AI wax) stabilized sky (Co) doping on ZnO (Co: ZnO NPs), and we investigated the fundamental, morphological, and ocular aspects of the resulting matters. Nanoparticles are defined as ultrafine atoms sized between 1 and 100 nanometres in width. In recent decades, skilled has been wide controlled research on the various uses of nanoparticles in explanation, electronics, manufacturing, cosmetic, and medicine. The benefits of using nanoparticles in creation are immense, promising exceptional physical and synthetic properties for modified creation materials. Among common people different types of nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes, silica, policeman, clay, and aluminium group of chemical elements are the most widely used nanoparticles in the building sector.Average atom size and shape of AI-Co: ZnO NPs were observed utilizing high-judgment Schottky emitter FE-SEM. The surface morphological images of FE-SEM exhibit that all the pieces were spherical. From UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV) reasoning, the absorption intensity was somewhat shifted to lower awareness due to difference in the cobalt concentration and the bandgap was raised with an increase in sedating percentage of cobalt. The premeditated band gap strength was 3.55 eV, 3.57 eV and 3.59 eV for AI-Zn0.97Co0.03O, AI-Zn0.95Co0.05O and AI-Zn0.93Co0.07O nanoparticles, respectively. The chemical working group or molecular form of AI-Co: ZnO NPs was studied using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method. X-Ray diffraction studies shows having six of something form with particle proportion 16-18 nm. The degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) was erect to be 48%, 58% and 74% for 0.01 g, 0.02 g and 0.03 g of 0.5% cobalt drugged AI gum secured Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles.

Author(s) Details:

R. Sakthivel,
Department of Electronics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore-14, India.

A. Geetha,
Department of Chemistry, Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore-14, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V2/article/view/12327

Enriched Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Opuntia ficus Indica Fruit Extract | Chapter 6 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 In order to improve the antibacterial venture, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were green synthesized by Opuntia ficus indica crop aqueous extract. ZnO is an antimicrobial agent and is active to inhibit two together gram beneficial and gram negative microorganisms. The phytochemicals in the plant extract function as stabilizers and reducing powers. In order to investigate the surface study of animal and optical characteristics, SEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy were secondhand.  Zinc oxide nanoparticles accompanying a light brown color show an incorporation band at 445 nm as a result of surface plasmon reverberation.  FTIR and EDX results supported the life of phytochemicals in the produced compounds. The average particle intensity, according to an XRD test, was 21.75 nm. The size of nanoparticles was proved to decrease with climbing temperature and expected smaller in green combining than in chemical synthesis. Aggregated clusters of tinier nanoparticles can be visualized in SEM images. The sample has revised antibacterial exercise.

Author(s) Details:

G. Indramahalakshmi,
Faculty of Chemistry, Cardamom Planters Association College, Bodinayakanur – 625513, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10881

Sol Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Carbides | Chapter 7 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Materials Sciences Vol. 1

 This phase deals with the preparation, features, electrochemical and electrical generated power behaviour of carbides. Zirconium carbide (ZrC) was synthesized by a simple brightest star–gel arrangement using zirconium n-propoxide, acetic acid, and sweet substance as carbon beginning. The sol-gel deal with of materials offers various potential advantages over conventional forms. The most important are enhanced properties regarding the particular microstructural features. The unit presents the synthesis of ZrC powders by the brightest star-gel means.  When heat-treated at 900ºC under flowing argon flow, gels translated into intimately assorted amorphous raw powder. Further heat situations above 1200, 1300, 1500ºC led to the composition of zirconium carbide with some disappeared oxygen in the lattice. The potential fanlight and the electrochemistry of standard redox reactions have been examined in 1 M KCl solution at a flip through rate of 50 mV s-1using cyclic voltammetry in the potential region of -1 to 1.4 V. Electrochemical limits of the carbide using natural electrolyte have been studied by recurrent voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrical generated power as a function of temperature in the range of 50-950ºC is also examined.q

Author(s) Details:

Anju Dixit,
Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences UIET, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEIMS-V1/article/view/10423

Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nano Particles and their Characterization| Chapter 5 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 2

 The combination of nanoparticles using green technologies has taken a lot of consideration in recent years. The study inquires to synthesise copper oxide nanoparticles at range temperature using Catharanthus Roseus leaf extract. This process is 100% green, accompanying no hazardous or injurious solvents. Copper sulphate dehydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) and Catharanthus Roseus leaf extract were linked to create copper group of chemical elements micro atoms. By using XRD, FT-IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, the bio-combined copper oxide nano-atoms were examined and judged.

Author(s) Details:

S. Nazarath Begum,
Department of Physics, Sadakathullah Appa College, Tirunelveli-627011, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V2/article/view/8887

Immobilization of BSA onto Graphene Oxide Synthesized from Hydrogenated Diamond-like Carbon| Chapter 1 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol.3

 Over the past few years, biomolecules, and Graphene oxide (GO) material studies have increased. The numerous processes for producing graphene oxide are being improved in an effort to offer safer and more efficient substitutes. Even though the Hummers method is one of the oldest, it continues to be one of the most effective ways to make graphene oxide from graphite powder or flake. In this chapter, GO has been synthesized from Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HDLC) which is tunable and an atomically smooth surface that can be deposited on a high-surface-area (100) wafer plate. The HDLC films were heated at a fixed temperature of 9000C for 30 min in a high vacuum of 1 × 10-6 torr and oxygenated at room temperature. This annealed HDLC (A-HDLC) was oxidized and described sequentially. FTIR confirms functional groups and Raman measurements confirm the G and D peak by Oxidation of A-HDLC. The surface morphology of BSA immobilized go, Oxidized Graphene, and A-HDLC, were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Author(s) Details:

Hari Shankar Biswas,
Department of Chemistry, Surendranath College, Kolkata- 700 009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V3/article/view/7956

Laser Nanosecond Technique, FTIR and AFM Application to Find Physical Properties of PVA Doped with Dye | Chapter 6 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol.7

 

The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) used in this project is made using a casting procedure and doped with various amounts of methyl blue (MB). Infrared spectroscopy using Fourier transforms reveals that the peaks change in wave number and intensity. The measured Hardness by an alternative new approach utilising laser spot calculations reveals an increase in hardness by nearly 7 times from (29 to 202) N/cm2, while atomic force microscopy pictures show decreased grain size from 141.72 to 72.32 nm.

Author(s) Details:

Wasan Ali Khudhair,
Department of Physics, Al-Nahrain University, College of Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq.

Narjis Zamil Abdulzahra,
Department of Physics, Al-Nahrain University, College of Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq.

Please see the link here:  https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V7/article/view/7782

Studies on Compatibilty of Rivaroxaban with Pharmaceutical Excipients Using DSC and FTIR Spectrophotometry | Chapter 10 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

A potent oral anticoagulant, rivaroxaban (RN), was just recently created. It was the medication that was most frequently administered during the COVID-19 epidemic. This study aims to explore the compatibility of rivaroxaban with crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, talc, microcrystalline cellulose, aerosil, HPMC K100 M, and croscarmellose sodium using a differential scanning calorimeter and an FTIR spectrophotometer. According to DSC thermograms of rivaroxaban and a physical combination of several pharmaceutical excipients, the drug transition temperature ranged from 224°C to 232°C. The FTIR plots showed that all of the chosen pharmaceutical excipients had wave numbers that matched to rivaroxaban. The DSC and FTIR analyses revealed that RN was not interfering with the selected pharmaceutical excipients and that it may be employed in future studies. According to the investigation's findings, these combinations are safe and can be employed in future research to create rivaroxaban-containing pharmaceutical formulations.

Author (s) Details:

Rama Rao Nadendla,
Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

J. Satynarayana,
Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Jaya Krishna Burri,
Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V4/article/view/7512

Assessment of Biodegradable Blends of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and Chitosan for Food Industry and Biomedical Application | Chapter 04 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 Due to the presence of two types of reactive primary and secondary hydroxyl groups, chitosan (CS), an amino polysaccharide, is a stiff polymer (-OH). It is also a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, safe, and antibacterial polymer, making it suitable for use in the food and biomedical industries. As a result, biodegradable films based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (CS) are being developed for usage in food packaging and biomedical applications. The goal of this research is to create a low-cost biodegradable PVA/CS film using a solution casting process with glutaraldehyde as the cross linking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microhardness techniques were used to investigate the intermolecular interactions between constituents of polymer blends and mechanical properties. The degrading characteristics of PVA/CS films were investigated using composting. PVA and PVA/CS mixes had different absorption bands in their FTIR spectra, showing interactions between the blend's components. The marten hardness (HM) value changed from 83.08 MPa in pure PVA to 142.18 MPa (maximum value) with chitosan component of 40% wt. Chitosan boosted the mechanical stiffness of PVA/CS blends by up to 40%, and the optimal combination for the maximum improvement in mechanical properties was determined. This is because blending causes an intermolecular connection between two polymers, which improves the blends' mechanical strength. As the amount of chitosan in the mix rose, the rate of degradation increased.

Author(S) Details

Shanta Pokhrel
Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Rameshwar Adhikari
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Paras Nath Yadav
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V1/article/view/6523

Analysis of Fly Ash Filled Foamed Epoxy Polymer Concrete for Thermal and Mechanical Properties | Chapter 01 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 9

 Concrete foaming is a well-known and commonly utilised method for achieving a desirable strength-to-weight ratio. The current project's goal is to assess the mechanical and thermal properties of foamed polymer concrete for use in fire-resistant applications. The fire retardant qualities of a foamed epoxy concrete mix containing fly ash as a filler are tested using aluminium powder as a foaming agent. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy was used to assess the interactions. Compression, flexural, and impact testing were used to assess the strength. The findings show a link between the weight percent of elements such as Portland cement, Fly ash, epoxy, and foaming degree. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning micrographs revealed a shift in the breakdown temperature, resulting in higher fire retardant behaviour.

Author(S) Details

P. S. Joshi
Consultant, VPS Consultant, B5 Sri Kunj Premises, Hanuman Road, Vile Parle, Mumbai-57, India.

Akhtar Belim
CIPET, Aurangabad, Maharashtra / Anna University, India.

Jayant Gadgil
Independent Consultant, M4/273, M.H.B Colony, Laxmi Nagar, Parvati, Pune-411009, India.

D. S. Marathe
School of Polymer Engineering, MIT-WPU, Pune-411038, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V9/article/view/6291

Zinc Barium Oxalate Crystals Grown by Gel Method: A Spectroscopic and Thermal Studies | Chapter 08 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 8

 In this research, the silica hydrogel approach was employed to generate zinc mixed barium oxalate (ZnBaO) crystals successfully. Variables such as the specific gravity of Sodium Meta Silicate (SMS), the concentration of the oxalic acid (C2H2O4.2H2O) solution, the pH of the gel, the gel setting time, the concentration of reactants such as zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and barium chloride (BaCl2.2H2O), and others were used to determine the optimum conditions. The presence of distinct layers in the produced crystals is revealed using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDAX). This was utilised to look into elemental analysis. It establishes the elemental percentage composition of the crystals as they grow. The EDAX analysis reveals the presence of Zn2+, Ba2+, C, and O components in the formed crystal. The existence of functional groups such as the O-H band, C-H band, C=O, C-C bands, and metal oxide bands is revealed by vibrational analysis of formed crystals identified by FTIR and laser Raman spectroscopy. The energy bandgap, absorption coefficient, refractive index, reflectance, electrical polarizability, and cutoff wavelength of the formed crystal are revealed by UV-Visible spectrum analysis. These constants are used to characterise materials used in a wide range of applications, including the manufacture of opto-electronic devices. TGA, DSC, and DSC were used to investigate the thermal stability of ZnBaO crystals, revealing the chemical pathway involved in disintegration.

Author(S) Details

Mangala M. Sanjeevannanavar
Department of Physics, FMKMC College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri-571201, Kodagu, Karnataka, India.

N. Jagannatha
Department of Physics, FMKMC College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri-571201, Kodagu, Karnataka, India.

P. S. Rohith
Department of Physics, FMKMC College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri-571201, Kodagu, Karnataka, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V8/article/view/5632

Study on Synthesis, Characterization and Antituberculosis Activity of Biologically Nanostructured Zinc and Titanium Metal Compounds | Chapter 6 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 5

 Using an aqueous extract of horse gramme, green chemistry was employed to generate nano-range sized titanium and zinc compounds from their macro-sizes (Macrotyloma uniflorum). Through natural biological processes, green technology allows metal ions to be transformed into metal nanoparticles. The nanoparticles of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles were characterised using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers. The reduced nanoparticles of Ti and Zn metals were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro features such as the effects of nano complex antimicrobials on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37RV strain were determined using micro dilution. Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) had MTB strains that were resistant to first-line treatments. Antituberculosis activity was demonstrated in newly manufactured nano-complexes. In comparison to zinc nano complexes, titanium nano complexes had the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In a cytotoxic research, both Ti and Zn nano complexes had an IC50 of 1000 g/mL, indicating that they were non-toxic when compared to isoniazid.

Author(S) Details

Savita Belwal
Department of Chemistry, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-500038, India.

Sujana Kariveda
Department of Chemistry, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-500038, India.

Saritha Ramagiri
Department of Chemistry, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-500038, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V5/article/view/5147

Bio-efficacy of Acacia auriculiformis against Bactrocera cucurbitae | Chapter 8 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 9

 Pesticides made of synthetic chemicals used in agriculture have caused massive difficulties, raising concerns about their impact on the environment and human health. It is necessary to set a limit on the usage of these dangerous compounds. investigation of chemical constituents of pure fractions obtained from A. auriculiformis against the selected pest, B. cucurbitae, to build a base for industrial applications and formulations of ready-to-use type pesticides for farmers Pesticide-contaminated food, air, and water resulted from traditional pest management practises. Bactrocera cucurbitae, the melon fruit fly, is resistant to active components of Acacia auriculiformis, an economically valuable medicinal shrub. The findings revealed that fractions of ethyl acetate extract have a potential effect against insect pests, as treatments reduced emergence, increased mortality, and lowered pest pupal weight. Flavonoids make up the bulk of the fractions, according to chemical analysis of the active components using several spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, NMR, LC-MS). Flavonoids, primarily apigenin, gallic acid, and catechin, were also found in fractions A1, A2, and A4, respectively. Insecticides as insecticides

Author (s) Details

Amandeep Kaur
Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadar Khalsa College, Sri Anandpur Sahib, Ropar, Punjab, India.

Satwinder Kaur Sohal
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-140005, India.

Saroj Arora
Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-140005, India.

Harpreet Kaur
Department of Zoology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India.

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Spectral, Thermal, Mineral and Phenolic Characteristics of Plant Seeds from Ten Families | Chapter 8 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 2

Seeds are a main dietary component for humans and animals. In this work, the physical, spectral, thermal, mineral and phenolic characteristics of seeds from 47 species belonging to 10 families (Arecaceae, Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae and Sapotaceae) are described. The seeds had moisture and ash contents in the 1.6–12.9% and 1.0–5.5% range, respectively, and the seed coat represented from 12 to 85% of the seed weight, depending on the species. The protein, starch and oil-associated vibrations in the seeds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of the seeds, which involved an initial dehydration step, followed by free/bound moisture and volatile extractives release, and by protein, starch and oil decomposition, was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques, evidencing noticeable differences between families. The total polyphenol and mineral contents widely varied from 185 to 3441 mg/100 g and from 831 to 7904 mg/100 g, respectively. Cluster analysis was used to categorize seed potentiality in terms of mineral contents. Variations in seed proximate parameters, spectral, thermal, phenolic and mineral characteristics as a function of the family to which the seeds belong to are also discussed.

Author (s) Details

Khageshwar Singh Patel
School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010, India.

Suryakant Chakradhari
School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010, India.

Pravin Kumar Sahu
School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010, India.

Jesús Martín-Gil 
Department of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain.

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