Sourcing and Comparative Study on Proximate and Characterisation of Chitin and Chitosan from the Biomass of Nigerian Shrimp and Crab Shells and Conversion to Glucosamine | Chapter 7 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 5

 

The most important biopolysaccharides for biochemical industries are chitin and chitosan. These chemical entities are nitrogenous polysaccharide polymers containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucoside units. These products are useful in engineering, medicine, agriculture and other industrial uses. Over the past few years, these compounds have garnered significant recognition for their numerous potential applications in cutting-edge pharmaceutical research.

 

Glucosamine is a known drug for treating musculoskeletal problems and has been obtained from a set of amino polysaccharides. Despite their broad applicability, there is limited information in the Nigerian context regarding their extraction and utilisation from local sources.

 

The present study was aimed at isolation of chitin and chitosan from shrimp and crab wastes by chemical methods involving deproteinization, demineralisation at 1M concentration of HCl and NaOH depigmentation, filtration and Deacetylation with 50% NaOH at 100°C, where necessary. These were simultaneously converted to glucosamine by acid hydrolysis using 37% HCl for 1 hour. The yield of chitin was 17% for shrimp and 28.00% for crab. Deacetylation of chitin using 50% NaOH at 100oC resulted in 56% chitosan from shrimp and 71.10% from crab. The proximate analysis of chitin isolated gave rise to the following result: moisture 2.9%, ash 4.54%, lipids 2.1% and protein 3.3% for shrimp and moisture 4.03, ash 1.97%, lipid 1.73%, and protein 2.90% for Crab. These compounds were characterised using FTIR. In the infra-red spectrum, the shrimp chitin indicated an amide (I) band at 1614cm-1, while crab chitin indicated an amide (1) band at 1629 cm-1 whereas chitosan and glucosamine showed no amide band but hydroxyl and amino groups between the ranges of 3110-3595 cm-1 while crab showed absorption at 3565-3015cm-1. The results of these analyses, including the proximate analysis, compared well with literature values. There is a paucity of information in the literature about this type of study in Nigeria. This study has created awareness that these biomaterials from crustacean sources from Nigeria are technologically useful for conversion into useful products that can be used in Engineering, Medicine, Agriculture and other industrial products. This work provides a route for controlling pollution threats caused by fishing and canning sites. This is a case of creating Wealth from Waste.

 

Author(s) Details

Akpuaka M U
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

 

Esimai B G
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v5/5761

Evolution of the Archaean Continental Crust in the North-eastern Fennoscandian Shield, Arctic Region: Isotope (U-Pb, SHRIMP, Sm-Nd and REE) Data Synthesis | Chapter 3 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 1

The article provides a synthesis of new geological-geochemical and petrological data on Archaean rocks from the basement of the Central Kola and Murmansk Megablocks near Murmansk city. In addition, some rocks from the Kolmozero-Voronya Greenstone Belt have been studied. Particular attention is given to plagiogranites, tonalities, gneisses, amphibolites, late granitoids, intensely altered rocks and non-stratified rocks from the basement complex. The paper provides novel geological, petrochemical, U-Pb, SHRIMP, Sm-Nd and REE data on rocks and minerals. The new ages are correlated with ancient rocks of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite complexes and grey gneisses in the Fennoscandian Shield and other world regions. The genesis of the oldest continental crust retains a marked trace in the Earth’s evolution over its 4.5 Ga history. The goals and objectives of the multidisciplinary research were to search for remnants of the ancient Archean continental crust on the Fennoscandian Shield. Precise U-Pb (ID-TIMS) and SHRIMP data on single zircon for paragneisses and TTG (3158.2±8.2 Ma) show the Central Kola and Belomorian (White Sea) megablocks of the Fennoscandian Shield to be 3.16 Ga and 3.70 Ga, respectively. The new ages of zircon from these megablocks indicate the origin of the discrete continental crust to be 3.16 and 3.70 Ga. It is close to the Nordsim zircon data on the Siurua TTG (Finland), i.e. 3.45 and 3.73 Ga in the core. The ancient Archean continental crust is known to exist on all continents of the world according to data (Arndt, 2023), and subduction processes have been recognised since 3.8 billion years ago (Arndt, 2023, Van Kranendonk et al., 2019).

 

Author (s) Details

Bayanova T.B.
Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Fersman Str., Apatity, 184209, Russia.

 

Steshenko E.N.
Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Fersman Str., Apatity, 184209, Russia.

 

Kunakkuzin E.L.
Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Fersman Str., Apatity, 184209, Russia.

 

Serov P.A.
Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Fersman Str., Apatity, 184209, Russia.

 

Drogobuzhskaya S.V.
I.V. Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26a Akademgorodok Str., Apatity, 184209, Russia.

 

Huber M.
Department of Geology, Soil Science and Geoinformatics, Institute of Earth and Environment Sciences, Maria Curie–Sklodowska University, 2d/107D Krasnickie Rd., 20-715, Lublin, Poland.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v1/5398

An Assessment of Economic Viability of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) Culture with Different Stocking Density in Earthern Pond during Monsoon Season along Saurashtra Region of Gujarat Coast, India | Chapter 3 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1

 The best use of seaside potential waste land for shrimp breeding has brought prosperity to the seaside community of Rajula taluka in Amreli precinct. Shrimp farming in India has grown efficiently over the last three decades, particularly in marshy states. The economic assessment of a insignificant farming experiment was completed activity in a commercial pond at Kavya Aqua Farm (Rajula) in the Saurashtra domain, which is a peninsular and southernmost indiscriminate Gujarat covering 793 hector district under shrimp culture with higher recommendation costs in the Litopenaeus vannamei farming trade. This case study showed that growing plants in liquid is a risky manufacturing, but farmers still view it as a lucrative and extreme-status trade. 25 shrimp producers competed in a primary survey that complicated structured interviews in order to draw information about the following traits: social profile, established costs, variable costs, result yield, gross income, and net income.  At larger stocking rates (80 pc/m2) has surrendered better production with extreme count and FCR (feed conversion percentage). The current finding suggests that lower hose density (30 pc/m2) and lower count (number of desktop computer/kg) at harvest were associated with higher financial returns. An evaluation of L. vannamei cultivation's economic feasibility and the grade of its support to the bettering of their socioeconomic situation has been created. This study will be a huge help in impressing other local farmers to purchase shrimp culture in order to improve their level of material comfort. The current shrimp ranching experiment with various hosiery densities along with survey study told that L. vannamei farming can be created profitable for narrow and marginal farmers by adopting lower inexpensive stocking rates and insignificant farming significantly donates to the creation of trade and infrastructure development of the seaside community and overall tumor of the coastal areas.

Author(s) Details:

A. S. Kotiya,
Fisheries Research and Training Center, Kaamdhenu University, Mahuva, Gujarat, India.

K. H. Vadher,
Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Science, Kamdhenu University, Veraval- 362265, India.

Rana Rushirajsinh Jitendrasinh,
Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Science, Kamdhenu University, Veraval- 362265, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V1/article/view/9768

Recent Studies on the Use of Exoskeletons of Shrimp (Litopenaeus vanammei) and Crab (Ucides cordatus) for the Extraction of Chitosan and Production of Nanomembrane | Chapter 12 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 10

 

Chitin is widely distributed in nature, being the main structural component of the exoskeleton of
crustaceans and is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. The present work exploits the
extraction of the chitosan from chitin that is present in the exoskeletons of shrimps Litopenaeus
vannamei and crabs Ucides cordatus and transforms it into high valued products. One example is the
manufacture of nanomembranes from chitosan for the application in medical textiles.
Nanomembranes using electrospinning of chitosan solutions (7% and 5 wt%) with 100:0 v/v
(TFA/DCM) and 70:30 v/v (TFA/DCM) were produced. Morphological properties of chitin and chitosan
were studied using SEM, DRX, and ther-mal properties through TG/DTG and molecular structure by
FTIR analysis. TG/DTG showed thermal decomposition of chitosan samples. X-ray diffraction analysis
indicated the semi-crystalline structure of chitosan, and highly crystalline structure for chitin.
Morphologies of the nanomembranes were also observed from scanning electron micrographs.
Results showed that the nanomembranes with 5% chitosan solutions with 70:30 v/v (TFA/DCM)
showed facilitation in the formation of the nanomembranes. With positive results obtained, the present
work will help the authorities to organize the fishermen to have consciousness in the collection of
exoskeleton waste as well as helping to have a better environment.

Author (s) Details

Sânia M. B. de Andrade
Post-Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.

Rasiah Ladchumananandasivam
Post-Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.

Brismak G. da Rocha
Post-Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.

Débora D. Belarmino
Post-Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.

Alcione O. Galvão
Post-Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.

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