Evidence-based Approaches to Male Infertility: Current Standards and Future Directions | Chapter 2 | Newer Frontiers in Urology, Volume III

 

About 13–15% of couples have male infertility, a multifactorial condition that contributes to roughly half of all reported cases of infertility globally. Its aetiologies include genetic, endocrine, anatomical, infectious, immunological, environmental, and idiopathic causes. Genetic abnormalities, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, varicocele-associated oxidative stress, previous cryptorchidism, genital tract infections, and antisperm reactions are the main causes of its pathogenesis, which disrupts spermatogenesis and sperm transport.

 

Oxidative stress and hormonal imbalance are common routes shared by environmental pollutants, obesity, heat exposure, and lifestyle variables. Dopamine agonists for hyperprolactinemia; gonadotropin therapy with hCG and FSH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; varicocele repair in men with palpable varicoceles and abnormal semen parameters; avoidance of exogenous testosterone or anabolic steroids in men pursuing fertility; and selective oestrogen receptor modulators like clomiphene and tamoxifen in idiopathic oligozoospermia with suboptimal testosterone.

 

Although there is still little data based on guidelines, antioxidants, including CoQ10, L-carnitine, and vitamins C and E, may lessen oxidative stress. The results of severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia have been transformed by assisted reproductive technologies like IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which are complemented by surgical methods, including orchiopexy, repair for blockage, and sperm retrieval procedures. Probiotic manipulation of the gut-testis axis, stem cell transplantation, immunomodulators, and nutraceuticals are emerging topics that hold promise for the future. To maximise reproductive results for men and couples, management ultimately calls for a customised, evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach that incorporates established therapies, emerging research, and guideline recommendations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Roshan Reddy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Rajan Ravichandran
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Vivek Meyyappan
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-93-0/CH2

 

Understanding Histological Pattern of Testicular Biopsies in North Indian Population for the Management of Male Infertility | Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

Background: Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. The investigation of male infertility includes history, physical examination, biochemical investigations, semen analysis and testicular biopsy. To interpret the testicular causes, biopsy of the testis and its classification becomes an important tool for diagnosis. Biopsy is mostly done in severe oligozoospermic or azoospermic patients. Biopsies are also important in recent times due to the introduction of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) because they determine the level of spermatogenesis.

 

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate histological patterns of testicular biopsies in the North Indian population and re-examine the way of categorising them to improve management of male infertility.

 

Methods: The study was carried out on 30 infertile patients who were either azoospermic (nil to <2 x10⁶ sperms/ml) or severely oligozoospermic (<5 x10⁶ sperms/ml). Testicular biopsy of these patients was taken after obtaining ethical clearance and written consent from the patients. The biopsy was processed, stained and assessed using haematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome. They were classified into different histological types. They were also categorised by modified Johnsen scoring. The morphology of biopsied tissues was studied qualitatively with respect to the tubules, basement membrane and interstitium. To study the increased connective tissue, Masson’s trichrome staining was used.

 

Results: In the present study, the testicular biopsy has been classified into seven categories. One of the classifications is that of the highly homogenous mass, which is an addition to the studies done previously. The biopsies were classified histologically into obstructive azoospermia in 4 cases (13.33%). Hypospermatogenesis in 5 cases (16.66%), maturation arrest in 3 cases (10%), sertoli cell only syndrome in 3 cases (10%), seminiferous tubule hyalinization in 7 cases (23.33%), mixed patterns in ⁶ cases (20%) and highly cellular homogenous tissue in 2 cases (6.66%). The last condition has not been classified in the literature cited.

 

Conclusions: This study helps to determine the level of spermatogenesis, and by analysing the nature of different germ cells, the findings may be applied in assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Consideration of the biopsy being taken from a particular part of the testis must be kept in mind, and there might be the possibility of spermatogenesis occurring in some other quadrant. The patient needs to be explained this.

 

Author (s) Details

Arpita Mahajan
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

 

Smita Kakar
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

J. M. Kaul
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

 

Sabita Mishra
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5563

 

Impact of COVID-19 on Semen Quality among Males | Chapter 3 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 This phase aimed to assess the demeanor of SARC-CoV-2 in semen and its effect on beginning quality, through providing insights into the early impact on male generative function. Viral infections have happened a part of human existence to date, though viruses have formal a huge threat accompanying various outbreaks new. These threats are associated with generative health challenges, especially male unproductiveness. Testicular tissue has abundant angiotensin-changing enzyme-2 receptors, which interprets how coronavirus ailment (COVID-19) can cause harm to multiple organ schemes. However, little is known about by virtue of what spermatogenesis and reproductive potential are affected for one shedding of SARS-CoV-2, or severe severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, in source. A total of Thirty COVID-19 male patients old 19-45 registered to AIIMS Patna hospital cooperated in the survey between October 2020 and April 2021.  For every sample of source, we performed a real-occasion reverse transcriptase assay. At the initial sampling, that took place all along COVID-19, a thorough examination of the source was performed, including the semen DNA Fragmentation Index. We took the second sampling 74 days after the first examining and carried out the earlier tests once again.In our study, the semen limits, such as sperm energy and total motility, were decreased beneath the normal limits during the first examining. In contrast, values of beginning agglutination, sperm DFI, beginning viscosity, and semen leukocytes were above their usual limits during the second sampling. All beginning samples collected in the first and second sampling proven with certain-time reverse transcription-polymerase chemical reaction (RT-PCR) were negative for SARS-CoV-2. In the first sampling, semen book, vitality, total motility, semen concentration, total sperm count, % sane morphology, % cytoplasmic droplet, and and oxygen were significantly lower. Contrary, there was an increase in leukocytes, liquefaction period, semen viscosity, Gene Fragmentation Index, % head defect, and semen joining. At the second sampling, these results were reversed, though not to high-quality extent attainable. Every single one of these results was statistically important (p < 0.05). Thus, COVID-19 negatively influences semen parameters, containing sperm DNA break index. One of the basic symptoms of COVID-19 is a high-grade delirium, which may upset the blood-testis obstruction, exposing the sperm containers and testicular tissues to circulating cytokines and additional inflammatory mediators generated in the physique. This may result in a fundamental inflammatory state and immune reaction against the seminiferous epithelium and accessory glands resulting in depressed semen condition. This study suggests that assisted generative technology (ART) hospitals and sperm banking conveniences should consider determining detailed semen study of males accompanying a history of COVID-19.

Author(s) Details:

Satish P. Dipankar,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Managalagiri, India.

Tribhuwan Kumar,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Afreen Begum H. Itagi,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Managalagiri, India.

Bijaya N. Naik,
Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Yogesh Kumar,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Mona Sharma,
Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Asim Sarfaraz,
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Amita Kumari,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V6/article/view/12639

An Overview on Male Infertility and Stress Factors | Chapter 11 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 9

 Infertility is a friendly issue that adds to the troubles of marital life. Sex is ultimate powerful idea and drive in all living beings, containing humans. Infertility can be created by a decrease in the number of sperms, the absence of sperms, or an increase in the uncommon form of sperms in male sperm, as well as the semen's inability to move accompanying sufficient vigour towards the female reproductive cell. Infertility is caused by reactive oxygen class (ROS). Depending on the nature and aggregation of the ROS deeply operating, these ROS can have both beneficial and disadvantageous effects on semen functions. The hormones initially judged for infertility in males contain follicle exciting hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and prolactin. Hydrogen whiten (H2O2) is a major poisonous ROS for human spermatozoa, causing semen immobilisation at low concentrations. H2O2 at high concentrations causes lipid peroxidation, that leads to cell cessation. The superoxide anion (O2-) on the other hand performs to have a significant role while sperm learning disability and capacitation.

Author(s) Details:

Anupama Sharma,
Department of Biochemistry, College of Paramedical Technology, Nims University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Girish Chandra Sharma,
Department of Chemistry, Jaypee University Anoopshahr, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V9/article/view/9609

Use of Micronutrients for Treatment of Idiopathic Abnormal Sperm Parameters| Chapter 7 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 The presnt study aimed to look at the possible effects of micronutrients on semen parameters including sperm count, motility, and morphology to improve male infertility. WHO defines infertility as the inability to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of regular sexual intercourse for couples in conception. Infertility affects 13–20% of couples in Poland and around the world, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study started from the 1st of March 2016 until 30th of November 2016 (6 six months was the period of taking the treatment) while the duration time of the study including the follow up and the examination period was 9 nine months.

In this clinical trial included male subjects aged from 20 to 60 years with at least 1 year of infertility and abnormal semen analysis who received 3 -6 months’ treatment with a Cyclofert men that contains (l-carnitine l-tartarate 1g, N – Asetyl - cysteine 600 mg, 40 mg zinc, Lycopene 20 mg, 60 mg vitamin E, 200 mg vitamin C, 80 mg glutathione, 200 g selenium, 100 mg coenzyme Q10 and 400 g folic acid. Theses micronutrients were given in a form of two tablets/ twice a day for 6 months). Sperm parameters (count, motility, and morphology) and pregnancy incidence were monitored before and after treatment. After three and six months of treatment, the data gathered indicated that there was an overall progressive motility. Furthermore, compared to the untreated group, the sperm count rose by 64% after three months and 88% after six months ( = 0.00, 1, at P 0.05). Additionally, treatment for three and six months markedly improved the morphology of the sperm (p 0.05). Following six months of treatment, 30% of women were able to become pregnant thanks to these beneficial changes. However, the length of treatment has a direct correlation with each of these improvements. The pregnancy incidence has been increased compared to the untreated group. This treatment improved also the pregnancy status in which it caused an elevation in the number of pregnant spouses compared with untreated ones.

Advances in Treating Chronic Disease| Book Publisher International

 Since ancient times, in the medical field, people have taken advantage of natural substances to cure diseases. Today, modern medicine is constantly developing, inheriting from the ancients to continue to conduct new research and produce effective treatment products for several diseases that are considered chronic today.

The compositions mentioned in the book have successfully treated a number of supposedly chronic diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma caused by HBV and HCV infections; increased antibodies against COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients, infertility due to orchitis, the testicles are unable to produce spermatozoon, help the testicles complete five successive stages: (1) spermatogonia, (2) primary spermatocytes, (3) secondary spermatocytes, (4) spermatids, and (5) spermatozoon; protecting the fetus, and helping the fetus to develop to full term in a uterus with multiple fibroids. The selective compositions act on the patient's immune system, helping the body to resist harmful effects from the environment. Thanks to the natural substances: Flavonoids; Ascorbic Acid; Pyridoxal phosphate; Pregnenolone, they act as anti-inflammatory agents, enzymes that catalyze the body's chain reactions, as well as natural hormones. They have corrected chronic inflammatory disorders, tumors that grow out of control, causing a number of dangers to the patient's health. Research has shown that flavonoids and vitamins such as Ascorbic Acid, Pyridoxal phosphate, and Pregnenolone mentioned in this book have the necessary biological activity. They have a high impact potential, help the body to regulate, inactivate viruses, dissolve inflammatory tissue, prevent and destroy cancer cells at an early stage.

With practical evidence, the book will give readers an overview of the potential that needs to be discovered from nature to serve human life.

Author(s) Details:

Nguyen Thi Trieu,
Clinical Drug Research and Development Department under Saigon Biopharma Company, Vietnam.

Tran Minh Duc,
Clinical Drug Research and Development Department under Saigon Biopharma Company, Vietnam.

Tran Minh Cam Tu,
Clinical Drug Research and Development Department under Saigon Biopharma Company, Vietnam.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ATCD/article/view/8972

Cytogenetic Study in Male Infertility| Chapter 2 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.11

 Infertility is a major clinical, social, and financial issue. Infertility has an impact on a person's emotional, psychological, social, and familial well-being in addition to their capacity to have children. It affects about 15% of couples in their reproductive years. For many years, it was considered that the bulk of reproductive troubles were caused by the female spouse, but new study has revealed that a male element is responsible for almost 40% to 50% of infertility. A variety of abnormalities, including sperm quantity, motility, and morphology, have been linked to male factor infertility. Despite being a poor predictor of sperm function and male fertility, seminal analysis is the primary examination for males. ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is the most recent advancement in the treatment of male infertility, allowing previously infertile couples to have children. As a result, as evidenced by male infertility, the possibility of hereditary infertility increasing in future generations exists. As a result, identifying genetic variables in infertile couples has become standard practise for effective infertility management

Author(s) Details:

John P. Sneha,
Department of Anatomy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V11/article/view/6073

Determining the Role of Life Style Factors in Male Reproductive Functions | Chapter 4 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 5

 Male and female infertility is becoming more common in many countries and has become a severe concern. Fertility difficulties can be exacerbated by a variety of lifestyle factors and work exposures. Smoking, illicit substance (cocaine, cannabis), alcohol and caffeine usage, and exposure to high heat, among other things, have deleterious impacts on male reproductive system activities. In recent years, there has been an upsurge in male reproductive system diseases, which may be linked to these causes, which are exacerbated by some new emerging lifestyle habits. Excessive usage of mobile phones and the impact of mental stress on male reproductive health necessitate a thorough investigation based on the evidence. The impact of numerous lifestyle factors, environmental pressures, and occupational exposures in male reproductive functions, as well as their negative feedback in diminishing semen quality, increased oxidative stress, and sperm DNA damage, is highlighted in this review. Increased male reproductive disorders may be linked to at least some of these causes, which are compounded by some new emerging lifestyles. Adopting a healthy lifestyle gives subfertile and/or normal people some influence over their reproductive function.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Amrit Kaur Bansal,
 Department of Zoology, Mata Ganga Khalsa College for Girls, Manji Sahib, Kottan, Ludhiana-141402, Punjab, India

Ranjna S. Cheema,
Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V5/article/view/5713

Recent Research on Semen Abnormality Patterns and Parameters in Male Partners of Infertile Couples in Dakar (Senegal) | Chapter 3 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol.5

 Introduction: Inter individual variation for semen on analysis is well known. Therefore, Semen profile

is not the same in individuals from different geographic locations, environments, ways of life, and
populations. It is important for a laboratory to have an idea of the semen profile of its population,
especially for those who present with infertility. The aim of this study was to draw the pattern of semen
abnormalities in male partner of infertile couple in Dakar, Senegal.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of all the semen samples of male partners of infertile couples submitted for analysis in the laboratory of Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology of Dakar at  the University Teaching hospital from January 2013 to June 2014.
Results: A total of 262 male semen analyses were reported. Analysis was performed according to
WHO, 2010 manual for examination of human semen. Our study reveals that 80.9% of men in infertile
couples present an abnormality in sperm pattern. The main one is oligoasthenoteratonecrozoospermia (20.2%), followed by azoospermia, (14.1%), asthenonecrospermia (10.3%) and asthenoteratonecrozoospermia (10.3%). Leucocytospermia was found in 57.8%. Teratozoospermia (80.9%) was the most associated abnormality, followed by necrozoospermia (76.2%). Low sperm count under 5 million per ml concerned 27.7% of the patients, and 11.2% patients had low ejaculate volume. Nearly 42.1% of the male partners are potential candidates for Assisted Reproductive Technology for male infertility.
Conclusion: The high rate of semen abnormality in patients of infertile couples and consequently the
high rate of potential candidates to Assisted Reproductive Technology for male infertility are important
reasons for taking into account rigorously the male subject if we want to improve fertility rate in our
context. The pattern of the specific abnormalities found is precious clues to guide management of
these patients.

Author (s) Details

Mama Sy Diallo
Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology, University Teaching Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.

Abdoulaye Séga Diallo
Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology, University Teaching Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.

Pyrrhus Fotso
Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology, University Teaching Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.

Yoro Diallo
Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal.

Babacar Diao
Urology and Andrology Unit, University Teaching Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.

Oumar Faye
Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology, University Teaching Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/264