Evidence-based Approaches to Male Infertility: Current Standards and Future Directions | Chapter 2 | Newer Frontiers in Urology, Volume III

 

About 13–15% of couples have male infertility, a multifactorial condition that contributes to roughly half of all reported cases of infertility globally. Its aetiologies include genetic, endocrine, anatomical, infectious, immunological, environmental, and idiopathic causes. Genetic abnormalities, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, varicocele-associated oxidative stress, previous cryptorchidism, genital tract infections, and antisperm reactions are the main causes of its pathogenesis, which disrupts spermatogenesis and sperm transport.

 

Oxidative stress and hormonal imbalance are common routes shared by environmental pollutants, obesity, heat exposure, and lifestyle variables. Dopamine agonists for hyperprolactinemia; gonadotropin therapy with hCG and FSH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; varicocele repair in men with palpable varicoceles and abnormal semen parameters; avoidance of exogenous testosterone or anabolic steroids in men pursuing fertility; and selective oestrogen receptor modulators like clomiphene and tamoxifen in idiopathic oligozoospermia with suboptimal testosterone.

 

Although there is still little data based on guidelines, antioxidants, including CoQ10, L-carnitine, and vitamins C and E, may lessen oxidative stress. The results of severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia have been transformed by assisted reproductive technologies like IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which are complemented by surgical methods, including orchiopexy, repair for blockage, and sperm retrieval procedures. Probiotic manipulation of the gut-testis axis, stem cell transplantation, immunomodulators, and nutraceuticals are emerging topics that hold promise for the future. To maximise reproductive results for men and couples, management ultimately calls for a customised, evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach that incorporates established therapies, emerging research, and guideline recommendations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Roshan Reddy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Rajan Ravichandran
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Vivek Meyyappan
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-93-0/CH2

 

Physiological Relevance of Reciprocity between Testosterone Retention Mechanism and Androgen Binding Protein Expression in Sertoli Cells to Male Fertility: A Biochemical Perspective | Chapter 9 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Male Infertility and Contraception present issues that await elucidation. Therefore, it becomes imperative to delineate the underlying biochemical mechanism(s) involved in maintaining elevated physiological intratesticular testosterone levels (iT). Testosterone is the principal sex-steroid hormone required for Spermatogenesis. Low iT levels invariably underlie male Infertility and failure of hormonal contraception. Lacunae pertaining to iT sequestration and the mechanism through which T brings about the stage-specific differentiation of germ cells lacking androgen receptors (AR), remain to be elucidated. Testosterone, a highly anabolic steroid with a rapid tissue clearance rate, is the intratesticular substrate that synthesizes dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for AR+ (androgen receptor) Sertoli cells and estradiol (E2) for ER + (estrogen receptor) Germ cells, implicated in Spermatogenesis. Therefore, it becomes important to delineate the biochemical mechanism(s) involved in the sequestration and retention of iT. Testosterone and ABP share an interdependent relationship. Autophagic clearance of ABP is negatively regulated by T. ABP is essential not only for maintaining high iT levels but also solubilizing it for nuclear functions, besides chaperoning its transit to Epididymides for gamete maturation. In view of the reported global decline in sperm count and catastrophic decline in male fertility, in-depth studies are necessary to understand the biochemical role of Androgen Binding Protein(s) in sequesteration , retention, bioavailability of iT/iD (intratesticular DHT)/ iE (intratesticular Estradiol) and epididymal T transport. The appropriate approach to overcome the lacunae would be the development of mice lacking functional testicular androgen-binding protein (ABPKO) with normal levels of Gonadotrophins and sex steroid hormones. Insights gained about androgen retention mechanism(s) from the ABPKO murine model will be of immense help in improving the methodologies of male fertility management.

 

Author (s) Details

Manjeet Kaur Gill-Sharma

National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR), J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai- 400012, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3582

Harad (Terminalia chebula Retz.): A Potential Candidate for Reversible Contraception in Male | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Aims: The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the contraceptive potential of Harad (Terminalia chebula Retz.) with respect to dose and reversibility in male albino mice.

Study Design: Aqueous bark extract of Harad was administered orally at 100 (G III), 300 (G IV) and 500 (G V) mg/kg BW to males for 35 d. At the end of the experiment, partially anesthetized animals in treated groups (G I-V) were sacrificed at 24 h after the last treatment, while those in recovery groups (G VI-VII) were sacrificed together at 42 d after the last treatment after recording their final body weights.

Methodology: A total of 35 adult (age 12-14 w) male laboratory albino mice of proven fertility belonging to the Parkes (P) strain weighing 28-38 g were used in the investigation. The effect of Harad treatment was studied by evaluating alterations in the histology of the testis and accessory sex organs, sialic acid and fructose levels, sperm, and fertility parameters. Toxicological and recovery studies were also carried out.

Results: Harad treatment caused dose-related histological alterations in reproductive organs accompanied by reductions in weights, a decrease in the height of germinal epithelium as well as the diameter of stage VII tubules, and an increase in the percent frequency of affected seminiferous tubules in testes. Treatment showed an adverse effect on biochemical and sperm parameters; libido was not affected, but fertility was suppressed significantly in Harad-treated males compared to controls. However, 42 d after treatment withdrawal, alterations in reproductive end points and fertility recovered to control levels. Body and organ weights, histoarchitecture of vital organs, levels of ALT, AST, and creatinine, and hematological parameters remained unchanged after Harad's treatment.

Conclusion: The results suggest that Harad causes dose-dependent reversible contraception in male albino mice without any toxicity.

 

Author (s) Details

Mr. Prakash Chandra Gupta (Assistant Professor)
Department of Zoology, Keshav Prasad Mishra Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhadohi-221 301 (Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith), Varanasi, India.

 

Prof. (Dr.) Laxmi Yadav
Department of Zoology, Keshav Prasad Mishra Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhadohi-221 301 (Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith), Varanasi, India

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/1054

Impact of COVID-19 on Semen Quality among Males | Chapter 3 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 This phase aimed to assess the demeanor of SARC-CoV-2 in semen and its effect on beginning quality, through providing insights into the early impact on male generative function. Viral infections have happened a part of human existence to date, though viruses have formal a huge threat accompanying various outbreaks new. These threats are associated with generative health challenges, especially male unproductiveness. Testicular tissue has abundant angiotensin-changing enzyme-2 receptors, which interprets how coronavirus ailment (COVID-19) can cause harm to multiple organ schemes. However, little is known about by virtue of what spermatogenesis and reproductive potential are affected for one shedding of SARS-CoV-2, or severe severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, in source. A total of Thirty COVID-19 male patients old 19-45 registered to AIIMS Patna hospital cooperated in the survey between October 2020 and April 2021.  For every sample of source, we performed a real-occasion reverse transcriptase assay. At the initial sampling, that took place all along COVID-19, a thorough examination of the source was performed, including the semen DNA Fragmentation Index. We took the second sampling 74 days after the first examining and carried out the earlier tests once again.In our study, the semen limits, such as sperm energy and total motility, were decreased beneath the normal limits during the first examining. In contrast, values of beginning agglutination, sperm DFI, beginning viscosity, and semen leukocytes were above their usual limits during the second sampling. All beginning samples collected in the first and second sampling proven with certain-time reverse transcription-polymerase chemical reaction (RT-PCR) were negative for SARS-CoV-2. In the first sampling, semen book, vitality, total motility, semen concentration, total sperm count, % sane morphology, % cytoplasmic droplet, and and oxygen were significantly lower. Contrary, there was an increase in leukocytes, liquefaction period, semen viscosity, Gene Fragmentation Index, % head defect, and semen joining. At the second sampling, these results were reversed, though not to high-quality extent attainable. Every single one of these results was statistically important (p < 0.05). Thus, COVID-19 negatively influences semen parameters, containing sperm DNA break index. One of the basic symptoms of COVID-19 is a high-grade delirium, which may upset the blood-testis obstruction, exposing the sperm containers and testicular tissues to circulating cytokines and additional inflammatory mediators generated in the physique. This may result in a fundamental inflammatory state and immune reaction against the seminiferous epithelium and accessory glands resulting in depressed semen condition. This study suggests that assisted generative technology (ART) hospitals and sperm banking conveniences should consider determining detailed semen study of males accompanying a history of COVID-19.

Author(s) Details:

Satish P. Dipankar,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Managalagiri, India.

Tribhuwan Kumar,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Afreen Begum H. Itagi,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Managalagiri, India.

Bijaya N. Naik,
Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Yogesh Kumar,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Mona Sharma,
Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Asim Sarfaraz,
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Amita Kumari,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V6/article/view/12639

Recent Trends in Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Research | Chapter 09 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) is a solvent that has a wide range of applications. The results of studies on EGME in humans and animals undertaken over the previous two decades are presented in this chapter. The documentation supports EGME's classification as a gonadotoxicant, with implications for haematological, oxidative state, apoptosis, inflammation, gene expression, and metabolism.

Author (S) Details

Oluwatoyin Adenike Adeyemo-Salami
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V6/article/view/5302

Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on Food Habits and Some Aspects of Reproduction among Praomys delectorum Sub-populations in the Taita and Kyulu Hills, Kenya | Chapter 5 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 1

 

Due to their short life histories, small mammals are useful indicators of environmental health. Despite

this, little or no investigation on the effects of habitat modification on small mammals’diet in Kenya has

been done. Response of the forest-dependant Praomys delectorum to anthropogenic disturbance in

different forest patches of the Taita Hills suggests that it is an opportunistic omnivore as its population

increases with increase in vegetation intergiditation. This study investigated the effect of habitat

fragmentation on food habits and litter size of P. delectorum in three sub-populations of the Taita Hills

and the Kyulu Hills population. Food habits variation was assessed by comparing morphometry of the

gastrointestinal tract while foetuses and placental scars were used as litter size indicators and the

histology of testes and ovary based on routine histological techniques A significant difference

(F=2.883*, P= 0.043) in the relative length of large intestine was noted which suggested variation in

food quality. There was no significant difference in litter size among the different sub-populations.

Prominent nuclei of primary spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules of both abdominal and scrotal

testes were indicative of spermatogenesis though germ cells organization was clearer in scrotal

testes. The ovary of female with plugged vagina lacked corpora lutea which were nonetheless

observed in the ovary of females with perforate vagina though developing Graafian follicles were

observed in both. Thus vaginal condition is a good indicator of reproductive status in this species.

Praomys delectorum display a digestive tract adaptation suggestive of an opportunistic feeder. This

may have been due to change in food habits which could be associated with transformation of natural

habitat into fragments.

 

Author (s) Details

Jemimah Ayuma Simbauni

Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/239