Investigating the Effect of Time of Collection on the Antioxidant Values of Mistletoes (Viscum album) Grown on Orange Tree | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 4

 

Background and Aim: Viscum album (mistletoe) is a hemi-parasitic shrub, frequently globular in shape. Viscum album is well recognized as a medicinal plant due to its beneficial effects, including anti-tumor activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, and antimicrobial properties as well as for lowering blood pressure. This study aims to investigate the effect of time of collection on the antioxidant values of mistletoes (Viscum album) grown on orange trees.

 

Methods: Aqueous leaf extracts of different times of harvest of Viscum album were prepared and standard methods were used to determine quantitatively the antioxidants values in the plant extracts. The fresh leaves of the mistletoe plant (Viscum album) from the host plant Orange tree were obtained from a research farm of Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The free radical scavenging activities of aqueous extract were measured with stable 1, 1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) spectrophotometrically.

 

Results: In the experiments, the total phenol content in aqueous leaves extracts of Viscum album was 19.5840 mg/g, at 6: 00 am, 55.4061 mg/g at 1:00 pm and the value 86.3682 mg/g recorded at 7:00 pm. The value of 0.344 mg/g was recorded for flavonoids at 6:00 am while the value of 0.676 mg/g was observed at 1:00 pm and at 7:00 pm it was 1.458 mg/g. The % of inhibition of DPPH content in aqueous leaves extracts of Viscum album was 36.819 mg/g, at 6: 00 am, 49.213 mg/g at 1:00 pm and the value of 61.203 mg/g was recorded at 7:00 pm. The antioxidants values were significant (P =0.05) when compared time of plant collection.

 

Conclusion: The results showed that the antioxidant values depend on the time of collection which was maximum when the leaves were obtained at dawn. It is therefore advisable that the use of this extract in herbal medicine should be encouraged and the plant should be plucked at dawn to maximise the antioxidant potential of the mistletoes.

 

Author(s) Details

Akinlami O. Omokehinde
Department of Chemistry, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria.

Hammed O. Oloyede
Department of Chemistry, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v4/276

Medicinal and Phytochemical Profiling of Aegle marmelos | Chapter 4 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Aegle marmelos (L) is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia and well known for its therapeutic values such as anti-diabetic activity, hepatoprotective activities, antimicrobial activity, analgesic anti-inflammatory, antifungal activity, anticancer activity, antiulcer activity, antithyroid activity, etc. Present studies report phytochemical analysis, and antifungal antibacterial screening of acetone, ethanol and methanol leaf extract of Aegle marmelos. The plant material leaves of Aegle marmelos were collected from Cove and John Ashram, Georgetown, Guyana. Leaves are dried in the oven at 50-55 ºC for 72 h. The moisture content is calculated. The dried leaves were ground and extracted in each acetone, ethanol and methanol solvent. Extracts were collected and evaporation of solvent was done on rotavapour. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of leaf extract was examined by well diffusion, poison plate, paper disc plate and streak plate methods. Three micro-organisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candidus albicans) were used for the study as test organisms. In Aegle marmelos leaf extract studies, maximum and minimum antimicrobial potential was observed for methanol and acetone solvents, respectively. The antimicrobial potential of leave extract was also found to be maximum and minimum in Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, respectively in most assay studies. The maximum inhibitory zone for methanolic leaves extract of Aegle marmelos were observed to be (125 µL: 0.47mm), (125 µL: 0.51 mm), (125 µL: 0. 47mm) and (125 µL: 0.37 mm) by well diffusion, poison plate, paper disc plate and streak plate methods respectively. The phyto constituents, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenol, steroids and Phyto steroids were found to be present in the methanol leave extract of Aegle marmelos. It is concluded that Aegle marmelos extracts can be used for the treatment of tuberculosis, urinary disease, diabetes, digestive disorder, epilepsy, ulcers etc.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Brij Bhushan Tewari
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O. Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana

 

Subramanian Gomatinayagam
University of Guyana, Berbice Campus, John Science Center, Guyana.

 

Ashish Kumar Tiwari
Advanced Center for Material Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-206016, Uttar Pradesh, India

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3394

Anxiolytic Activity of Solanum aethiopicum Shum (Solanaceae) Leaves in White Mice (Mus musculus Swiss) | Chapter 5 | Solanum aethiopicum Shum, an Example of the Richness of the Food and Therapeutic Heritage of a Continent in a Country, Cameroon, Africa in Miniature, Edition 1

Mental health disorders constitute one of the threats to public health as well as to the lives of populations and the social stability of many countries. The consequences of such disorders represent a noteworthy health and social burden, including discrimination, marginalization, social cohesion and impact on the economy. One of these disorders is anxiety. Solanum aethiopicum Shum (Solanaceae) is a medicinal plant known for its anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, sedative and anti-ulcer activities in African folk medicine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of the decoction of S. aethiopicum Shum leaves. The leaves of S. aethiopicum used to prepare the decoction were collected in Ngaoundere, the headquarters of the Adamawa region of Cameroon. Four doses of extract 175; 87.5; 43.75 and 17.5 mg/kg) were orally administered to Mus musculus Swiss strain mice. The anxiolytic effects were observed, including the stress-induced hyperthermia test, elevated cross maze test, open arena test and hole board test. The data obtained in the different pharmacological tests were presented as mean ± standard error on the mean (SEM). The results showed a significant decrease of temperature in stress-induced hyperthermia. In the elevated cross-maze test, the 175 mg/kg dose of S. aethiopicum extract significantly increased the number of entries into the open arms and the decoction doses increased the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the maze. Doses of S. aethiopicum extract decreased the number of righting and the number of head tilts. The open arena test showed that S. aethiopicum increased the number of lines crossed and the time spent in the center. In the hole board test, the increase was noted in the number of head tilts (11.2) in mice dosed with 175 mg/kg of S. aethiopicum and lines crossed in mice treated with S. aethiopicum decoction. The study concluded that the extract of S. aethiopicum significantly inhibits the increase in body temperature in the stress-induced hyperthermia test. It significantly increased the number of entries and the time spent in the open arms of the elevated cross maze on the one hand. The study suggested that S. aethiopicum has anxiolytic activity.

 

Author (s) Details

Hildegarde Danagaï Tekwem
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Esther Ngah
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, National Advanced School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Valentin Desire Guiama
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Laboratory of Motricity and Health, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Willy Stéphane Nkemmo Touo’yem
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

NGATIPPE
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Neteydji Sidiki
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

 

Elisabeth Ngo Bum
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-15-0/CH5

Medicinal and Phytochemical Profiling of Artocarpus altilis | Chapter 3 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 2

 Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis, and Fosberg have been a staple food and traditional crop in the Pacific for more than 3000 years and are widely cultivated in the Caribbean and other tropical regions. Breadfruit contains phytochemicals that have the potential as an insect repellent. Medical benefits of Breadfruit extracts include cardiovascular health, good for skin, reduced diabetes, dental health, energy booster, bone health, sleep better at night, and resistance against infection. The wood of Breadfruit is one of the most valuable timbers in the construction of traditional houses. Breadfruits contain phytochemicals that have the potential as an insect repellent. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a good source of essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine). Artocarpus altilis commonly known as breadfruit, is one of the economically important trees, which is being used for fuel, food, folder, gum, dye for textiles, starch as adhesives, medicine etc. The aim of the present book chapter is to present phytochemical analysis, antifungal, antibacterial screening of acetone, ethanol and methanol leaves extract of Artocarpus altilis also to report current relevant literature on similar research interest.  The plant material leaves of Artocarpus altilis were collected from the University of Guyana Road, Cummings Lodge, Guyana. The leaves were dried in an oven at 50-55°C for 72 h. The moisture content is calculated. The dried leaves were ground and extracted in each acetone, ethanol and methanol solvent. Extracts were collected and evaporation of solvent was done on rotavapour. The respective solvent was added to the viscous semi-solid liquid extract to make up the desired volume of extract solution. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of both plants were examined by well diffusion method, poison plate method, paper disc plate method and streak plate methods. In Artocarpus altilis leaf extract studies, maximum and minimum antimicrobial potential was observed for methanol and acetone solvent extracts, respectively. All plant extracts showed antimicrobial potential toward the organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The maximum inhibitory zone for methanolic leaf extract of Artocarpus altilis was observed to be (125 µL: 0.4 9 mm against C. albicans), (125 µL: 0.53 mm against C. albicans), (125 µL: 0.51 mm against C. albicans), (125 µL: 0.36 mm against C. albicans) by well diffusion, poison plate, paper disc plate and streak plate methods, respectively.  The phytochemical analysis of the methanol leaves extract of breadfruit tested positive for flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol, phlobatannins, steroids and Phyto steroids and negative for tannins, saponins, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. It is concluded that Artocarpus altilis plant extract can be used as an anti-diabetic, anti-pyretic, anti-diarrheal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, anti-fertility, insecticidal, anti-proliferative, immunomodulatory crude drugs. It is also found from this study that the inhibitory zone or antimicrobial potential of leaf extract increases as the amount increases.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Brij Bhushan Tewari
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O. Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v2/3872