Haemato-Biochemical Changes Following Ketamine Anaesthesia Combined with Diazepam, Butorphanol, and Xylazine in Buffalo Calves |Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Intravenous general anaesthesia in large ruminants is simple and easy to administer as it requires no sophisticated instruments like inhalation anaesthesia. General anaesthesia, such as ketamine, is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist and induces a state called dissociative anaesthesia, producing profound analgesia without muscle relaxation. Surgical conditions like laparotomy, repair of diaphragmatic hernia, prepubic tendon rupture, thoraco pericardiotomy, repair of ventral hernia, etc., requiring general anaesthesia are frequently encountered in buffaloes. This study was designed to evaluate the effect on various haematological and biochemical parameters following administration of ketamine anaesthesia along with glycopyrrolate-diazepam, glycopyrrolate-butorphanol and glycopyrrolate-xylazine as preanaesthetics in 18 non-descript buffalo calves and were divided into three groups (A, B and C) with six animals in each. All the calves were administered glycopyrrolate @ 0.01 mg/ kg body weight through the intramuscular route prior to anaesthetic administration. Then the calves in all groups A, B and C were administered diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight, butorphanol @ 0.075 mg/kg body weight and xylazine @ 0.16 mg/kg body weight, respectively, through the intravenous route. Further, general anaesthesia was induced with ketamine @ 4 mg/kg body weight intravenously. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC) and biochemical parameters such as serum glucose, serum total protein, serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were estimated before sedation (0) and at 30, 60,120 min. and 6 hrs post ketamine anaesthesia. Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple range tests (DMRT).  Haematological investigations indicated a non-significant (P>0.05) reduction in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, and DLC after ketamine anaesthesia across all groups. Hyperglycemia was observed in animals from all groups following ketamine anaesthesia. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Serum Glucose (mg/dl) value in group A and C at 30 min and 60 min following diazepam-ketamine and xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia respectively, while in group B, there was non-significant (P>0.05) increase in Serum Glucose value at 15 min after butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia   Other biochemical indicators such as total serum protein, serum urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels exhibited non-significant (P>0.05) variations at different time points but stayed within the normal physiological limits. Thus, it can be concluded that the combinations of glycopyrrolate-diazepam-ketamine, glycopyrrolate-butorphanol-ketamine, and glycopyrrolate-xylazine-ketamine do not have any harmful effects on vital organs, and the changes stayed within physiological limits. Therefore, ketamine can be used safely and effectively as an induction agent in buffalo calves for general anaesthesia.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Khichar Sangram Singh
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Rukmani Dewangan
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Raju Sharda
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Jasmeet Singh
Wildlife Health and Forensic Centre, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Muskan Sengar
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Ishant Kumar
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Likchavi Kurrey
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7168

Application of Chromatography Methods for the Separation and Detection of Certain Benzodiazepine Drugs in Forensic Sample |Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are widely used in pharmacotherapy as antiepileptic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic, and anesthetic inductors. These drugs were once an occasional problem, today they have become much more common. Due to the structural similarity of the specimens encountered by the forensic laboratory, an array of instruments is needed to correctly identify these substances. Any of the BZDs can be identified by combining the results obtained with different mobile phases. For pharmaceutical sample preparation, each type of BZD tablet was accurately weighed and powdered in a mortar. Ten milligrams were taken and dissolved in 10 mL of methanol and sonicated for five minutes. Forensic Scientists are required to identify an ever-increasing and more complex assortment of drugs and related compounds. Rapid, sensitive, and specific thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were utilized for the analysis of certain benzodiazepines (BZDs). HPLC proposes a cost-efficient method with the ruggedness and consistency necessary for forensic testing and consequently is widely used in forensic laboratories today. GC-MS is one of the most commonly used techniques for the identification and quantitation of forensic drug samples. As a “hyphenated” technique, it combines the separation power of a GC with the analyte specificity of a spectroscopic technique, provided that vastly specific spectral data on individual compounds in a complex mixture often devoid of prior separation. We succeeded in the separation of the encountered BZD drug diazepam in the forensic sample. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and limit of detection. This method could be potentially applied in the analysis of forensic samples from drug-facilitated sexual assault cases. A competent forensic toxicologist relies on their own case experience as well as the unique state of affairs of each case under assessment.

 

Author (s) Details

Karuppasamy Gurusamy
Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madurai – 20, India and Department of Chemistry, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivagangai, India.

A. Cyril
Department of Chemistry, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivagangai, India.

Subbiah Thangadurai
Department of Chemistry, Government Arts and Science College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivakasi – 24, India..

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v7/1627

A Study on the Molecular Docking of Quinazolin-4(3H)-One Derivatives against GABAa Receptor: A Novel Approach to Epilepsy Treatment | Chapter 10 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 11

Antiepileptic drugs are neither preventive nor curative and are employed solely as a means of controlling symptoms. Nowadays, many new active substances such as antiepileptic agents have been developed with the aim of inhibiting the protein targets of antiepileptic agents, which are selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Selective GABA is the regulator of central nervous system (CNS) activity. Although the exact mechanisms of action of quinazolinones remain unknown, a study in epilepsy indicated that quinazolinones can enhance the action of GABA. In this study, diazepam and quinazolinone derivatives were used to simulate interactions through the selective GABA activation mechanism of the protein (PDB ID: 4COF), using the docking method with Autodock Vina ver.1.1.2. The role of the new drug development is (i) determining the lead compound, (ii) manipulating the substituent of the lead compound, and (iii) determine the list of new substituents. The results showed that the interaction potential of quinazolinone derivatives with the key residues at the active binding site of the protein could be enhanced by substituting functional groups at position-3 of quinazolinone, as indicated by the docking scores of quinazolinone derivatives ranging from -7.1 to -9.3 kcal/mol, which is higher than that of diazepam. It means they have higher binding energy interaction with the target receptor. Derivative Q-18 had higher binding energy than other quinazolinone derivatives because it has the smallest docking score. All new quinazolinone derivatives are feasible to synthesize and perform their in vitro evaluation. For further investigation, synthesis and in vitro evaluation are required to get antiepileptic activity.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Surajmal G. Malpani
Department of Pharm D and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivlingeshwar College of Pharmacy, Almala Dist Latur-413520, Maharashtra, India.

 

Mayuri J. Chandrawanshi
Shivlingeshwar College of Pharmacy, Almala Dist Latur-413520, Maharashtra, India.

 

Nagnath R. Kadam
PTSP Mandals S.R.K.College of Pharmacy, Manwath, Dist: Parbhani, India.

 

Pradeepkumar Mohanty
School of Pharmacy, LNCT University, Bhopal-462042, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

Mahesh B. Kadare
Shivai Charitable Trust’s College of Pharmacy, Koregaonwadi, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v11/2898