Therapeutic Effects of Asparagus officinalis Extract on Carrageenan-Induced Allergic Asthma in Swiss Albino Mice | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

Background: Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory alteration of lung airways stimulated by immune-mediated reactions. The most represented symptoms of asthma are cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing.

Purpose: To determine the inhibitory effect of Asparagus officinalis extract (AOE) on allergic asthma induced by carrageenan (CGN).

Methods: Forty male mice were divided into 4 groups: the 1st group was untreated control; the 2nd group was treated orally and daily with 500 mg/kg AOE for one week; the 3rd group was treated with a single dose of CGN 2 % w/v (200 µL/mice) intraperitoneally and left for one week; while the 4th group was treated first with CGN as in the 3rd group and treated with AOE as in the 2nd group after CGN injection for one week. After treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were subjected to white blood cell count. IL-6 and TNF-α was measured in the lung homogenate while histopathological analysis was performed for lung samples.

Results: A single dose of CGN resulted in a significant increase in white blood cell (WBC) count and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (490) and TNF-α (980) pg/ml; p = 0). Histopathological analysis showed severe lung alterations such as accumulation of infiltration cells that blocked alveolar sacs, and over-secretion of collagenous fibers, extracellular matrix, and hyaline membranes. Moreover, treatment with AOE after CGN injection significantly reduced WBC count (14x109) (p = 0) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 (300) and TNF-α (830)pg/ml) that were raised by CGN (p = 0). Furthermore, AOE reduced the pathological signs that were induced by the matrix, and to the improvement of lung function and reduction of collagenous fibers and hyaline membranes.

Conclusion: Carrageenan is an allergen-induced inflammatory agent and causes marked pathological alterations, thereby increasing pulmonary pathological scarring in addition to increasing the WBC count and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Asparagus officinalis extract reduces the allergic effect and lung pathological signs induced by CGN. Since AOE inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines, it has the potential to be developed as a source of active pharmaceutical ingredients for the management of lung and airway injury.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Doaa M Elnagar
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia and Zoology Department, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

 

Sarah A Banaeem
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Wejdan S AL-Qahtani
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Norah M Al- Qahtani
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ahmed M Rady
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Khalid E Ibrahim
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Aisha H Alqarni
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shaden A Alshareef
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Samiah A Almalki
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nuha M Alabdulhadi
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v3/4112

Pathological Spectrum of Lung Lesions: A Study Done on Surgical Lobectomy Specimens | Chapter 14 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 7

Background: Lung cancer is by far the leading fatal cancer in both men and women, compared to prostate, colon and rectum. Both the neoplastic lesions and non-neoplastic lesions (obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases and occupational lung diseases) cause significant morbidity.

Aims: The aims are to study the spectrum of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the lung and to study the incidence of lung cancers with reference to age, gender, lifestyle and occupation.

Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study done over a period of 2 years (May 2009 to April 2011) in the Department of Pathology, GGH, Guntur. A total of 52 lobectomy specimens were studied. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded H & E stained tissue sections were studied. Special stains (Gomorri’s methenamine silver stain and Periodic acid Schiff) were done whenever necessary. Immunohistochemistry was done in diagnostically difficult cases. Multistep procedure (sandwich method) was followed using a biotinylated universal secondary antibody and a third layer of streptavidin, horse radish peroxidase complex and finally 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen was used to develop colour at the site of antibody binding.

Results: Neoplasms constituted 38.4% of total lobectomy lesions. The majority of lung tumors occurred in the fifth and sixth decades. The Male-Female sex ratio was 4:1. On chest x-ray/CT scan chest, the majority of lung tumors presented as mass lesions. The right side of the lung was more commonly affected than the left. Cigarette smoking was the major etiological factor in the causation of lung carcinomas. Among the primary tumors, adenocarcinoma constituted the largest group followed by squamous cell carcinoma. One case of synchronous lung tumor is reported in the study in a 60-year-old male patient while one case of pulmonary hydatid cyst is reported in an 11-year-old female patient.

Conclusion: From the present study, it is concluded that adenocarcinoma is now the most common lung carcinoma in all races and sex groups. There was a strong association between lung cancer and smoking. Chest radiographs and CT scan aid in the diagnosis and anatomical localisation of lung tumor. Tuberculosis was the most common infection of the lung in both males and females.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sumalatha Kasturi
Department of Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Santhosh Babu Rendla
Department of Radiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v7/4474

A Rare Case of Typical Carcinoid of Lung | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 3

The lung is the second most common site for carcinoid tumors after the gastrointestinal tract and accounts for 30% of neuroendocrine tumors in the body. This study offers a comprehensive review of the Typical Carcinoid of Lung. A sixty-year-old male clinically presented with complaints of recurrent cough, intermittent chest pain and breathlessness for the last three months. High-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) showed a single well-defined 22x27 mm heterogeneously enhancing nodule in the left paracardiac region, suggesting it to be a metastatic deposit. IHC was carried on paraffin blocks for Neuron specific enolase, Synaptophysin and Chromogranin which were positive while Pancytokeratin showed focal weak positivity, Ki-67 was positive and Vimentin was negative and thus confirming our diagnosis of Low Grade Typical Carcinoid.

Neuroendocrine tumors represent 25% of primary lung neoplasms, of which only 2% are typical carcinoids. 75% of lung carcinoids originate from Kulchitsky cells in bronchus. Typical carcinoid tumors are well differentiated with low-grade malignancy. Strong and diffuse positivity for neuroendocrine markers CD 56, synaptophysin and chromogranin is exhibited by these tumor cells. Carcinoid tumors in the past were excluded from TNM staging but the 7th edition of the TNM staging system includes carcinoids. The patients are usually younger than for usual lung cancers. Carcinoid syndrome is usually absent when the tumor is confined to the lung. Markedly different prognoses and treatments underlie the importance of accurate pathologic diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Typical carcinoid has a five-year survival up to 95% when there is complete surgical excision. Lung-sparing resections as a primary treatment are adequate and complete resection yields long-term survival. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy has not been well documented.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Anand Deodhar
United CIIGMA Hospital and Research Centre, Auranganbad, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dinesh Kulkarni
Saurabh Histopathology Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v3/151

Evaluation of the Number of Alveolar Attachments through the Normal Aging Process in the Lung of CD1 Mouse | Chapter 5 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 Aging has effects on lung structure and function, which may have a synergistic effect with the pathophysiology of some lung diseases to worsen lung function and diseases manifestations in aging patients. Alveolar attachments refer to the connections of the septum of the alveolar walls with the outer walls of the non-respiratory bronchioles and are important because they transmit the elastic load provided by the parenchyma to the airways. We evaluate the number of alveolar attachments through normal aging in CD1 mice. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained paraffin-embedded sections of lungs from CD1 mice aged 2, 6, 12, 18, or 24 months were examined under a light microscope. The statistical analysis showed that the number of alveolar attachments in mice at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months was significantly lower than in mice at 2 months of age. These findings may help to better understand the alterations in lung histology that promote the susceptibility of aging people to chronic diseases of the respiratory system.

Author(s) Details:

Marta Ortega-Martínez,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Yareth Gopar-Cuevas,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Maria-de-Lourdes Chavez-Briones,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Ivett Miranda-Maldonado,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Adriana Ancer-Arellano,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Salomon Alvarez-Cuevas,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Juan M. Solís-Soto,
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Jesus Ancer-Rodriguez,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel,
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V2/article/view/13799

A Retrospective and Prospective Study on EGFR Mutations in Lung Carcinomas | Chapter 11 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 This episode aim to study epidermal growth determinant receptor expression by immunohistochemistry in diagnosed cases of Non- narrow cell carcinomas of body part at our institute and to determine the value of EGFR test by immunohistochemistry in envisioning response to mean therapy and clinical effect. Tumours with augmented EGFR are more likely to have a significant component of stable growth, partnership between EGFR elaboration. Lung cancer is one of the top causes of tumor fatalities in men and women alike. Non-limited cell lung carcinomas, that account for the enormous majority of lung malignancies (about 75%), have convinced challenging to treat on account of a poorly known pathological machine. Recent advances in cell indicating networks that control cell continuation have revealed genetic and supervisory flaws that restrict cell death, improve cell division, and drive tumorogenesis. A two-period retrospective and prospective hearing of bronchial samples that were diagnosed as non-limited cell carcinoma at our institute, in addition to the patients' reactions to targeted healing and the expression of the epidermal growth determinant receptor immunohistochemical marker. The judgment showed that Out of twenty- nine (29) cases of lung malignancies plurality were Non -small container carcinomas- twenty- seven cases (27), of which adenocarcinomas were seventeen (17) cases topped the list, attended by squamous cell carcinomas (5) cases, diseased epithelial lesions (3) cases and poorly differentiated carcinomas (2) cases. There were two (2) cases of small container carcinomas. Fifteen cases of non-small container carcinoma had EGFR mutations, and twelfth patients were put on Gefitinib and Erlotinib point in a direction therapy. All having twelve of something of them responded genially to chemotherapy. The adulthood of non-small cell carcinomas of the body part, including all adenocarcinomas in non-smokers, have mutations in the epidermal development factor receptor (EGFR). Patients' clinical consequences could be expected. Targeted chemotherapy produces a noticeable effect.

Author(s) Details:

Yugandhar Pothina,
Department of Pulmonology, Asram Medical College, Elluru, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Gudeli Vahini,
Department of Pathology, Asram Medical College, Elluru, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

M. Lalitha Shree,
Department of Pathology, Asram Medical College, Elluru, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Thota Asha,
Department of Pathology, Asram Medical College, Elluru, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V4/article/view/12480

Study on Unsuspected Intrinsic Property of Melanin to Dissociate the Water Molecule, Implications in Pulmonary Biology | Chapter 7 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 7

 Despite the fact that life began in anoxia, many species came to rely on oxygen for survival, developing independently complex respiratory systems to remove CO2 and acquire oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, Oxygen, both a vital gas and a deadly poison, constitutes a trade-off in which all species have struggled. Life cannot exist without oxygen. Inhaled oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream; dissolved oxygen combines with food (which is stored in the body as sugars) to provide energy and heat - metabolism. Since centuries, the study of oxygen movements in the tissues of the human body has piqued people's interest. Dr. Christian Bohr and August Krogh worked on respiratory physiology and capillary modelling at the turn of the century, using mathematical models to measure molecular transport in microcirculation and attempting to assess the negative effects of a lack of oxygen transport to tissues. Computer simulation, it was said, allowed for the investigation of the systems' dynamic and nonlinear characteristics. However, the findings have been and continue to be conflicting. Dietrich Werner Lubbers (1917-2005) received several patents in Germany for designs related to the analysis of gases in tissues. Dietrich Lübbers' goal in his research was to figure out the whole pathway and control of oxygen transfer from the blood into the mitochondria. Under physiological conditions, analysis of pO2 histograms on most organs showed a striking similarity: a Gaussian distribution of less than 5% of values less than 5mmHg. Other research used near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect changes in the concentrations of oxy- ([HbO2]), deoxy- ([HHb]), and complete haemoglobin ([HbT]=[HbO2] [HHb]) [1]. Diabetic rats' kidney oxygen supply was found to be significantly reduced, presumably due to increased oxygen consumption [2].

Author (s) Details

Arturo Solís Herrera
Centre of Studies in Photosynthesis in Humans, Aguascalientes 20000, México.

Oscar Aguilera Madrigal
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V7/article/view/839