Association of MHC-DRB1 Genotypes and Environmental Factors with Parasitic Load in Osmanabadi Goats | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Osmanabadi goat is reared in arid and semi-arid regions of India and plays a role in the economy of rural livelihood. Small ruminant practices in India face the major challenge of parasitic infestation. Gastrointestinal nematodes create a major threat to the production performance of small ruminants. Infection in the gastrointestinal tract with parasites is still one of the main constraints to goat production and poses a major global threat to animal production, which leads to serious economic and health problems. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of different genetic and non-genetic factors on parasitic load of these goats in Udgir tehsil of Latur district of Maharashtra, India. The variation due to season, age, sex, farm and genotype of the TaqI locus of the MHC DRB1 gene on Faecal Egg Count (FEC) and Haemonchus Egg Count (HEC) in the flocks was studied. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to analyse all the collected data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare variables across different categories. The study comprised 84 animals, and the results indicated that the season and genotype had a significant effect on FEC and HEC in these flocks reared in an organised and non-organised farm. The highest FEC values (mean: 1119.047 ± 73.44) were recorded during the monsoon season, followed by the summer season (mean: 403.5714 ± 57.29) and the lowest values (mean: 116.66 ± 28.94) in the winter season. The HEC was also highest (367.469 ± 34.59) in the monsoon, and the winter season had the lowest values (mean: 116.66 ± 17.091). Among the genotypes, the BB genotype had the lowest FEC (mean: 240 ± 39.99), suggesting that the BB genotype might be resistant to parasitic load. Based on the findings in the present study, it is recommended that goat farmers adopt targeted control measures during the monsoon season to manage parasitic infections effectively.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Hajare, B.B
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Jadhav, P.V
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Meena, A.S.
Animal Biotechnology, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India.

 

Dhaware, S.A
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Bharkad, G.P.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Borgave, S.D
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v7/6263

Diversity, Availability, and Pattern of Use of Tree Stratum Forage in the Western Himalayas | Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

The present study explores the diversity, availability, and pattern of use of tree stratum forage in the western Himalayas. Trees have been used for centuries for fodder globally. Tree foliage is a substantial source of feed for livestock. Several species of fodder-yielding trees are distributed in different elevation zones in the mountains of the Uttarakhand Himalayas. As in many other regions of the world, farmers in the Himalayan region depend largely on this practice for sustaining their livestock during the winter and summer seasons for almost half of the year. The Himalayas are remote and inaccessible; people depend mainly on forest resources to fulfil livelihood services. The availability of fodder in the hill villages of the Uttarakhand Himalayan region is insufficient, and some of this food is supplemented through the lopping of tree foliage. Most of the fodder species were used in summer due to the availability of deciduous species; however, the availability of fodder was scarce during winter. The dependency is very high (>70%) during the period beginning from October to February. Owing to changing climatic conditions, a farmer’s preference for a particular tree species is also variable, depending on where he lives, according to the low, middle, and high hill regions. The present study deals with the diversity, distribution, availability, and community preference of fodder trees in Uttarakhand. For the present study, a questionnaire survey was administered in different districts of the Kumaon and Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand. A total of 41 species of fodder plants representing 24 genera taxonomically belonging to 18 families were enlisted and documented. Protected plantations of potential multipurpose fodder species are needed in the wasteland and need to initiate programs like afforestation, reforestation, and forest rehabilitation with participatory approaches.

 

Author(s) Details

Chander Shekhar
Doon (P.G.) College of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Dehradun (U.K), India.

 

Akhilesh Kumar
Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, India.

Vivek Jain

Udyogini Non-Governmental Organization, Uttarakhand, India

 

Sunil Prakash
School of Agriculture, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Pankaj Lal
College of Forestry Ranichauri, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1474

Age, Sex and Season Related Changes in Growth Hormone and Cortisol Level of Black Bengal Goats during Pre-pubertal Growth Period | Chapter 8 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 7

In present changing climatic conditions, the study of growth dynamics is of great significance as the demand for meat is always increasing due to increasing population. Improvement of functional longevity in goats is becoming highly relevant and is of great economic importance. Hence, determining animal growth and their inter-relationship and correlation with endocrine parameters in different seasons is imperative for determining the genetic potential and adaptation of the black Bengal breed for higher meat production. The goal of the present study was to find out the effect of sex and season on growth hormone and cortisol levels during different periods of pre-pubertal growth in summer and winter-born black Bengal kids of either sex reared under a free-range rearing system. Statistical analysis was done by using the software IBM-SPSS (Version 20.0). The general linear model technique repeated over age, groups and seasons was considered for all parameters under the study. The major finding of this study is that growth hormone was positively correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with growth parameters height, heart girth and linear length during summer and winter seasons. Cortisol was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in the kids born in summer than in winter. Summer-born kids are more susceptible to stress. The levels of growth hormone can be predicted which were positively explained by age irrespective of sex. Due to climatic change, the effects of multiple environmental stressors on prepubertal growth are likely to increase. Hence, it is very critical to identify and protect agro-ecological zone-specific climate-resilient thermo-tolerant animals to sustain livestock production.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Shagufta Perveen
Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kishanganj, Bihar, India.

 

Pradip Kumar Das
Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v7/3540

Study on the Effect of Day Length and Seasonal Variation on Haematological, Biochemical and Hormonal Traits of Indigenous Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) in Ghana | Chapter 6 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1

 The purpose of this study was to see how day length and season affected the haematological, biochemical, and hormonal profiles of laying Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris). Each of the four hens and one male was given 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness (12L: 12D), 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness (14L: 10D), 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness (16L: 8D), and 18 hours of light and 6 hours of darkness (18L: 6D) (18L: 6D). In a 3x4 factorial experiment, each group was reproduced three times and reared in three seasons (dry December-March, major rains April-July, and minor rains August-November). SAS's General Linear Model technique was used to examine the data. Higher by a significant amount (p0.05). 16L: 8D had the greatest (p0.05) packed cell volume (PCV), lymphocytes and eosinophils, total serum protein, and prolactin levels, whereas 14L: 10D had the highest (p0.05) neutrophil and albumin. In heavy rains, PCV and platelets were highest (p0.05), whereas red blood cells and neutrophils were highest (p0.05) in dry and minor rainy seasons, respectively. Between the dry and minor rainy seasons, total serum protein rose (p0.05). Major rains had the highest levels of oestrogen and luteinizing hormones (p0.05), while minor rains had the highest levels of prolactin (p0.05) and major rains had the lowest levels. Except for prolactin, the interaction effect was not significant (p>0.05). According to the conclusions of this study, a daylength of 14-16 hours and a substantial rainy season in Ghana sustain acceptable haematological, biochemical, and hormonal profiles of Guinea.

Author (s) Details

Korankye Okyere
Department of Animal Science Education, Faculty of Agriculture Education, University of Education of Winneba, P.O.Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana.

Kagya-Agyemang James Kwame
Department of Animal Science Education, Faculty of Agriculture Education, University of Education of Winneba, P.O.Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana.

Annor Serekye Yaw
Department of Animal Science Education, Faculty of Agriculture Education, University of Education of Winneba, P.O.Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana.

Asabere-Ameyaw Akwasi
Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Science Education, University of Education of Winneba, P.O.Box 25, Winneba, Ghana.

Kyere Gyeabour Clement
Department of Animal Science Education, Faculty of Agriculture Education, University of Education of Winneba, P.O.Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana.

Afua Sarpong Asamoa-Bonsu
Department of Catering and Hospitality, Faculty of Vocational Education, University of Education, Winneba, Post Office Box 1277 Kumasi, Ghana.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V1/article/view/2420

Effects of Season and Fish Smoking on Heavy Metal Contents of Selected Fish Species from Three Locations in Borno State of Nigeria, as Determined with AAS and ICP-OES | Chapter 2 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol.2

 

With the world’s growing population, the provision of a safe, nutritious, and wholesome food supply
has become a major challenge. Owing to both manmade and natural processes, an array of chemical
and toxic agents find their way into our food supplies, including fish, through multiple routes. When
consumed, such contaminated food can endanger or even destroy life. This study was designed to
determine the level of four toxic heavy metals: lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, in edible muscles
of four fish species namely Tilapia nilotica (Tilapia), Synodontis guntheri (Kurungu), Heterotis niloticus
(Bargi), and Clarias anguillaris (Catfish), harvested from three locations namely: Alua Dam, Doron
Baga and Dabamasara within the Lake Chad Basin of Borno State, Nigeria. The main objective was
to investigate the possible effects of seasons (dry and rainy) and smoking of the fish on the
concentration of the toxic heavy metals in the fish using acid digestion. The toxic heavy metals,
expressed in parts per million (ppm), were detected in all the fish species sampled during the dry and
rainy seasons from the three (3) in land waters investigated. The overall mean concentrations of the
heavy metals were significantly higher (P£0.05) in fresh fish samples harvested during the rainy
season than that of the dry season. Significantly different variations were also observed within fish
types and between locations in the concentrations of the four heavy metals. Smoking of the fish also
resulted in significant increases (P£0.05) of the metals, especially in lead and mercury concentrations
in smoked samples during the two seasons. Cadmium and arsenic were the lowest recorded metals in both fresh and smoked fish during the two seasons and from all the locations. Washing the smoked
samples with double distilled water resulted in significant reduction of more than 50% of the metals in
the smoked fish, indicating that the metals were mainly present in the smoked fish as surface
contaminants. The sequence of the heavy metals concentrations in all the fish samples was
Pb>Hg>Cd>As. Comparisons between the heavy metal contents of fish obtained in this study and the
range of metal concentrations from other foods were presented. The concentrations of the metals in
both the fresh and smoked samples from all the locations during the two seasons were however lower
than the internationally recommended threshold levels. Although continued surveillance for toxic
heavy metal contents in fish was recommended, this study however, concluded that fish from Lake
Chad basin are still safe for human consumption as far as their heavy metal contents is concerned.

Author (s) Details

Amin O. Igwegbe
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Nigeria.

Afodia L. Kassum
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Paul Y. Idakwo
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Mamudu H. Badau
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Amina I. Maijalo
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/258