Orotransmucosal Drug Delivery: An Emerging Approach for Treating Oral Mucosa Disease | Chapter 4 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 6

Orotransmucosal drug delivery is an alternative method used for systemic drug delivery. It is used as a favoured route for non-parenteral administration of emergency drugs and agents. This route offers both advantages and limitations, notably the rich vascularisation of oral mucosal surfaces. It can be used both for lipid-soluble and water-soluble drugs. It increases drug solubility and reduces the permeability of the lipid bilayer membrane. Mucosal surfaces are often rich in blood supply, allowing for rapid drug transport into the systemic circulation and, in most cases, avoiding degradation by first-pass hepatic metabolism. These systems contact with absorbent surfaces improve absorption at the application site and increase dwell time. It involves several physiological features of the oral cavity. Technical difficulties and biological impediments can be used as broad categories to group oral administration issues. Orotransmucosal drug delivery system still faces some difficulties, such as pH, enzymatic activity and mucosal permeability. In this study, the mechanism of oral transmucosal administration of fentanyl citrate (OTFC) was examined. Orotransmucosal drug delivery system uses an absorption rate four times that of the skin. It is easily accessible and heals rapidly from trauma and injury. It has a smaller surface area than the skin and can only be exposed for brief periods of time. Thus, this delivery method is the best for medications with high therapeutic potency. Efficient orotransmucosal drug delivery can be achieved in the oral cavity's buccal, sublingual, palatal and gingival regions. Mastication or chewing food can improve or impair medication absorption in the oral cavity. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems can be lost or damaged when used to fill chewing gum with drugs that are released when the chewing gum is chewed. to distribute active substances quickly and conveniently via the oral mucosa, QuickStripTM was created as a fast-disintegrating thin film matrix. This report also provides input for future orotransmucosal drug developments to treat oral mucosa diseases. Researchers aim to overcome permeability barriers, protect drugs from enzymes and consistently deliver effective doses using novel methods.

 

Author (s) Details

Hasan Mahmud
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka -1205, Bangladesh.

 

Afnan Sayeid Himi
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka -1205, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Muhtamim Hussain Rifat
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka -1205, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Sohel Rana
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Kalabagan Road, Savar, Dhaka - 1342, Bangladesh.

 

Khyam Radhifa Ritika
Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51, Siddheswari Road, Ramna, Dhaka - 1217, Bangladesh.

 

Kazi Sanjida Alam Labonno
Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51, Siddheswari Road, Ramna, Dhaka - 1217, Bangladesh.

 

Sunjida Akter
Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51, Siddheswari Road, Ramna, Dhaka - 1217, Bangladesh.

 

Swarnali Islam
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka -1205, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v6/5533

Cellular Alterations and Immunohistochemical Expression of p53 and p16 in the Oral Mucosa of Saudi Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study | Chapter 9 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

Background: Smoking is a well-known risk factor for various health problems, including oral cancer. P16 and P53 proteins are involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation, and their expression levels can provide insights into cellular health. Several studies using different methods, like cytological assessment, DNA damage detection, and histological investigations, have looked at how cells change in the oral mucosa of smokers.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the cellular changes and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and p16 in the oral mucosa among Saudi smokers.

Methods: From 2022 to 2023, 1000 samples from the buccal mucosa were collected in a cross-sectional study. All the participants included in the study's participants were Saudi citizens of both genders. Seven hundred cigarette smokers and 300 non-smokers made up the controls, using two sampling techniques: initially purposive and then snowball sampling. Both smokers and nonsmokers appeared to be in fair health, with ages ranging from 18 to 85 years. The materials were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for P16 and P53 protein overexpression. The samples were scored based on the percentage of positively stained cells and staining intensity. The data were analyzed using SPSS (including the software version), and categorical variables were identified as frequencies and percentages using the chi-squared test; a value of P<0.05 was considered significant.

Results: This study is an investigation of the classification of participants based on gender and age group, as well as the cytopathological changes observed in cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers demonstrated significantly higher rates of cytological inflammation, reverse cytological infection, atypia, and binucleated/multinucleated cells compared to non-smokers, with an overall abnormal result rate of 46% versus 18.7%, respectively (P = 0.024). The study found higher P53 and P16 expression among smokers (7.14% and 2.14%, respectively) compared to non-smokers (0.1% and 0.33%) (P = 0.038). No significant differences were observed in P53/P16 expression across age groups (P = 0.72) or between male and female participants (P = 0.25).

Conclusion: These findings highlight the detrimental effects of smoking on cellular health and reinforce the importance of smoking cessation in reducing the risk of developing cytological abnormalities and associated diseases. These results highlight the association of smoking with increased biomarker expression, emphasizing its relevance in understanding oral health risks. This is a cross-sectional study which limited to establishing causality between smoking and the observed cytopathological changes. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether these cellular changes persist over time and assess their impact on disease development.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Faris M Elmahdi
Department of Basic Medical Science, Al Rayan National College of Medicine, Alrayan Colleges, Al-Madina Al-Munawara, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Lama S Alahmadi
College of Medicine, Medical Students, Alrayan Colleges, Al-Madina Al-Munawara, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Saada S Alharbi
College of Medicine, Medical Students, Alrayan Colleges, Al-Madina Al-Munawara, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Rahaf Abdulla
College of Medicine, Medical Students, Alrayan Colleges, Al-Madina Al-Munawara, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Abdulrahman L Alanzi
College of Medicine, Medical Students, Alrayan Colleges, Al-Madina Al-Munawara, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Sumia S. Kabee
Department of Basic Medical Science, Al Rayan National College of Medicine, Alrayan Colleges, Al-Madina Al-Munawara, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v7/3205

Determination of Cytological and P53 Expression Effects after Waterpipe Using | Chapter 8 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 The aim of this investigation search out look into the cytological alterations and p53 verbalization in oral mucosa with waterpipe users in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Waterpipe smoking is a standard activity with young adults worldwide and has happened linked to miscellaneous health problems. Tobacco is individual of the most important risk determinants for premature death everywhere. More than 60 toxic chemicals in cigarette can invade the body’s various methods. Oral squamous cell abnormal growth in animate being (OSCC) is a pathological type of oral malignancy, accounting for over 90% of oral cancers. A colossal quantity of controlled, clinical and epidemiological data shows that cigarette is associated with the incident of oral squamous cell abnormal growth in animate being, and its carcinogenic pathways grant permission be complicated. A cross-divided study was conducted during January to October 2022 in KSA. Two spoken mucosa samples were collected from 500 suggests, of which 300 were waterpipe consumers and 200 were non-users. Samples were stained utilizing the Papanicolaou staining procedure and immunocytochemical method to show the cytological changes and verbalization of P53. The Papanicolaou staining outcomes told four different results: inflammation, contamination, atypia and keratinization. Cytological inflammation was recognized in 77/300 (25.6%) waterpipe smokers, which was higher than in non-consumers (12/200, 6%). Conversely, cytological infection and atypia were observed more usually in waterpipe smokers than in controls (9% vs. 4.5% and 4.3% vs. 0.5%, respectively), while keratinization was only discovered in waterpipe users (3.6%) compared to non-consumers. Additionally, waterpipe users exhibited larger p53 protein expression distinguished to non-users. These findings indicate that usage of a waterpipe causes specific alterations in the spoken mucosa, containing elevated p53 expression in unusual and keratinizing cells. The likely prognosis of oral mucosal lesions that can be malignant, however, grant permission not be determined alone by the presence or lack of p53 staining.

Author(s) Details:

Faris M. Elmahdi,
Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Al Rayyan Colleges, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

Lina A. Salim,
Department of Anesthesia, College of Health Science, Al Rayyan Colleges, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V7/article/view/12046

Dosimetric Analysis of IMRT Plans in Head and Neck Cancers to Evaluate the Probability to Decrease Oral Mucositis | Chapter 5 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 12

 The present study aims to evaluate the dose make use of these unspecified regions described as pseudo-OARs and if drawing of these structures and prescribing a decent dose constraint will humble the dose to the spoken mucosa without ruining the quality of the situation plan.A frequent and potentially weighty side effect of radiation remedy for head and neck malignancy is oral mucositis. When mucositis is harsh, it can be painful, create chewing and taking into throat difficult, and lead to situation failures that can influence local recurrence or a visit overall survival.A total of 10 head and neck tumor patients (six abnormal growth in animate being buccal mucosa cases and four malignant growth oropharynx) who had been considered by IMRT were selected for the backward-looking study. The pseudo-OAR involved anterior oral covering layer, part of jaw and maxilla, which was next to the PTV in oropharynx and contralateral buccal mucosa inmates. The dose restraint given to the pseudo-OAR was Dmean ≤30 Gy. Statistical importance was calculated by utilizing a paired t-test. A p- profit of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.The dosimetric limits of PTV were comparable in two together the IMRT arms. The pre-specified objective was completed with two together the study arms. The measurement homogeneity and conformity was more similar. The dosimetric limits of other OARs were inside the prescribed dose restraints. The Dmean value of the artificial-OAR in arm I was 31.28 Gy ± 3.55 Gy and 7.87 Gy ± 9.11 Gy in arm II and the p -value was significant (p=0.001), inasmuch as the Dmax in arm I was 61.82 Gy ± 5.91 Gy and 61.23 Gy ± 5.54 Gy in arm II (p=0.6). The dose to the fake-OAR in IMRT arm II was reduced intensely by 75%, which was statistically significant. This study emphasises by what method crucial it search out identify the spoken mucosa as a pseudo-OAR in head and narrow connector cancer inmates receiving dissemination treatment. Clinical studies must optimise dose restraints, which will likely humble the prevalence and severity of spoken mucositis.

Author(s) Details:

Himanshi Khattar,
Department of Radiation Oncology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, India.

Piyush Kumar,
Department of Radiation Oncology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, India.

S. Navitha,
Department of Radiation Oncology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V12/article/view/9659

Unilateral Inflammatory Linear Verrucous Epidermal Naevus of the Face and the Oral Mucosa. A Rare Case | Chapter 24 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 Epidermal nevi are a type of hamartomatous skin lesion that is characterised by an overgrowth of normal epidermal and adnexal structures. Yellowish-brown, granular, or papillomatuous plaques, often arranged in a linear or whorled form following Blaschko's lines, are the clinical symptoms. These lesions are frequently visible at birth and gradually grow in size throughout infancy. Then, by adolescence, they tend to stabilise [1]. Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is a disorder in which epidermal nevi are linked to developmental problems in various organ systems, including the nervous, ophthalmic, cardiovascular, and urological systems. 30 percent of those with epidermal nevi had extra syndrome symptoms, according to studies [2,1]. Oral involvement is relatively uncommon [3,] with only a few examples documented in the literature.

The purpose of this paper was to describe the case of a 9-year-old boy who had an inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus on his right cheek that had spread into his buccal mucosa. To discuss various therapy options and their potential outcomes.

Author(S) Details

Dorsaf Touil Oueslati
Department of Dentistry, Sahloul Univeristy Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.

Wahbi Ben Salah
Department of Dentistry, Sahloul Univeristy Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.

Douki Nabiha
Department of Dentistry, Sahloul Univeristy Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4827

Prospective Clinical Study on the Effectiveness of Gel Topical Anesthesic in Second-Stage Surgeries of Dental Implants | Chapter 19 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of gel topical anaesthesia in second surgeries of dental implants in order to locate a submerged cover screw; to determine if there are significant differences in pain perception between the different treated areas of the oral cavity; and to investigate the thickness and type of oral mucosa in which the gel topical anaesthesia is effective.   Materials and Methods: The study included 13 partially and totally edentulous individuals with a total of 30 implants. The cover screws of submerged dental implants that were not submerged in a depth more than 2-4 mm were chosen. In the event that the gel topical anaesthetic was ineffective, conventional infiltrative anaesthesia was used as a backup. Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) were used to assess pain, and a periodontal probe was used to assess gum thickness.   Results: Conventional anaesthetic infiltration was required to strengthen 66.67 percent of the sample. Although a higher feeling of pain was seen in those patients who were first subjected to a second-stage surgery (p0,05), no statistically significant differences were discovered in the comparison of pain with various gum thickness, implant localization in the oral cavity.   Conclusions: Gel topical anaesthesia should be used in conjunction with infiltrative anaesthesia rather than as a stand-alone treatment for pain relief. There were no significant variations in the thickness or type of oral mucosa between the different treated locations of the oral cavity.

Author (S) Details

 Jordi Ortega-Martínez
College of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Ferrés-Amat Elvira
College of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Hernández-Alfaro Federico
College of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Ferrés-Padró Eduard
Department of the Oral Pathology, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Implantology, College of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V2/article/view/4290

  

Oral Cavity - A Potential Repository for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Asymptomatic Carriers | Chapter 12 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 The new Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has become a worldwide health emergency. The early diagnosis and successful isolation of patients is the key cause of concern among the health authorities, as the present influenza is very close to the old common flu in its initial clinical appearance. Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRTPCR) is currently considered to be the gold standard for the identification of the causative virus, SARS-Cov-2, but in the meantime, it takes time and poses the risk of further spread to the exposed individuals , especially healthcare staff. Social distancing is also the only way known worldwide to avoid the spread of the disease and to keep isolating, screening and acting on individuals with clinical symptoms. Asymptomatic carriers, however, are the next point of concern and need mass screening that is not feasible with rRT-PCR per se. Researchers are trying to create a way out for the Detection of the SARS-Cov-2 virus in asymptomatic carriers or in patients who are incubated, thereby eradicating the spread of the disease and flattening the virus multiplication curve. As stated in the literature on salivary research, early detection of a related virus during the outbreak of SARS was found to be encouraging. This paper is an attempt to emphasise that, due to its anatomical relationship with the salivary glands, naso-oro-pharynx, and the mucosa that are gradually filled with saliva, the oral cavity may be a possible reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 both in the incubation process and/or convalescence time. Samples of saliva are easy to obtain and possibly make it an excellent method for mass screening, thereby promoting the early detection and prevention of further spread of the deadly From a pandemic.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Anmol Agarwal
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dr. Gaurav Mittal
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dr. Payal Agarwal
Department of Oral, Dental and Craniofacial Care, Yashoda Super Specialty Hospital, Kaushambi, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Shimona Raj Mittal
Private Practitioner, Tooth Tamers the Family Dentists, Govindpuram, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/286