A Review of Sars-Cov-2 Pharmacotherapy | Chapter 18 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The Coronavirus viral disease 2019 (COVID-19) is arguably the most important medical and public health challenge of the current decade. This has resulted in tens of millions of deaths and disturbed socio-economic lives across the globe.  Clinicians and scientists have been assessing many potential anti-virals for effective control of SARS-CoV-2. Many drugs have been repurposed and granted emergency authorization for use in the treatment of COVID-19 cases. Some of the drugs that have been assessed include Remdesivir, Ribavirine, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, biologics and the anti-parasitic ivermectin. Dexamethasone significantly cut mortality among severe and critical SARS-CoV-2 cases. There were no clinical benefits with the use of hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/ritonavir in the RECOVERY Trials. Early observational studies and a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in Nigeria demonstrated the possibility of the efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of SARSCoV-2. Overall, effective and efficient pharmacotherapeutic interventions will be important in achieving SARS-CoV-2 control. There is also evidence that the COVID-19 vaccine was effective in curtailing the effects of the pandemic. Different generic vaccines available are DNA vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and non-replicating viral vector vaccines

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Olumuyiwa Elijah Ariyo
Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State/Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Joshua Gini
Stroke Medicine United Lincolnshire Hospital, Lincoln County Hospital, United Kingdom.

 

Oladipo Vincent Akinmade
USAID Integrated Health Program Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH18

A Comparative Study on the Effect of Low-Dose Ketamine Versus Dexamethasone Versus Placebo on Intraoperative Nausea and Vomiting During Cesarean Section under Spinal Anesthesia | Chapter 14 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Qualification and Objectives: Intraoperative Sickness in stomach and Vomiting (IONV) can be upsetting for patients, obstetricians, and anesthetists, and it can increase the risk of visceral harm during medical procedure due to involuntary unrestrained abdominal motions. This study aimed to equate the antiemetic efficacy of depressed-dose Ketamine versus Dexamethasone in lowering the incidence of IONV all along Cesarean Section (C/S) under sleep-inducer anesthesia.Materials and Patterns: The study included 135 entire-term parturient daughters, aged middle from two points 18 and 40 years, who were applicants for cesarean section under sleep-inducer anesthesia in the room for surgery. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups using a randomized obstructing method. Group I (n = 45) taken 8 mg Dexamethasone with a total syringe book of 5 ml, while group II (n = 45) received 20 mg Ketamine with a total syringe book of 5 ml, and control group III (n = 45) received 5 ml usual saline. An anesthetist, confuse to the drug administered to the patient, written the number of nausea, retching, and disgorging episodes all the while the intraoperative period. Intraoperative hypotension and bradycardia were too recorded. The patients were requested to report any syndromes of nausea, disgorging, and shivering that happen at intervals. Vomiting was trained by administering Metoclopramide 10 mg moderately intravenously. A standardized surgical method was used as a whole cesarean sections. Mathematical analysis was acted using the Mathematical Package for the Social Sciences rendition 21 program (SPSS21).Results: The study included 135 pregnant women detached into three groups, with 45 appendages in each group (the first group received Dexamethasone, the second and third groups taken Ketamine and Placebo, individually). The average age was 30.35 ± 5.94 years in the Dexamethasone group, 29.97 ± 6.18 age in the Ketamine group, and 29.6 ± 6.03 years in the control group (P = 0.840). The study erect a statistically insignificant increase in the rate of successful stop of IONV (P = 0.062) and shivering (P = 0.550) utilizing preoperative Ketamine and Dexamethasone. However, skilled was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of IONV in the Ketamine group compared to the Dexamethasone group (P=0.023). The intentional groups were comparable in agreements of mean arterial blood pressure (Table 7) and courage rate (Table 9), and there was no statistically important difference between the groups all the while the study period. Furthermore, there was no statistically meaningful difference in hypotensive episodes (P = 0.885), the total amount of Ephedrine executed (average amount in those who knowledgeable hypotension and received Ephedrine) (P = 0.623), and bradycardia (P = 0.146) betwixt the studied groups all along the intraoperative period. However, skilled was a statistically significant decrease in the occurrence of bradycardia in the Ketamine group compared to the Dexamethasone group(P=0.049).End: This study demonstrates that skilled was no statistically significant difference 'tween the groups receiving Dexamethasone and reduced-dose Ketamine distinguished to the control group regarding the decrease in the rate of nausea and disgorging(P=0.062), hypotension (P=0.885), and shivering (P=0.550) all the while the operation ending.

Author(s) Details:

Sona Emami,
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V6/article/view/12688

A Case Report on Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis with Intralesional Injection of Hyaluronidase and Dexamethasone | Chapter 18 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a persistent premalignant illness that is more frequent. Chewing betel quid is the most common reason. OSMF is distinguished by the gradual hyalinization of the submucosa. Its resistance and progression are aided by the fact that it affects the whole mucosa. It causes a slow narrowing of the mouth, which may spread to the pharynx. Connective tissue fibrosis is caused by this potentially cancerous disease. Despite the fact that medical treatment is mainly symptomatic, appropriate doses of corticosteroids, hyaluronidase, and local anaesthetic injections reduced clinical symptoms significantly. The goal of this study is to investigate the use of medicinal therapy as an adjuvant in reducing the stage of OSMF, hence reducing the need for surgical management or improving surgical management success. We present a case of OSMF that was treated in a similar way and produced better results than either agent alone. The most important result of the treatment was an increase in mouth opening with a decrease in burning sensation.

Author(S) Details

Thamizhp Pozhil Guna
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pillayarkupam, Puducherry, India.

R. Sathyanarayanan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pillayarkupam, Puducherry, India.

S. Bharathi
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pillayarkupam, Puducherry, India.

C. Selvakumar
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pillayarkupam, Puducherry, India.

K. Madhu
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pillayarkupam, Puducherry, India.

Raja Sethupathy Cheemaan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pillayarkupam, Puducherry, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V4/article/view/4183

An Overview of Early Response to Dexamethasone as Prognostic Factor: Result from Indonesian Childhood WK-ALL Protocol in Yogyakarta | Chapter 14 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 2

Early response to treatment has been shown to be an important prognostic factor of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients in Western studies. We studied this factor in the setting of a low-income province in 165 patients treated on Indonesian WK-ALL-2000 protocol between 1999 and 2006. Poor early response, defined as a peripheral lymphoblasts count of ≥1000/µL after 7 days of oral dexamethasone plus one intrathecal methotrexate (MTX), occurred in 19.4% of the patients. Poor responders showed a higher probability of induction failures compared to good responders (53.1% versus 23.3%, P < 0.01), higher probability of resistant disease (15.6% versus 4.5%, P = 0.02), shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.034; 5-year DFS: 24.9% ± 12.1% versus 48.6% ± 5.7%), and shorter event-free survival (P = 0.002; 5-year EFS: 9.7% ± 5.3% versus 26.3% ± 3.8%). We observed that the percentage of poor responders in our setting was higher than reported for Western countries with prednisone or prednisolone as the steroids. The study did not demonstrate a significant additive prognostic value of early response over other known risk factors (age and white blood cell count) for DFS and only a moderately added value for EFS. 

Author(s) Details

Pudjo H. Widjajanto
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Sardjito Hospital/ Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Sutaryo Sutaryo
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Sardjito Hospital/ Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Ignatius Purwanto
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Sardjito Hospital/ Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/190