An Update on Etiology and Detection of Anti-sperm Antibodies in Males and Females | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 Both men and females produce anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs). Numerous pieces of evidence point to the possibility that at least some antibodies that attach to sperm antigens might result in sterility in humans and other mammals. Varicocele, cryptorchidism, certain viral and/or inflammatory illnesses of the male reproductive tract (MRT), and homosexuality have all been put up as potential risk factors for the development of ASAs in males. Up until recently, theories for the origin of sperm immunity in females have included cross-reactivity with microbial antigens, the potential participation of antibody idiotypes, and interferon gamma-mediated potentiation of antisperm immune response in women whose male partners had ASAs in their semen. Although a correlation between these risk factors and the development of ASAs has been shown in a number of studies, this connection is still debatable, indicating that our understanding of these disorders is incomplete. In order to determine the likely risk factors for the development and detection of ASAs, this chapter analyses the existing research.

Author(s) Details:

. Divya,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Thomson Soni,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Ishwerpreet Kaur Jawanda,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Renu Jaiswal,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Harkeerat Kaur,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Vijay Prabha,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V6/article/view/7249

Varicocele: Anatomical Background and Uroradiological Aspects | Chapter 14 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 The dilation of the pampiniform plexuses is known as varicocele. It's a treatable infertility condition. Infertile men have a greater rate of infertility, ranging from 35 to 80 percent. Although several processes have been proposed for the development of varicocele, oxidative stress, testicular hypoperfusion, and heat stress are the pathogenic mechanisms through which varicocele causes sperm failure.

The intricacy of the venous drainage of the scrotum and its contents, as well as the criss-crossing of the veins, adds to the complexity of the thermo-regulatory process regulating spermatogenesis. The Cremaster and Dartos considerably contribute in the facilitation of the scrotal wall's thermo-regulatory system, which is the anatomical basis of oligospermia in varicocele patients.

Urological aspects: In addition to a noticeable change in seminal parameters, varicocelectomy has been shown to boost serum testosterone levels and improve erectile and ejaculatory function. The reasons for varicocelectomy receive more support and proof as we obtain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of varicocele and the roles of gene polymorphisms and reactive oxygen species.

Conclusions: In the future, a thorough understanding of the events that occur at the molecular level, rather than varicocelectomy, may move the treatment focus from varicocelectomy to molecular focused medicines.

Author (S) Details

Kalpana Ramachandran
Department of Anatomy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V8/article/view/3117