Interlinking Depression and Oral Health: A Public Health Perspective | chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 

Depression is one of the most common and disabling psychiatric disorders worldwide, and exerts a profound impact on physical, emotional, and social health. It is characterised by depressive symptoms such as relentless sadness, loss of interest in enjoyable activities, changes in appetite and weight, sleep disturbances or hypersomnia, fatigue or loss of energy, impaired concentration, feelings of guilt, and suicidal thinking. The aetiology of depression arises from a complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, psycho-social and environmental factors. People who have experienced major life events, early life trauma, or chronic stress are most at risk. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that there is a strong yet overlooked link between depression and oral health. Patients with depression lead suboptimal oral health lives due to poor oral hygiene behaviours, unhealthy dietary habits, additional tobacco and alcohol use, and being less likely to seek dental care. Depression involves dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, systemic inflammation, immunosuppression, and the decrease of salivary gland function, which all increase susceptibility to oral sepsis, xerostomia and dental caries. Similarly, the reversed pathway of the relationship could be suggested, as poor oral health leads to psychological discomfort, poorer quality of life, and increased depression symptoms. The chapter is a summary of details regarding the epidemiology of the condition; classification of depression; biological and behavioural mechanisms involved with the relationship between depression and oral health, preventive measures for the condition & treatment strategies. It highlights the need for collaboration among dental and mental health workers who deal with the public health concern of the burden of Depressive Disorders. This study aimed to explore the association between depression and oral health by examining the different categories of depression, their impact on oral health, and recommended preventive measures to bridge gaps in awareness and care in this area.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Yazeed A. Alhabdan
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ahmad M. Albanyan
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Alanoud M. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Duaa Obaidallah
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Maha Al-Aswad Al-Enezi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nora AlAgil
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Rand H. Almujel
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Abdullah F. Alhussain
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

May M. Aleraij
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Setah T. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shadyah E. Alfaori
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shatha Faisal Aldhawi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Reham F. Alsaleh
Private Dental Clinic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v9/6728

A Critical Examination of the Potential Benefits of Theophylline on Extended Acute Inflammation in Old Age | Chapter 15 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 This episode presents a critical review of the potential benefits of theophylline by way of to reduce the burden of post-acute redness in older age groups. A supporting-inflammatory state often perseveres, or is extended, following in position or time sepsis, trauma and added acute sicknesses in old age, particularly above the age of 80 age. The presence of swelling at above-baseline amplitudes or excessive event is associated with a bigger likelihood of delirium, eating disorder, unplanned burden loss, lethargy, despair, weakness and added markers of weakness. There is also an association accompanying less favourable clinical consequences and a higher risk of losing individual independence. Theophylline has happened shown to have an anti-instigative effect, probably arbitrated through the induction of histone deacetylase-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid switching in invulnerable competent cells, that has happened observed at basic and whole organism levels. The main effects are a decline in the production and release of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6, accompanying a sequential fall in CRP and increase in IL-10, and a change of invulnerable cells to their antagonistic-inflammatory phenotypes. This occurs when theophylline levels are between 5 and 10 mg/L, which is inferior the range for bronchodilators (10 to 15 mg/L) and presents a relatively reduced risk of toxicity. We hypothesize that low-measure theophylline treatment likely to elderly subjects accompanying acute swelling, for example due to respiring infection, septicaemia or damage, will change the setting of their biochemical status from an incorrectly extended supporting-inflammatory pattern toward a more normalized baseline pattern and therefore reduce the risk of unfavorable clinical outcomes.

Author(s) Details:

S. C. Allen,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

G. T. C. Wong,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

D. Tiwari,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

A. Khattab,
Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

J. S. K. Kwan,
Imperial College London, London, UK.

M. Vassallo,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10890

Determination of a Possible Benefit of 4-Aminoquinoline Drugs to Reset Post-Acute Inflammation in Old Age | Chapter 14 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Chronic low-amplitude systemic inflammation is common in the elderly, and it contributes to various aspects of the frailty phenotype, including sarcopenia, low mood, and higher degrees of reliance on others for vital activities, as well as increased all-cause mortality. Patients with this type of "inflammaging" had elevated baseline levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in their peripheral blood, including tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta, as well as persistently elevated C-reactive protein. There is an obvious need to find therapies, such as medicines, that can reduce inflammation by assisting the innate immune system in returning to a less inflamed state. Such qualities can be seen in a variety of pharmacological classes. The goal of this chapter is to provide a summary of the background science on the relationship between ageing, inflammation, and frailty, followed by an explanation of the established role of methyl-xanthines, particularly theophylline, as immune modulating drugs, and finally a case for the use of 4-aminoquinolines, such as chloroquine, in a similar role. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of various groups of medications are compared, leading to the recommendation that formal clinical trials of chloroquine as an adjuvant immune modulator for "inflammaging" and persistent post-acute inflammation in old age be done.

Author(S) Details

Stephen Allen
The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Dorset, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

Divya Tiwari
The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Dorset, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4539