A Critical Examination of the Potential Benefits of Theophylline on Extended Acute Inflammation in Old Age | Chapter 15 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 This episode presents a critical review of the potential benefits of theophylline by way of to reduce the burden of post-acute redness in older age groups. A supporting-inflammatory state often perseveres, or is extended, following in position or time sepsis, trauma and added acute sicknesses in old age, particularly above the age of 80 age. The presence of swelling at above-baseline amplitudes or excessive event is associated with a bigger likelihood of delirium, eating disorder, unplanned burden loss, lethargy, despair, weakness and added markers of weakness. There is also an association accompanying less favourable clinical consequences and a higher risk of losing individual independence. Theophylline has happened shown to have an anti-instigative effect, probably arbitrated through the induction of histone deacetylase-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid switching in invulnerable competent cells, that has happened observed at basic and whole organism levels. The main effects are a decline in the production and release of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6, accompanying a sequential fall in CRP and increase in IL-10, and a change of invulnerable cells to their antagonistic-inflammatory phenotypes. This occurs when theophylline levels are between 5 and 10 mg/L, which is inferior the range for bronchodilators (10 to 15 mg/L) and presents a relatively reduced risk of toxicity. We hypothesize that low-measure theophylline treatment likely to elderly subjects accompanying acute swelling, for example due to respiring infection, septicaemia or damage, will change the setting of their biochemical status from an incorrectly extended supporting-inflammatory pattern toward a more normalized baseline pattern and therefore reduce the risk of unfavorable clinical outcomes.

Author(s) Details:

S. C. Allen,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

G. T. C. Wong,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

D. Tiwari,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

A. Khattab,
Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

J. S. K. Kwan,
Imperial College London, London, UK.

M. Vassallo,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10890

Brief Overview on Sustained Release Theophylline (SRT): An Older Drug for COPD | Chapter 11 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 This branch aimed to stress the value of specific a drug which needs to be employed as it has withstood the test momentary and the efficacy and appropriate inclusion concerning this drug may still be the elixir of COPD situation. With the advent of more recent drugs, the treatment of incessant obstructive pulmonary ailment (COPD) is undergoing a tremendous and active revolution. Newer drugs, mainly inhalational, with better operation and reduced side-belongings, are being introduced regularly in the administration of this alternatively difficult- to-treat ailment. We believe that the principle that states that the development of new drugs does not diminish the dispassionate advantage of earlier used one applies to SRT. We try to emphasise the significance of Sustained- Released Theophylline (SRT) in the administration of COPD in this abstract. The endeavour is to orderly emphasize the myriad conduct of SRT which specify relief by diversified means to patients in Acute exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD).

Author(s) Details:

A. Sharma,
National Institute of Chest Physician, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (NITRD), New Delhi–110030, India.

A. R. Kansal,
National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (NITRD), New Delhi–110030, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10886

Determination of a Possible Benefit of 4-Aminoquinoline Drugs to Reset Post-Acute Inflammation in Old Age | Chapter 14 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Chronic low-amplitude systemic inflammation is common in the elderly, and it contributes to various aspects of the frailty phenotype, including sarcopenia, low mood, and higher degrees of reliance on others for vital activities, as well as increased all-cause mortality. Patients with this type of "inflammaging" had elevated baseline levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in their peripheral blood, including tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta, as well as persistently elevated C-reactive protein. There is an obvious need to find therapies, such as medicines, that can reduce inflammation by assisting the innate immune system in returning to a less inflamed state. Such qualities can be seen in a variety of pharmacological classes. The goal of this chapter is to provide a summary of the background science on the relationship between ageing, inflammation, and frailty, followed by an explanation of the established role of methyl-xanthines, particularly theophylline, as immune modulating drugs, and finally a case for the use of 4-aminoquinolines, such as chloroquine, in a similar role. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of various groups of medications are compared, leading to the recommendation that formal clinical trials of chloroquine as an adjuvant immune modulator for "inflammaging" and persistent post-acute inflammation in old age be done.

Author(S) Details

Stephen Allen
The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Dorset, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

Divya Tiwari
The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Dorset, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4539

Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of Theophylline Floating Tablets | Chapter 15 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 The application of technology's principles to overcome medication formulation issues and the presentation of selected potently beneficial medications has been promoted as technology continues to gain traction in the medical sciences. Our team used a synthetic polymer to create a floating drug delivery system for theophylline hydrochloride and then investigated the influence of polymer concentration on tablet buoyancy and drug release parameters in the study provided in this chapter. The polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was employed in three formulation batches of floating tablets at varied concentrations of 15% (F1), 20% (F2), and 30% (F3). The method used was wet granulation, with sodium bicarbonate and citric acid as the gas generators. The granules' and floating tablets' physical qualities were assessed. The tablet's physicomechanical properties, buoyancy, and swelling characteristics were also investigated. The drug release research was carried out according to the USP I (basket technique) for 8 hours at 50 rpm in 900 ml 0.1N HCl. At a set period, samples were taken and analyzed with a UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 271 nm. A one-way analysis of variance was used to statistically examine all of the data collected (ANOVA). P0.05 was used to determine whether the differences between means were significant. The results showed that increasing the polymer (HPMC) concentration raised the swelling index and decreased the floating lag time significantly (p0.05), but had no influence on the overall floating time. For formulations F1, F2, and F3, the percentage medication release at the end of 8 hours was 100 percent, 98.2 percent, and 96.13 percent, respectively. The Higuchi kinetics model of drug release was used in all three formulations, and the mechanism of drug release was non Fickian diffusion with exponents of 0.46, 0.51, and 0.56 for each batch. Batch F3 outperformed batches F1 and F2 in terms of drug control and floating properties. The concentration of polymers had an impact. the commencement of floating and theophylline's regulated release

Author (s) Details

E. I. Akpabio
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

D. E. Effiong
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

T. O. Uwah
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

G. Jacob
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V3/article/view/1158