Ageing Populations and the Future of Geriatric Health Care | Chapter 11 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 

Population ageing is likely to become a global concern as the proportion of the older population is rapidly increasing. This review intends to consolidate the evidence available in the world regarding the epidemiological, clinical, social and policy aspects of population ageing to emphasise its increasing burden and its impact on health-system preparedness. Based on a narrative review methodology which uses international databases, peer-reviewed literature and large organisational reports from 2000-2024, the research presents significant patterns of multimorbidity, non-communicable diseases, frailty, cognitive decline, social determinants, and gaps in geriatric care provision. Findings indicate that the accelerated pace of demographic ageing, particularly in low- and middle-income nations, has exacerbated the prevalence of chronic illnesses, functional impairment, and caregiving; and has revealed laggards in the current state of long-term care systems, labour shortages, disintegrated service provision, and endemic ageism. Solutions that have emerged, such as the integrated, person-centred care model, age-friendly environment, and technological innovations to aid in managing chronic diseases, are also observed as part of the analysis. The review finds that to deal with the multi-sectoral, equity-based solutions needed to face the complex challenges of global ageing, the health systems, social protection, and community structures need to be aligned to improve resilience, functional ability, and dignified and healthy ageing among diverse groups of people.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Yazeed A. Alhabdan
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Abeer M. Alghamdi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Amal H. Alshubeki
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Amnah M. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ghadah A. Alzahrani
Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Hadeel M. Almutairi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ibtessam A. Hazazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Joud A. Basfar
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Muhannad I. Alhussaini
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nawaf A. Alghamdi
Marley Clinics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Reham F. Alsaleh
Private Dental Clinic, Riyad, Saudi Arabia.

 

Setah T. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Fawaz H. Modahi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v10/7309

Influence of Age, Body Mass Index, and Biochemical Parameters on Renal Function in a Rural Indian Cohort | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant and growing global health concern, affecting approximately 9.1% of the world's population, with substantial variation across regions and populations. Renal function serves as a critical marker of systemic health, influenced by both physiological ageing and metabolic stress. Rural communities often exhibit unique risk factor profiles, including differences in diet, physical activity, healthcare access, and awareness, making it critical to generate localised evidence. However, limited data exist on how demographic and biochemical variables jointly impact kidney function in rural Indian populations.

 

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the influence of age, body mass index (BMI), and key biochemical indices on renal function within a rural Indian cohort.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study of 200 individuals was conducted, analysing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) across age groups. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire to gather demographic details, medical history, and lifestyle factors. Pearson’s correlation and multivariate linear regression were used to explore associations between renal function and demographic/biochemical predictors. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

 

Results: The mean age was 59.7 ± 17.2 years, and the mean BMI was 24.5 ± 4.2 kg/m². A significant age-dependent decline in GFR was observed: from 131.2 mL/min in individuals <40 years to 62.1 mL/min in those >60 years. Strong negative correlations were found between age and GFR (r = - 0.71, p < 0.001) and between BMI and GFR (r = -0.35, p = 0.002), while BMI positively correlated with serum creatinine (r = 0.29, p = 0.006). Age also showed a strong positive correlation with BUN (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, age (β = -0.56, p < 0.001), BMI (β = -0.28, p = 0.004), and bicarbonate levels (β = +0.31, p = 0.002) independently predicted GFR.

 

Conclusion: Age and BMI are strong, independent predictors of renal function decline in rural populations. Elevated bicarbonate levels appear to exert a protective effect. These findings underscore the need for age- and weight-adjusted screening protocols in low-resource settings to enable earlier intervention. Limitations of this study include its cross-sectional nature, which precludes causal inference, and potential confounders such as dietary habits and undiagnosed comorbidities that were not controlled. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples and inclusion of inflammatory markers are warranted to validate and extend these findings.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Shilpa Rattan
Biochemistry, SMVDIME, Kakryal, India.

 

B. Jahnavia
Biochemistry, MNR Medical College, Telangana, India.

 

Priya Duvedi
Biochemistry, SMVDIME, Kakryal, India.

 

Abid Manzoor
Physiology, SMVDIME, Kakryal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6245

A New Definition of Human Suffering and Satisfaction According to the Entropy Hypothesis: End Stage Dementia and Entropy | Chapter 6 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 1

Background: The emotional and intellectual life of human beings is composed of two principal conditions: a feeling of well-being and a condition of despair, i.e. a feeling of satisfaction and enjoyment, and a state of suffering. Human suffering has received limited attention in medical education, research, and practice.

 

Objectives: A new definition of human suffering and satisfaction according to the entropy hypothesis may facilitate comprehension of health, disease, and the aging process.

 

Methods: A cohort study of 71 patients (28 females, 43 males), with very advanced dementia, who died in our ward during the study period. The intense suffering level of end-stage dementia patients was evaluated by the Mini-Suffering State Examination (MSSE) scale. Comparisons between the three levels of MSSE (low, intermediate, and high) with regard to demographic and clinical variables, were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal Wallis non-parametric test, and Fisher’s exact test, where applicable.

 

Results: Suffering level in end-stage dementia has a significant correlation with short survival, advancing age, more severe illness, malnutrition, the existence of decubitus ulcers, and the administration of medications. Established correlations could be explained by the enhanced level of the patient’s body entropy.

 

Discussion: Suffering and satisfaction are functional levels of human entropy.

An elevated level of human entropy is a measure of disorder, a process of ageing and torment of the patient.

 

Author(s) Details

Bechor Z. Aminoff
Geriatric Division, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Human Suffering and Satisfaction Research Center, El-Ad, Israel.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v1/1492

 

An Overview on Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Its Clinical Applications| Chapter 10 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 The aim concerning this chapter is an overview of current knowledge about Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in dispassionate applicability and possible hints for further search. GLDH is applicable as a marker of addiction, maintenance of abstinence and repetition of alcohol use in daily practice, nevertheless allure role as an indirect flag in determining neurodegenerative processes in the mind offers limited help.In comparison to other indicators of alcoholism is GLDH equally correct. Time aspect deliberate serum GLDH activity is an ideal gravestone of alcoholism since it is exalted in alcohol abuse but its venture declines promptly subsequently the last alcohol intake in intoxicating dependent subjects and the change ends long enough to be smart to be evaluated.  Combinations of intoxicating markers increase sensitivity and belittle specificity.The kinetics of blood corpuscle GLDH activity is a particular marker of alcohol dependence in addition to of the cessation of drinking intoxicating. Alcohol consumption reduces GLDH project to some extent and consecutively it take care of lead to increased protein result and strengthen of belittled leukocyte protective skill.The gradually decreased GLDH venture over life may have few contribution when aging the same as the GLDH endeavor in leukocytes diminishes with growing up. The decrease in GLDH activity in the cerebrospinal fluid at neurodegenerative disorders concede possibility be one of the reasons for the neuroexcitotoxic glutamate effect.

Author(s) Details:

Matej Kravos,
ZPA Dr. Kravos, Trg Svobode 26, 2310 Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenia and The Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V7/article/view/11040

Dasatinib and Quercetin: Short-term Simultaneous Administration Yields Senolytic Effect in Humans | Chapter 04 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Background: The higher the number of cell divisions, the more senescent cells. In human and animal beings, senescent cells are one of the most poisonous cells. When their number reaches a certain level, it causes a lot of ageing indicators to appear. During the division phase, the cell's generation reaches ultimate morphogenetic state, according to the citogenetic centriolar hypothesis of ageing. As a result, programmed cell death (apoptosis) must be triggered; otherwise, the cell would enter a senescent state if it does not kill itself.

Senescent cells are responsible for age-related diseases. Partially eliminating senescent cells should theoretically result in increased life capacity. On Ercc1 -/ mice, this idea was confirmed. Dasatinib and quercetin were given to Ercc1 -/ mice on a regular basis, extending their lifespan and postponing age-related signs and diseases. We decided to put dasatinib and quercetin together to see if they had a senolytic effect in humans.

The clinical trial was conducted on 64 male volunteers over the age of 36 for this objective. To put things in perspective, our volunteers were divided into four groups, each with 16 members. Within 5 days, the D+Q group was given 50 mg of dasatinib and 500 mg of quercetin orally.

Methods: The entire trial was supplemented with thorough medical screening and a stair ascending test in order to register and analyse changes caused by the medication components.

As a consequence, 50mg of dasatinib combined with 500 mg of quercetin had a clear senolytic effect, which was supported by improved stair ascending test results and a calmed state of systolic blood pressure. This dosage combination of these two drugs is almost certainly safe.

Author(S) Details

Tkemaladze Jaba
International Longevity Centre- 0131, King Demetre Tavdadebuli 81, Tbilisi, Georgia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V2/article/view/5433

Determination of a Possible Benefit of 4-Aminoquinoline Drugs to Reset Post-Acute Inflammation in Old Age | Chapter 14 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Chronic low-amplitude systemic inflammation is common in the elderly, and it contributes to various aspects of the frailty phenotype, including sarcopenia, low mood, and higher degrees of reliance on others for vital activities, as well as increased all-cause mortality. Patients with this type of "inflammaging" had elevated baseline levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in their peripheral blood, including tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta, as well as persistently elevated C-reactive protein. There is an obvious need to find therapies, such as medicines, that can reduce inflammation by assisting the innate immune system in returning to a less inflamed state. Such qualities can be seen in a variety of pharmacological classes. The goal of this chapter is to provide a summary of the background science on the relationship between ageing, inflammation, and frailty, followed by an explanation of the established role of methyl-xanthines, particularly theophylline, as immune modulating drugs, and finally a case for the use of 4-aminoquinolines, such as chloroquine, in a similar role. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of various groups of medications are compared, leading to the recommendation that formal clinical trials of chloroquine as an adjuvant immune modulator for "inflammaging" and persistent post-acute inflammation in old age be done.

Author(S) Details

Stephen Allen
The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Dorset, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

Divya Tiwari
The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Dorset, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4539

On the Vickers Microhardness and Wide-Angle X-Ray Line Width for Characterization of the Oxidative Stability of Poly(ethylene-co-propylene) Pipes: New Perspectives | Chapter 6 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol.3

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the ageing of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) fittings
produced by several manufacturers. The fittings were aged for varying times as follows: 0, 2, 13, 23,
45, 106, 225 and 391 days at 100°C. In a previous paper, the oxidation induction time (OItime) and
oxidation induction temperature (OItemp) were evaluated with respect to every single step of the
ageing process [1]. Here, the Vickers microhardness and wide-angle X-ray line width were used for
characterization of the oxidative stability of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) pipes. Both the Vickers
microhardness and wide-angle X-ray line width as evaluated from a certain reflex of the diffractogram
generally increase with ageing for most samples. The higher microhardness is most likely related to
higher fragility of the pipes. The increase of the X-ray line width with ageing indirectly proves that
reducing the crystallite size as well as increase of the crystallite defectiveness take place.

Author (s) Details

Anton Atanassov Apostolov
Laboratory on Structure and Properties of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/217

Research on the Oxidation Induction Time and Oxidation Induction Temperature for Characterization of the Oxidative Stability of Poly(ethylene-co-propylene) Pipes | Chapter 5 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol.3

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the ageing of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) fittings
produced by several manufacturers. The fittings were aged for varying times as follows: 0, 2, 13, 23,
45, 106, 225 and 391 days at 100°C. The oxidation induction time (OItime) and oxidation induction
temperature (OItemp) were evaluated with respect to every single step of the ageing process.
Strongly inhomogeneous antioxidant distribution for some specimens was found to be the main
reason for large diffrences in OItime for samples, taken from one and the same specimen. An
indication was found that it was safer to use OItime rather than OItemp.

Author(s) Details

Anton A. Apostolov
Laboratory on Structure and Properties of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1,J. Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/217