Insects as a Source of Protein for Animal Feed | Chapter 6 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 8

 The global demand for animal feed protein is increasing sharply in line with the growth of the world's population and the demand for animal products, which is expected to jump by more than 70% by 2050. Conventional protein sources such as soybean meal and fishmeal face serious limitations due to land degradation, deforestation, and overfishing, posing economic and ecological challenges. In this context, insects are emerging as a strategic alternative with great potential. Studies have shown that insects such as Hermetiaillucens (Black Soldier Fly), Tenebrio molitor (mealworm), Acheta domesticus (cricket), and Musca domestica (maggot) contain high protein (35–65% BK), essential amino acids, lipids, and essential minerals that are competitive with soybeans and fishmeal. In addition to nutritional value, insects also offer environmental advantages through the efficiency of organic waste bioconversion, land and water savings, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Its practical application has been proven in poultry, fish, pigs, ruminants, and pet feed, with promising results for growth, feed efficiency, product quality, and intestinal health. However, a number of challenges still need to be overcome, such as variability in nutritional composition, food safety standards, hygiene issues, and social acceptance and regulations in various countries. With the support of omics research, technological innovation, and the right policy framework, insects have the potential to become game changers in precision feed systems and circular economies. Therefore, the use of insects as a source of feed protein ternak tidak hanya solution teknis, but also an important strategy to support sustainable farming and global food security in the future.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Derek J. Polakitan
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Agustinus N. Kairupan
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Paulus C. Paat
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Achmad Fanindi
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

August L. Polakitan
Research Centre for Food Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Eric E. Malia
Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Herlina N. Salamba
Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Jantje G. Kindangan
Research Center for Macroeconomics and Finance, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v8/6544

Fern-Insect Interactions: Specialization and Evolutionary Ties |Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Ferns are the second largest group of vascular plants, just after angiosperms. Initial analysis of fern–insect herbivore interactions first appeared in the 1970s–1980s. The ferns were actually the primary food supply for the herbivorous sauropods during the Mesozoic epoch. Given their ability to contain a large amount of energy in tiny packaging, fern spores have been shown to be rich in lipids. The presence of simple phenolics, which can be regarded as one of the primary causes of repulsion, makes insect phytophagy on ferns a rare occurrence. Unlike angiosperms, ferns contain special chemicals. The level of specialisation of insects that currently feed on ferns is well illustrated. In recent years, different cases of interaction between insects and extant ferns and fern allies have been reported. The aim of the study is to report observations of fern-insect interactions in order to understand their effects on the fern, as well as their broader impact on the environment. A fern collection tour was conducted in Dehradun district from 2008 to 2011. It was found that the number of different insects, such as beetles, flea beetles, sawflies, bugs and mealybugs, infested different ferns. Despite the increased toxicity, some insects, such as snails and grasshoppers, can consume mature ferns on a daily basis. Further study has to be carried out to find how these insects affect the growth and metabolism of the ferns. Fern-insect interactions can be explained by their evolutionary ties. Only four Lepidopteran families exhibit the rare phenomenon known as fern-spore-feeding (FSF). Fern proteins regulate insects that are resistant to Bt insecticidal proteins, indicating different methods and/or areas of action and perhaps providing a novel method of managing insect pests. For both ferns and insects, targeted sampling of interactions conducted in an aphylogenetic framework appears to be the most fruitful.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Chhaya Singh
Government PG College, Thalisain, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Neha Chauhan
Department of Microbiology, SGRRU, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Vivek Rawat
Department of Chemistry, Government PG College, Thalisain, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Neeraj Aswal
Department of Botany, Government PG College, Thalisain, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Anju Rani

Faculty of Life Sciences, HRIT University, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh), India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v8/6450

 

Advancement in Forensic Entomology: Techniques and Applications | Chapter 4 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Forensic Entomology plays a very important role in forensic science. It provides valuable inputs for crime scene investigation. This involves looking into the many pest species that are commonly related to dead bodies, as well as their life cycles and biological presence in a specific environment. One of the key concerns of forensic entomologists’ practical knowledge about the entomological evidence while collecting the insects and other biological fluids from the crime scene, their collection and preservation is a major part for entomologists. Collection of entomological evidence may be in different stages of eggs, maggots, pupae, adults and different areas of cadavers and surrounding environment. Collected samples provide critical information about injuries, time since death, and possible locations of a crime. This study covers the concepts of forensic entomology, stages of decomposition and the latest techniques used by entomologists. Additionally, the different techniques that are used to examine the entomological evidence, such as molecular analysis, enterotoxin analysis, Micro CT, cuticular hydrocarbon analysis, etc. have been discussed. Moreover, this study highlights the factors affecting PMI estimates and analyzes the uses of entomological data in PMI estimation. The main task is to determine the age of the insects. These advantages and disadvantages of age-determined methodologies are discussed in detail. The aim of this chapter is to summarize techniques that have so far been used commonly and all the latest advances made in the concerned field. All these methods have shown more reliable results, adequate accuracy and more effectiveness. As evidence contamination is a major setback in providing results, these techniques have less risk of contamination of evidence and have also proved to be less time-consuming. Through the content, readers will gain knowledge of the developments in the forensic entomology field and how they affect the preciseness and effectiveness of crime scene investigations.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Gauri Deshmukh
Department of Forensic Science, Parul University, India

 

Devyani Parkhe
Department of Forensic Science, Parul University, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/5066

An Overview of the Diversity of Aquatic Insects in Assam, North-East India | Chapter 6 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 7

India is one of the world's mega-biodiversity hotspot nations. The country is one of the world's 17 Mega biodiverse countries, accounting for 7-8% of all documented species. A class of arthropods known as aquatic insects can be found on or on the surface of lacustrine or riverine ecosystems where they complete their life cycle in water bodies. Eight main insect orders live their whole lives in the freshwater habitat. Aquatic insects are a taxonomically varied, ecologically significant, and fascinating collection of creatures found in Lentic freshwater systems. They are recognised to play an important role in nutrient processing and cycling since they are classified as shredders, filter feeders, deposit collectors, and predators. The functioning of aquatic ecosystems is greatly influenced by aquatic insects. The current study aims to examine the relative abundance of insects in various microhabitats of the study site Assam and the North Eastern States of India. A significant diversity of aquatic insects, which is indicative of the strength and abundance of the aquatic ecosystem, may be found in the northeastern section of India and various parts of Assam. In most of the research sites, it was discovered from the entire study that insects from the orders Odonata, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera were most prevalent, followed by those from the orders Diptera and Ephemeroptera. The order Coleoptera accounted for 59% of all known aquatic insect species. The studied locations are discovered to have the least number of insects from the Orders Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Hymenoptera, and Collembola. In Northeast India and several parts of Assam, there were no records of aquatic insects from the Orders Neuroptera/Megaloptera and Lepidoptera.

Author(s) Details:

Danswrang Basumatary,
Department of Zoology, Kokrajhar Govt. College, Kokrajhar, Assam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V7/article/view/13338

A Brief Study about Allergic Rhinitis | Chapter 18 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The current research gives an overview of Allergic Rhinitis and how to treat it. It's a great resource for rhinology students and physicians that deal with this condition. It teaches them how to examine allergic rhinitis patients in a systematic way, which is quite frequent in most demographics and causes a lot of morbidity. Allergy is a difficult subject to learn in general, and treating individuals with this ailment requires a lot of perseverance. The first step in treating a patient with allergic rhinitis is to get a thorough medical history. Following that, a full assessment and inquiry will be conducted. The general practitioner is the first professional involved in the treatment of allergic rhinitis patients, followed by specialists, particularly otorhinolaryngologists, and finally allied healthcare staff. Nasal blockage, obstruction, or congestion, as well as nasal discharge, are all indications of inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Facial pain/pressure, as well as a diminution or loss of scent, are common symptoms. Endoscopic signs of nasal polyps, mucopurulent discharge, and mucosal oedema in the middle meatus, as well as CT changes of mucosa within the ostoemeatal complex and sinuses, are seen. Definitions, etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnosis/prognosis, and therapy of allergic rhinitis are all discussed. The common allergens that cause the condition are examined, as well as the pathophysiology and classification of allergic rhinitis. Different forms of allergy testing are discussed, along with their functions and characteristics. Immunotherapy principles in the treatment of allergic rhinitis are explored in this article. The health repercussions of allergic rhinitis are discussed, as well as their impact on physical quality of life. The main purpose of this presentation is to improve diagnosis accuracy by encouraging appropriate use of ancillary tests including nasoendoscopy, allergy testing, computed tomography, and other comparable procedures, as well as minimising antibiotic use. The treatment strategy is determined on the severity and duration of allergic rhinitis. Allergy avoidance, medicine, allergen immunotherapy, and limited-function surgery are all covered.

Author(S) Details

Debashis Acharya
Primary Health Care Corporation, Govt. of Qatar, Qatar.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V7/article/view/5773