Phytochemical Composition, Toxicity and Effects of Sphenostylis marginata Aqueous Root Extract on Oxygen Consumption Rate in Oreochromis niloticus Fingerlings: A Comprehensive Study | Chapter 10 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 5

Introduction: Fish has always been an important part of the human diet due to its natural availability and nutritional value. With the advent of population growth, the consumer demand for fish has exponentially increased. To meet increasing demand, new methods such as netting, spearfishing, angling, and trapping were developed in Africa for catching fish. In established modern fishing fleets, these methods are well-regulated to avoid overfishing as well as consideration for sustainability and environmental impact. Sphenostylis marginata is a plant in the family Fabaceae and native to many parts of Africa. It is used as a wild vegetable, in folk medicine, as a fetish plant, food additive, and for harvesting fish. Small-scale fishermen in selected parts of Zambia use the crushed roots of this plant to harvest fish for consumption. Published data suggest that phytochemicals present in fish toxins and the lethal concentration have a major role to play in the ability of fish to utilize dissolved oxygen. Phytochemical screening and lethal concentration (LC50) of fish toxins are the initial tests required to discover their bioactive profile and short-term poisoning potential.

 

Objective: To determine the effects of S. marginata on dissolved oxygen consumption rate in Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings.

 

Materials and Methods: An interventional approach was used to determine the effects of different concentrations of the aqueous root extract of S. marginata on dissolved oxygen consumption rate (DOCR) in Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. The fresh root of S. marginata was collected from the Muchinga escarpment in the Mpika district of Zambia, while the crude stem methanol extract of the positive control Albizia versicolor was collected from the University of Zambia’s Biology department. The studied plant was examined, identified, extracted, and concentrated using the Yamato DC401/801 Neo Cool freeze drier. Phytochemical screening was carried out, and toxicity studies were performed to establish the LC50. Dissolved oxygen was measured using a calibrated 86031 AZ waterproof IP67 combo water quality tester for O. niloticus fingerlings in the presence of S. marginata and the positive control. Dissolved oxygen results were used to calculate dissolved oxygen consumption rates. Comparisons of dissolved oxygen consumption rate results between the study plant and the positive control were made using a two-sample t-test for unequal variances in IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of temperature, salinity, and pH for both plants was performed. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used as a post hoc test to determine where the differences lie in statistically significant results.

 

Results: Phytochemical screening of S. marginata revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. From experimental results, 200 mg/L of S. marginata was required to cause mortality in 50% of O. niloticus in 3 hours (LC50). Calculations from the arithmetic method of Karber showed the LC50 of 210 mg/L, while graphical approximations using RS statistical software estimated a lethal concentration of 221.6 mg/L at ± 15.4 standard error with lower and upper limits of 186.1 and 257.2, respectively. Fingerlings mortality increased with the increase in concentration of the extract, accompanied by induced behavioral changes like rapid swimming, gasping for oxygen, vertical swimming, and loss of balance. The study plant affected the ability of O. niloticus fingerlings to utilize dissolved oxygen in a concentration-dependent response, and the mean dissolved oxygen consumption rate of S. marginata was significantly lower than the positive control A. versicolor (-0.7075 mg/L/hr. and -0.2675 mg/L/hr, respectively). Both plant did not affect the solution parameters pH, temperature, and salinity.

 

Conclusion: In conclusion, the root extract of S. marginata affects the ability of O. niloticus fingerlings to utilize dissolved oxygen with a characteristic concentration-dependent response. The plant does not affect pH, temperature, and salinity. S. marginata contains the phytochemicals tannins, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, highlighting its potential for exploitation as a cholesterol-lowering, antitumor, antimicrobial, promoting wound healing, and anti-diabetic.

 

Author (s) Details

Brian Mukuka
Faculty of Health Sciences, Chreso University, P.O. Box 37178, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

James Nyirenda
Department of Chemistry, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Rehana Omar
Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Mony Narayani
Faculty of Health Sciences, Chreso University, P.O. Box 37178, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Gibson Sijumbila
School of Medicine, Mulungushi University, P.O. Box 80415, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v5/5068

Assessment of Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater in Haryana, India | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Water an important natural resource is a prime requirement for human, plants, animals, and industries. A nation’s economic growth depends on its industrial growth which directly or indirectly depends upon quality of water. Water quality is determined by physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity, all of which should be investigated. Water hardness and dissolved oxygen content varies depending on the source, treatment procedure as well as on pipeline condition. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture has led to deterioration of groundwater quality. 1/3 of world population depends upon ground water for its daily need as it is a replenishable source. In this study, the quality of groundwater and municipal water for drinking purposes in the villages of Ambala District (Haryana) was assessed. Ground water and municipal water samples were obtained from various villages in the Ambala District of Haryana, and their physicochemical parameters were studied. The quality of groundwater was assessed by analyzing physiochemical parameters and comparing them to the standard desirable limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). According to the data available from study of various water resources total dissolved solids, total hardness, and magnesium all exceed the maximum acceptable and maximum permitted ranges for drinking purposes and it is recommended that water should be treated well before human consumption to avoid the ill effects of it on human health.

Author(s) Details:

Amita Garg,
Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana-133207 (Ambala), Haryana, India.

Radhika Khanna,
Department of Chemistry, Babu Anant Ram Janta College, Kaul (Kaithal) 136021, Haryana, India.

Devansh Gupta,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed to be) University, Patiala-147004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13388

The Unexpected Role of Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Wastewater Treatment | Chapter 10 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 3

 Water's significance for the prevention of food-related noncommunicable diseases has taken more attention currently because of the shift toward use of large proportions of fluids as caloric drinks. Water represents a detracting nutrient, the omission of which will be deadly within days. Recently, increased prominence has been established on the value of water in avoiding noncommunicable diseases linked to weak nutrition. The calculation of total fluid consumption and hydration rank at the population level are areas place there are meaningful information breach. It is poorly understood the belongings of chronic mild aridity and fluid consumption on distinguishing health consequences including obesity. Urolithiasis is the only disorder that has happened consistently guide chronic reduced daily water intake. Water’s thorough capability to discontinue a variety of fragments has earned it the name of “universal solvent,” and it is this skill that makes water specific an invaluable history-sustaining force. The discovery that the human bulk has the previously mysterious ability to convert light strength into chemical energy by dissociating the particle from water, as happens in plants, has likely water a newfound importance. Until recently, water was generally thought of as a universal firm that served to brace the broth of growth inside the cells. The process that we replicated engaged for the first time in 2007, shows a light at the end of the tunnel, in the increasing and serious problem of adulteration of the mysterious and essential liquid that we call water.A characteristic of both draining water and wastewater is low levels of dissolved oxygen. Until now it was idea that it was the result of contaminants in the valued liquid, and that as these contaminators were removed, even incompletely or incompletely, said disappeared oxygen levels would improve instinctively. But such an increase has not took place anywhere in the world and accompanying no known system. Except for the direct injection of oxygen into the water, that is excessively expensive.In this magazine we present a different design to raise dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in either sipping water or wastewater, and surprisingly, by lifting DO levels, the water tends to improve allure quality considerably, since distressing odors disappear, transparency recovers, and basic molecules that can be present likely to disarm, forming plain compounds, which reduces the establishment of toxic mud. Another feature of our method is that it does not demand electricity, nor added projectiles for weaponry, and the average life of our novel material is 25 age.

Author(s) Details:

Arturo Solís Herrera,
Human Photosynthesis™ Research Centre. Aguascalientes 20000, México.

María del Carmen Arias Esparza,
Human Photosynthesis™ Research Centre. Aguascalientes 20000, México.

Martha Patricia Solís Arias,
Human Photosynthesis™ Research Centre. Aguascalientes 20000, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V3/article/view/11609

Determination of Water Pollution of River Ganga during Lockdown Period | Chapter 3 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 5

 In this study, the water quality of the Ganga River was investigated, as well as the effect of lockdown on the physicochemical parameters of the river water in Bihar. The study's goal was to check the Ganges' water quality during the lockdown and assess the impact of the situation on the river's water quality, with a focus on a few areas in Bihar where domestic sewage, agricultural wastes, and air pollution affecting river water are thought to be the major sources of pollution. Both primary and secondary data were collected as part of the exploratory study strategy. In the months of March and April, primary data was obtained from the Ganges sampling stations of Digha (Patna), Arrah (Bhojpur), and Aami (Saran). pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Coliform (TC), and Faecal Coliform (FC) were all tested after the data was collected (FC). During the lockdown, the river's quality did not much improve. It is clear that, in comparison to non-industrial areas, industrial areas have seen a reduction in water pollution along the Ganga. Domestic garbage dumping did not stop and even increased in hygiene maintenance in non-industrial regions, therefore there was little improvement.

Author(S) Details

Nazia Hasan
Department of Zoology, Jai Prakash University, Chapra, Bihar, India.

Rakesh Prasad
Department of Zoology, Jai Prakash University, Chapra, Bihar, India.

Arafat Ahmad
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, KSA.

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Investigating the Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Rotifers of Chakki Talab, Bodhan, Telangana, India | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 3

The goal of this study was to see how dissolved oxygen affected the diversity and abundance of rotifers in Chakki talab, Bodhan, Telangana. Rotifer distribution and diversity are impacted by eutrophication and poor water quality in freshwater habitats. Rotifers from seven genera were researched from October 2015 to September 2016, and their density was affected by a little change in dissolved oxygen levels. The preponderance of the genera Brachionus and Keratella revealed Chakki talab's eutrophic status.

Author (S) Details

Vasudha Lingampally

Department of Zoology, Nizam College (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

V. R. Solanki

Department of Zoology, Nizam College (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

D. L. Anuradha

Department of Zoology, Nizam College (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

S. Sabita Raja

Department of Zoology, Nizam College (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

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Impact of Untreated Liquid Waste Disposal on Water Quality in a Tropical Region | Chapter 4 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol.3

 The discharge of untreated liquid waste into the River Atta-dea makes its assessment of water quality

indicators necessary with its associated human health implications and ecological management. Our
study was therefore carried out to investigate the influence of untreated liquid waste on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the Atta-dea stream under different seasons in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Water samples were collected from the untreated liquid waste water, and the stream water at three different locations namely: top-stream, mid-stream, and down-stream. Water
quality indicators were determined at the laboratory to assess the concentrations of parameters such
as pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total coliform and
Escherichia coli. Our results revealed significantly (p < 0.05) high level of pollution of physicochemical
properties and microbiological parameters at the midstream, downstream and waste water sampling
locations. The midstream and downstream that had direct influence with the waste water generally
recorded higher mean levels of total coliform (730 ± 1.41 and 740 ± 2.82), E. coli (38 ± 1.41 and 25 ±
2.82), TSS (109 ± 2.82 and 43 ± 0) respectively and lower level of DO at the midstream (4 ± 0) in the
rainy season than Upstream (control) which were generally within the Environmental Protection
Agency water quality standard. This however, implies that the discharge of untreated domestic liquid
waste into the Atta-dea stream has a significant impact on its water quality and this impact was
recognized across both seasons (rainy and dry), with rainy season experiencing significantly(p < 0.05)
high level of surface water pollution than the dry season.

Author(s) Details

Alex Amerh Agbeshie
Department of Environmental Management, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Bono Region, Ghana.

Mr. Isaac Adjei
Department of Environmental Science and Design, Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, PR China.

Rita Adjei
Department of Planning and Sustainability, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.

Albert Banunle
Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Samuel Novor
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.

Abdul Aziz Khalid
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.

View Book :-  http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/231