Stress Responses of Crops and Management Approaches in Acid Soil Environments | Chapter 2 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 5

 

Acidic soils (pH <5.5) are prevalent in humid subtropical and tropical regions, primarily due to leaching from heavy rainfall. These soils often contain harmful elements like manganese and aluminium, negatively impacting plant growth. Different crops react differently to low pH; rice thrives in such conditions, while wheat and maize show slight tolerance. Legumes struggle more with aluminium toxicity, inhibiting nitrogen fixation and reducing biomass. Effective management strategies, including liming and organic amendments, can enhance nutrient availability. However, acidic soils often have low water-holding capacity, causing drought stress, affecting overall crop health and yields. Management strategies for acid soils are essential in enhancing crop productivity. Lime application increases soil pH and nutrient availability, ideally conducted in fall or early spring after soil testing. Incorporating organic matter like compost improves soil structure and buffers soil pH. Utilising ammonium-based fertilisers and phosphate solubilisers aids in nutrient management. To detoxify aluminium and manganese, resistant crop varieties and soil amendments (liming materials) can be used. Climate change negatively impacts soil health through altered rainfall and temperature, leading to heightened soil acidity. Heavy rainfall leaches nutrients and exacerbates soil structure issues. Adopting adaptive management practices, such as the application of liming materials, organic amendments, and the adoption of suitable crop rotation, is crucial for maintaining soil health. Thus, this chapter highlights the challenges, crop responses, and management approaches of acid soil for sustaining crop production.

 

Author(s) Details

Subhajit Dutta
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan-731236, West Bengal, India.

 

Manik Chandra Kundu
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan-731236, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v5/6411

Knowledge Discovery | Chapter 3 | Text Mining Techniques with Applications, Edition 1

 

This section discusses the explanations of knowledge discovery, its characteristics, the process of knowledge discovery/relevance of text mining methods as well as various data repositories.

 

Author(s) Details

Adebola K. Ojo
Department of Computer Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-972870-5-3/CH4

Analysis of Socioeconomic Characteristics Influencing the Use of Family and Hired Labour in Small-Scale Maize/Cowpea Farms in Mubi North Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria | Chapter 3 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 

This study provides a comparative analysis of the socioeconomic factors influencing the use of family and hired labor on small-scale maize-cowpea farms in Mubi North Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria with a focus on enhancing sustainable agriculture. The data used for the study were collected from 160 respondents in Mubi North Government Area with the aid of a structured questionnaire using stratified random sampling techniques. Utilizing four functional forms of regression models—linear, semi-logarithm, double logarithm, and log inverse—the research identifies key determinants impacting labor use. For family labor, significant positive influences include household size (p<0.05), total farm output (p<0.05), and farmers' experience (p<0.01), collectively explaining 73.93% of the variation. In contrast, hired labor is significantly influenced by the distance of the farm from the residence (p<0.001) and total farm output (p<0.01), while the household size and farm size exhibit significant negative influences (p<0.001), accounting for 93.48% of the variation. The correlation analysis reveals that larger households and greater farm sizes positively correlate with increased productivity through both labor types, though mechanisms differ. The findings suggest that family labor is maximized in larger households with experienced farmers and higher farm outputs, whereas hired labor is necessitated by farm distance and increased outputs, with larger households and farm sizes reducing reliance on it. The study concludes that both family and hired labor are crucially shaped by socioeconomic variables, and the policy implications are significant. Policies should support large households in farming, improve farmer training, develop rural infrastructure to reduce the need for hired labor, regulate labor markets, and provide subsidies and technological support to enhance farm productivity. These measures can collectively boost the efficiency and sustainability of small-scale maize-cowpea farming in Mubi North, fostering economic well-being in the region's farming communities.

 

Author(s) Details

Gwandi O.
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria and Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.

V. Kamalvanshi

Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.

Jummai Mamman

Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v2/1201

Strategic Leadership in Policing: Theories, Styles, and Development | Chapter 7 | The Evolving Blueprint, Strategic Leadership, VALUE-Driven Police Leaders and Ethical Excellence in Law Enforcement

The objective of this chapter is to analyse and assess the significance of diverse leadership theories and styles in policing, and to offer recommendations for the advancement of strategic leadership practices that improve police performance and address the requirements of modern policing. Primary Subjects: The primary subjects analysed encompass: the relevance of Human Capital, Transformational, and Situational Leadership theories within police organisations; the influence of leadership styles on police officer performance and organisational efficacy; the recognition of deficiencies in existing police leadership practices; and approaches for leadership development in light of public scrutiny and reform initiatives. This research contends that effective police leadership requires a multi-faceted strategy, combining investments in human capital with transformational leadership concepts, situational adaptability, and a critical understanding of organisational culture. It asserts that contemporary leadership techniques frequently inadequately address the intricacies of modern policing, resulting in reduced officer effectiveness and lower public trust. A systematic literature approach was utilised to synthesise and analyse existing research, theoretical frameworks, and empirical investigations pertinent to leadership and policing. This methodology enables a thorough comprehension of the existing information and highlights critical areas for enhancement. The outcomes of this study offer significant insights for police leadership development boards, police administrators, and policymakers. It emphasises the significance of customised leadership training and development initiatives, promoting organisational efficiency and bolstering public confidence. This research may inform strategic modifications in police leadership techniques, enhancing overall policing outcomes. This study targets a diverse audience, including police leadership development boards, police administrators, policymakers, criminology and organisational behaviour scholars, and professionals engaged in police reform and training. The study indicates that a comprehensive and adaptive leadership framework is vital for tackling the complex difficulties of contemporary policing. By incorporating human capital development, transformational leadership, situational adaptability, and a profound comprehension of organisational culture, police organisations can augment their efficacy, elevate officer performance, and foster stronger relationships with the communities they serve. This research underscores the pressing necessity for strategic leadership reforms to address the changing requirements of policing.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. John Motsamai Modise
Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49970-95-3/CH7

Transforming Mixed Characteristic Problems into Cauchy Problems in Nonlinear Oscillation Equations | Chapter 1 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Contemporary Developments Vol. 7

The linear formulation of a mixed characteristic problem cannot be automatically extended to the case of nonlinear equations, since the characteristics of the nonlinear equations depend on the sought solution and its lower derivatives. In this paper, an attempt is made to formulate correctly a mixed characteristic problem for the well-known nonlinear oscillation equation, which is a nonlinear analogue of the Darboux problem and consists of the simultaneous definition of a solution and its regular propagation domain. The question of solvability of the formulated problem is solved by the method of characteristics and reduction to the Cauchy problem, for what are obtained all characteristic laws of the equation and used a general integral of the equation. The proposed method to reduce a mixed characteristic problem to an initial Cauchy problem represents an approach, which can be applied to various fields requiring the analysis of nonlinear oscillations.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rusudan Bitsadze
Department of Mathematics, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcscd/v7/1470

Big Data-Artificial Intelligence as a Systemic Procedure in the Field of Legal and Forensic Medicine | Chapter 7 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 6

The combination of Big Data (BD), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Systemic Procedure (SP) constitutes a transversal technological approach focused on improving decision-making in the field of Medicine and, in particular, of Legal and Forensic Medicine. It is advisable that medical professionals become increasingly involved in the knowledge of new concepts, technologies and tools that are becoming increasingly essential for daily work. The terms Big Data and Artificial Intelligence are increasingly used, seeking a symbiosis between them. If we add to these terms the term Systemic Procedure, we have the necessary concepts to approach any field with greater efficiency.

In recent years, Big Data in Medicine has become a phenomenon and the field of Legal and Forensic Medicine could not be left out. The complexity of the data processed in this field is evident and, therefore, requires special treatment. The application of Artificial Intelligence to forensic sciences is increasingly less questionable since reliable, verifiable and reproducible results are obtained. The characteristics (the V’s) with which Big Data is endowed are those that define it. The sequence of characteristics continues: 3, 5, 7, 9. We will focus on the development of Big Data through seven characteristics (7 V’s).

The concepts (BD) and (AI) must go hand in hand with the growth of the greater computational capacity that is being developed and the improvement of the algorithms used.

The objective of this article is to analyze, from a theoretical point of view, Big Data (BD) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the field of Legal and Forensic Medicine as a Systemic Procedure (SP) with a holistic perspective. Implementing Fig. 2 through algorithms of both Big Data and Artificial Intelligence with a Systemic Procedure structure will help decision-making in general and, in particular, in the field of Legal and Forensic Medicine.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Elena Martín Pérez
Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.

 

Quintín Martín Martín
Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.

 

 Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v6/4494

Digital Leadership Characteristics: A Systematic Literature Review | Chapter 4 | Information Management and Technology: The Proceedings of the 10 th International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics (ICBMD), Edition 1

Digital leadership is crucial for modern organisations as it enables leaders to effectively leverage technology and innovation, driving organisational agility, fostering a culture of collaboration, and ensuring competitiveness in an increasingly digital marketplace. As the use of digital technology continues to grow, the need for effective digital leadership has become increasingly important. Therefore, digital leaders must not only understand the latest technological advancements, but also possess the necessary skills and competencies to effectively lead and manage their teams through the digital transformation process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics identified by other scholars when describing digital leadership. For this purpose, a systematic literature review based on Web of Science, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases has been conducted to further identify, select, and critically appraise prior research pertaining to digital leadership characteristics. To analyse and synthetize the qualitative data, the content analysis method was used to review 20 publications covering digital leadership in a broad range of fields. The inclusion criteria involved articles that outlined the characteristics and competencies of digital leaders, written in English, published during the period 2015 to 2022 and also relevant scholarly articles. All those that did not meet these characteristics were excluded.  The key findings revealed that there were 11 commonly used digital leadership characteristics, namely having a global vision, having deep knowledge, being a natural collaborator, being inquisitive, being empowering, having a customer focus, being agile, being creative, being prepared to take risks, and being adaptable and able to foster innovation. Understanding and cultivating these digital leadership characteristics can empower leaders of the organisations to effectively harness the power of technology, inspire their teams, and lead their organisations towards sustainable digital success.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Thembi Mashinini
Graduate School of Business leadership (SBL), University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

 

Tebogo Sethibe
Agricultural Research council (ARC), Graduate School of business Leadership (SBL), University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-37-4/CH4

Investigating the Characteristics Associated with Households Affected by under Five Mortality: A Community Dialogue Model in Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development (TICH) Partnership Districts | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 The study aimed to determine the child mortality rates in six partnership districts and their distribution by socio-economic characteristics and health seeking behaviour. Children continue to face tragically differing chances of survival based on where they are born. Although there has been global decline in Infant and Child Mortality rates, sub-Sahara African countries still bear the greatest burden. Measles, pneumonia, malaria, and starvation are among the ailments that can be prevented that cause these deaths. This has been observed throughout the study's six partnership districts. The study sought to investigate the variables connected with the impacted homes by introducing a community discussion paradigm. The overall result in the six partnership districts is a reversal of the recent child mortality trends in Kenya. Mortality   and population data were derived from a complete household census of 27 sub- locations within the partnership districts (Nyando 7, Kisumu 2, Bondo 7, Suba 7, Siaya 2 and Rachuonyo 2 sub-locations). Child mortality and its relationship to specific background and proximate factors were considered. Between 2006 and 2007, proportions of households with child deaths declined in all the districts with Rachuonyo and Suba district sub-locations having the greatest decline from 38% to 12% and 15% to 0.1%, respectively. Proportions of health facility deliveries decreased in households that experienced under-five deaths in all   the districts except one. Measles vaccination coverage was lower among households with child deaths. Use of Insecticide Treated Nets was lower among households with child deaths in Kisumu and Bondo unlike in Rachuonyo. The most urgent priority is to ensure access to and improve the quality of education for girls and women and to remove obstacles that hamper their active participation. Child mortality declined by type of housing and level of education. Child mortality rates were highest in homes with mothers who had completed only elementary school and lived in mud houses, and lowest in households with mothers who had completed secondary education and higher and lived in permanent dwellings. Mother education is still a major factor in determining child mortality, along with hospital delivery. Therefore, it is important to promote healthier behaviors in order to reduce the high rates of child mortality.

Author(s) Details:

Oindo C. O.,
Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.

Otieno C. F.,
Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.

Okeyo N. O.,
Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.

Olayo R. N.,
Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.

Muga R. O.,
Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.

C. O. Kaseje,
Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V2/article/view/13805

Utilization of Waste Materials in Construction Industry | Chapter 7 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 6

Presently, population and industries are growing rapidly worldwide and this growth is also generating different waste materials. So, dumping and decomposing of this waste is now a big challenge, and recycling of waste materials has become a critical issue worldwide. Use of waste materials as alternative construction materials is now a global trend undergoing rapidly. Reuse of waste materials of construction industry and recycled materials such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, medical waste ash, silica fume, waste glass powder etc. in the construction field, has been gaining importance because of the shortage of natural resources and various environmental problems caused by storing wastes. Several researchers are using these waste materials in construction industry with three-fold purpose- for utilizing these materials, preserving natural resources and for improving the characteristics of construction materials.

Author(s) Details:

Sanjeev Kumar Verma,
SAM Global University, Bhopal Road, Raisen (M.P.), India.

Hitesh Kodwani,
Department of Civil Engineering, SAM Global University, Bhopal Road, Raisen (M.P.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V6/article/view/13375

On-Site Measurement of Partial Discharge: Investigating Characteristics through Rise Time Analysis | Chapter 3 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 6

This paper describes partial discharge (PD) characteristics for on-site measurement based on rise time waveform. The frequency of partial discharges (PD) is a significant factor concerning electrical insulation. The implications of this kind of PD characteristics are becoming increasingly important with the rapid development of the detection of PD signals in medium voltage. The rise times characteristics are used in insulation condition monitoring to keep getting earlier information about the insulation condition of the high voltage or medium voltage equipment. Currently, there is minimal research working on the characteristics especially rise time and due to this, it needs to further develop comprehensive characteristics of PD detection at such extreme conditions. An on-site PD measurement using Rogowski coil (RC) and MATLAB analysis focusing on rise times is presented here. Measurement was set up based on the IEC60270 standard and the circuit in the standard is followed. Insulation used in this work is XLPE type under 11 kV voltage stress and there were eight locations were performed in order to get a clear picture of the pattern. The overall result indicates that the rise times range is between 1.5 and 5 ns. The impact of rise time characteristics on the PD signal based on the real measurement is huge since the maintenance unit can perform measurement in a short time compare to the previous method. Specifically, the total number of PD measurement and severity range were shown with cable length. The rise time pattern always provide different value depending on level severity and frequency. However, when combining the result rise time from 8 substations measured, it provides a significant result. The finding is valuable for future PD measurement and detection at the site when the operator directly focuses on the range value to identify PD signals.

Author(s) Details:

Abdullah A. Z.,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Technology, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia and Center of Excellent for Renewable Energy, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

Isa M.,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Technology, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia and Center of Excellent for Renewable Energy, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

Amlus M. H.,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Technology, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia and Center of Excellent for Renewable Energy, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

Azizan N.,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Technology, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia and Center of Excellent for Renewable Energy, UniMAP, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

Bakar M. F.,
Leader Cable Industry Berhad, Tikam Batu, Sg Petani, Kedah, Malaysia.

Meor A. Z.,
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, POLIMAS, Jitra, Kedah, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V6/article/view/13370

Assessment of Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater in Haryana, India | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Water an important natural resource is a prime requirement for human, plants, animals, and industries. A nation’s economic growth depends on its industrial growth which directly or indirectly depends upon quality of water. Water quality is determined by physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity, all of which should be investigated. Water hardness and dissolved oxygen content varies depending on the source, treatment procedure as well as on pipeline condition. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture has led to deterioration of groundwater quality. 1/3 of world population depends upon ground water for its daily need as it is a replenishable source. In this study, the quality of groundwater and municipal water for drinking purposes in the villages of Ambala District (Haryana) was assessed. Ground water and municipal water samples were obtained from various villages in the Ambala District of Haryana, and their physicochemical parameters were studied. The quality of groundwater was assessed by analyzing physiochemical parameters and comparing them to the standard desirable limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). According to the data available from study of various water resources total dissolved solids, total hardness, and magnesium all exceed the maximum acceptable and maximum permitted ranges for drinking purposes and it is recommended that water should be treated well before human consumption to avoid the ill effects of it on human health.

Author(s) Details:

Amita Garg,
Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana-133207 (Ambala), Haryana, India.

Radhika Khanna,
Department of Chemistry, Babu Anant Ram Janta College, Kaul (Kaithal) 136021, Haryana, India.

Devansh Gupta,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed to be) University, Patiala-147004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13388

Mtgenomes of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens pallens with Emphasis on Comparitive Mtgenome Analysis of Culex Species (Diptera: Culicidae)| Chapter 3 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 2

 The traits and evolution of mitochondrial genomes (mtgenome) in the type Culex has little been famous. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens pallens are the major headings of the Japanese type of encephalitis virus and Wuchereria bancrofti, the creative agent of filariasis. This study aims to series the mtgenomes of these two species and form basic understanding of the traits of mtgenomes in the genus Culex.In this study, we sequenced and noted the mtgenomes of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. p. pallens, and acted a comparative reasoning including four popular mtgenomes of species in the subgenus Culex (Culex). Based on concatenated protein-systematize gene sequences, the developmental connections of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. p. pallens, and four famous Culex mtgenome sequences were reconstructed. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. p. pallens mtgenomes are 14,844 bp and 15,617 bp long, two together consists of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and 1 CR (not sequenced for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus). Analysis of ethnic data revealed that the mtgenome of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was significantly give up responsibility the remaining five mtgenomes of Culex spp. Culex p. pipiens, Cx. p. pallens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus made a monophyletic clade with Cx. p. quinquefasciatus connected in the middle of the clade, and Cx. p. pallens bear have the alike taxonomic level as Culex p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus.Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. p. pallens mtgenomes have the same deoxyribonucleic acid makeup and order as two additional Culex species. Culex p. pallens of the Pipiens complex bear be classified at the unchanging level as Culex p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus. We enhanced the Culex mtgenome dossier and settled a foundation for future Culex mtgenome sequencing and study.

Author(s) Details:

Bin Chen,
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing-401331, P.R. China.

Qian-Chun Luo,
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing-401331, P.R. China.

Huan Yuan,
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing-401331, P.R. China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V2/article/view/8885

HSP Superfamily of Genes with Emphasis on Their Association with Pyrethroid Resistance in the Malaria Vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)| Chapter 11 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are involved in a variety of normal cellular processes as well as environmental stress. The study looked into the superfamily of genes' diversity, classification, scaffold location, properties, and phylogenetics, as well as identifying the HSP genes involved with pyrethroid resistance in the Anopheles sinensis genome. Bioinformatic approaches were used to identify the HSP genes in the Anopheles sinensis genome, examine their properties, and establish the phylogenetic relationships of all HSP genes in Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles gambiae, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti genomes. Importantly, the work used RNA-seq and RT-qPCR to screen the HSPs related with pyrethroid resistance in three field pyrethroid-resistant populations, and it examined the HSP gene expression pattern in An. sinensis on a time scale after pesticide treatment for the first time.

In the genome of An. sinensis, there are 72 HSP genes that are grouped into five families and 11 subfamilies according to molecular weight, homology, and phylogenetics. RNA-seq combining qPCR analysis revealed that the expression level of AsHSP90AB, AsHSP70-2 and AsHSP21.7 are significantly upregulated in at least one field pyrethroid-resistant population. The AsHSP90AB gene is proposed to be essential for pyrethroid stress response in An. sinensis.

This paper establishes the framework for the HSP superfamily of genes, laying the groundwork for a better understanding and further investigation of HSP function in insect adaptation to varied environments.

Author(s) Details:

Bin Chen,
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.

Feng-Ling Si,
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V6/article/view/8607

Investigation on Groundwater Quality and Treatment for Fluoride Reduction in Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria | Chapter 4 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 3

The residents of Kaltungo town rely on groundwater from hand dug wells and boreholes to meet their water demands, however children who grow up in the town during their teething years develop mottled teeth. The mottling of teeth is hypothesised to be induced by chemical properties in the town's drinking water sources. The physico-chemical characteristics of Kaltungo groundwater were determined over a 12-month period. Conductivity, pH, chloride, iron, copper, lead, zinc, fluoride, cadmium, nitrates, TH, total alkalinity (TA), and fluoride were investigated as physical qualities, while conductivity, pH, chloride, iron, copper, lead, zinc, fluoride, cadmium, nitrates, TH, total alkalinity (TA), and fluoride were investigated as chemical characteristics. Nine water samples were gathered monthly during the experiment, three from three manually dug wells and six from six boreholes. Except for iron and fluoride, all physical parameters were within their maximum ranges, with the exception of temperature, which had a mean of 29.7°C, which was still within ambient temperature. The majority of the chemical values were lower than the maximum levels recommended. Hand dug wells had iron concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 1.60 mg/l and boreholes had concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 2.35 mg/l, while fluoride concentrations in hand dug wells were 1.58 to 2.30 mg/l and boreholes were 1.29 to 1.90 mg/l. Iron had mean monthly levels of 0.9 mg/l, while fluoride had 1.66 mg/l, both of which are over the required iron and fluoride amounts of 0.3 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l, respectively. Treatments for flouride elimination were carried out utilising readily available and economical materials such as alum, bone charcoal, and Moringa olifera seeds. When treated with doses greater than 10g/l of raw water, fluoride concentrations in the water were lowered by 15% to 43%. To avoid tooth mottling, it is advised that Kaltungo groundwater be treated for fluoride removal before ingestion.

Author (S) Details

S. B. Onoja

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

M. O. Udochukwu

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

J. F. Malum

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V3/article/view/37245