A Brief Introduction to Hepatitis E Virus: Structure, Genome Organization & Replication |chapter 1 | Open Reading Frame 4 - A Multifunctional Protein of Hepatitis E Virus

 

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small virus belonging to the family Hepeviridae. HEV is the chief cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, causing approximately 20 million infections annually, which results in 60,000 deaths. The genome of HEV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA of about 15 kb in length and is categorized into three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3. HEV GT 1 is known to encode an additional fourth reading frame ORF4, which is expressed only during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ORF4 is believed to play a critical functional role in the viral replication of HEV GT 1 isolates. Although the disease was discovered in the late 1980s, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the higher pregnancy mortality associated with HEV remain elusive. The absence of an efficient culture system and a GT 1 animal pregnancy model is a significant barrier to understanding the mechanisms behind HEV-induced pregnancy mortality. This introductory chapter focuses on the morphology, and genomic organization, along with structural and nonstructural proteins of HEV. The information provided in this review on the HEV proteins is likely to assist in understanding the deeper functioning of structural as well as non-structural biology of HEV proteins.

 

Author(s) Details

Zoya Shafat

Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-976932-1-2/CH1

ICEV Recycling in Environments with Limited Conventional Energy: Insights from a Queuing Model | Chapter 9 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 7

Nowadays Sustainability is a huge issue. Sustainability deals with the need for the protection of the natural environment and ecosystems health and requires innovation and commitment with the future. This manuscript presents an economic supported decision process  modelled through a  M|G|∞  queue system (M means that arrivals follow a Poisson process, G (general) that the service time can follow any probability distribution, and  ∞ that there are infinite servers) to help to choose if either ICEV-Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles, normally cars but not only, turn idle when conventional energy becomes scarce, or a new status quo is required. In such a case, they are recycled, becoming either EV-Electric Vehicles or HEV-Hybrid Electric Vehicles or FCEV-Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, or are dismantled (DV-Dismantled Vehicles). Our model shows that when the rhythm ICEV become EV, HEV, FCEV and DV is greater than the rate at which they get idle the system tends to balance. In a cost-benefit analysis perspective, there are minimum benefits above which, both dismantling and recycling, are interesting. Additionally, the most interesting is the one for which the minimum benefit is the least.

Author(s) Details:

Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira,
ISTAR-IUL - Information Sciences, Technologies and Architecture Research Center (ISTA-School of Technology and Architecture), Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V7/article/view/13689