A Comprehensive Model for the Optical Transmission for Determining the Optimal Thickness and Figure of Merit of Al-Doped ZnO Films as Transparent Conducting Coatings |Chapter 8 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 4

In this work a comprehensive model for the optical transmission as a function of wavelength and thickness of ZnO :Al films deposited on glass substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, is developed. The mathematical expression developed for the transmission of the transparent conducting film on a transparent substrate, considers: 1) the interference effects of multiple specular reflections of coherent light from the front and the back of the flat-parallel-sided interfaces film-air and filmglass substrate, 2) the contribution of free carrier concentration (electrons in the conduction band due to Al doping) to the weak absorption in the visible and nearinfrared range, 3) the Urbach tail absorption edge at the low wavelength region ( < 400 nm ), 4) the effect of surface diffuse scattering of light originated by the roughness of these interfaces on the specular reflection and transmission coefficients. The wavelength dependence of the coefficients of reflection and transmission, and the absorption coefficient of the ZnO :Al film in the low absorptionvisible region (400-800 nm), were calculated from the formulas derived for the refractive index and extinction coefficient by using a LorentzDrude expression to separate the contribution of the bound-electrons and free-electrons, respectively, to the complex dielectric function. The carrier concentration and dc-electrical conductivity of the ZnO : Al films were measured using Hall effect and currentvoltage measurements in the van der Pauw configuration. The optical transmission of the films, in the range of wavelengths from 190 to 1100 nm, was measured using an Uv-Vis spectrometer. The fitting of the semi-empirical formula for the optical transmission with the experimental transmission spectrum for each film was good and the effects of the different parameters involved in the model was evidenced. The formulas derived here for the optical transmission can be used for a more precise determination of previously defined figures of merit for these type of films for their use as transparent conductive electrodes as a function of thickness of ZnO : Al. The correctness of the figures of merits considered and the usefulness of the model for selecting the optimal thickness for a transparent conductive contact was discussed.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Juan Carlos Alonso-Huitron

Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Apartado Postal 70-360, Coyoacan 04510, Distrito Federal, Mexico.

Augusto Garcia-Valenzuela

Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Apartado Postal 70-186, Coyoacan 04510, Distrito Federal, Mexico.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v4/1269

  

Electronic Energy Levels and Intra-Band Transitions in the Conduction Band of a Zn1-xMgxO /ZnO/Zn1-xMgxO Quantum Well Heterostructures | Chapter 9 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 3

 

In the last few years, semiconductor-based quantum well structures have been intensively investigated because of their interesting optical and electrical properties. This paper studies a quantum well heterostructure made up of a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin layer (well) sandwiched between two Zn1-xMgxO layers acting as potential barriers. The material is chemically and thermally stable, non-toxic and abundant in nature. Setting the width of the well to a = 10 nm, the allowed quantum states in the conduction band (CB) and the wave function profiles are examined for two values of magnesium concentration: x = 0.1 and x = 0.2. The calculated wavelengths corresponding to intra-band transitions in the conduction band are in the infrared domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. These wavelengths depend on x, allowing to control the optoelectronic properties of the quantum well by adjusting the concentration x during the growth process. This suggests that it is possible to control the optoelectronic properties of a quantum well by adjusting the concentration during the growth process, in order to obtain the desired wavelength for a semiconductor laser.

 

Author(s) Details

Moustapha Thiam
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Aminata Diaw
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Amaky Badiane
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

 

Omar Absatou Niasse
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

 

Amadou Diao
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Moulaye Diagne
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Bassirou Lo
Groupe de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Bassirou Ba
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v3/1974

Promotion of Growth and Yield Parameters of Cotton by Phytohormones in Conjunction with Organic and Inorganic Nutrients | Chapter 11 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

Cotton is an important fiber and cash crop in India, contributing significantly to the country's industrial and agricultural economies. Cotton in India is a direct source of income for 6 million farmers, while the cotton trade and processing employs approximately 40-50 million people.

 

Recently, there has been a greater interest in the commercial use of plant growth regulators in cotton production, particularly in light of the growing threat posed by climate change. According to recent research, organic nutrients are preferred over inorganic ones when applied in small amounts.

 

During August–Jan (2021–2022), a field experiment was carried out in the farmer's field at Jayapuram Village, Natrampalli Taluk in Thirupathur District to examine the impact of applying NPK fertilizers, compost enriched with zinc, and foliar spraying ZnO2 and NAA on improving cotton yield and quality in sandy loam soil.

 

Using Urea, SSP, and MOP, fertilizers (N: P₂O₅: K₂O) were given at the proper dosage (60:30:30 kg ha^-1).  One week before planting, 1.0 t ha-1 of Zn-EC was used as a baseline. ZnO₂ was administered twice during the crop's vegetative and blooming stages at a rate of 0.1% as part of the therapy. During blooming and boll formation, NAA at 40 ppm was sprayed twice as part of the treatments.

 

The results of the field experiment proved that soil application of 75% RDF + Zn – EC @ 1.0 t ha^-1 and foliar spray of ZnO2 @ 0.1% + NAA @ 40 ppm (T9) will be an effective management practice for achieving better yield, quality in cotton with due care on soil fertility. The conclusion made from this study is the farmers might enhance cotton production as well as quality by applying 75% required NPK, zinc-enriched compost at 1.0 t ha^-1, and foliar sprays of ZnO₂ at 0.1% and NAA at 40 ppm in sandy loam soil. The treatment improved sandy loam soil health, including physical, chemical, biological, and nutrient availability. The current study clearly shows how the application of different organic and inorganic fertilizers improves both the quality and yield metrics of cotton, which is in high demand on the global market.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Naveen M
ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tindivanam, Villupuram - 604 002, India.

 

Srinivasan S
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram- 608 002, India.

 

Angayarkanni A
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram- 608 002, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v9/4709

Theoretical and Computational Analysis of Confinement Regimes in Spherical ZnO, CdS, and CdSe Colloidal Quantum Dots | Chapter 7 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 7

Quantum dots (QDs) exhibit unique optical and electronic properties due to quantum confinement effects, making them promising candidates for various applications. This study investigates the confinement regimes of colloidal spherical ZnO, CdS, and CdSe quantum dots through computational simulations and theoretical analysis. Confinement regimes were delimited for each of the quantum dots based on the exciton Bohr radius of carriers of the respective semiconductor. The results delineate size-dependent confinement effects, revealing critical size ranges for strong, intermediate, and weak confinement regimes and their associated energy levels. These findings provide valuable insights into optimising quantum dot performance for applications in optoelectronics, field-effect transistors, and photonic technologies, advancing the understanding of these semiconductor nanostructures.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Harry, S. T.
Department of Physics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v7/4090

Determine the Impact of Nanoscale Zinc Oxide Particle on Growth, Yield and Soil Properties under Agency Area of Andhra Pradesh, India | Chapter 3 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 The present study was completed activity to investigate the belongings of various concentrations of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) NPs on tumor, yield and grain Zn content in nut. Zinc is an essential minor element for humans, mammals and plants. Higher plants generally consume Zn as a divalent cation (Zn+2), which acts either as the ore component of enzymes or as a functional fundamental or a regulatory co-determinant of a a lot of enzymes. Field experiment was carried out on sediment clay earth soils at Regional Agricultural Research station, Chintapalle, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh during 2018-2020 to study the yield of answer of rainfed groundnut accompanying different levels of Nano coarse metallic mineral oxide use along with NPK Fertilizers. The experiment involving eight treatments, three replications accompanying RDF design. Results of nano particulate metallic mineral oxide on pod yield revealed that (26.34 Q/ha) in the RDF+ nano scale metallic mineral oxide level @ 200 ppm at 25 and 45 DAS was raised over to that of normal urged dose of N,P,K fertilizers (100% RDF) that recorded pod yield of 17.14 Q/ha only. Application of ZnSO4 through soil in addition to RDF showed good results (17.24 Q/ha) than RDF + Foliar request of ZnSO4 @ 2g/illuminated at 25 and 45 DAS (20.66 Q/ha). Application of micronutrient (ZnO) had assisted in further increase in grain yields at two together levels of ZnO (150% and 200% ZnO at 25 and 45 DAS). Among different situations, significantly greater yield (26.34 Q/ha) was recorded accompanying application of RDF + Foliar use of ZnO @ 200 ppm at 25 and 45 DAS than the only accompanying RDF (17.4 Q/ha). With respect to method of request of ZnSO4 through soil and foliar application ZnSo4 @ 2g/illuminated at 25 and 45 DAS was found expected higher two together levels of RDF (Pod yield of 14.6 Q/ha at RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 and 17.24 Q/ha at RDF+ foliar request of ZnSO4@ 2g/illuminated at 25 and 45 DAS). With respect to other plant traits, comparitavely more plant height (37.6 cm) at RDF + foliar use of ZnO @ 200 ppm at 25 and 45 DAS. Regarding yield attributes significantly bigger test weight (30.9 g) and plant dry burden (273 g per plant) were recorded at RDF + 150 ppm ZnO at 25 and 45 DAS. Post –harvest soil sample reasoning granted highest chance of nutrients in respect of soil, the results told that there was no meaning difference with the treatments concerning Avail. N, Available K and pH. The lowest Phosphorus (17.20 kg ha-1) was written with RDF+ Foliar request of nanoscale ZnO 200ppm at 25 & 45 DAS and highest (24.46 kg ha-1) was written in T9 (RDF+ Foliar application of nanoscale ZnO 100 ppm at 25 & 45 DAS). The results indicate the use of nanoscalematerials in agriculture, particularly in peanut, individual of the main beginning of livelihood in sure parts of the world. The results stressed that nanoscale nutrients maybe supplied to the crops either through beginning dressing or by foliar use with much declined doses to catch the desired results. The biography availability of the nanoparticles by way of its breadth and lower water solubility (which prevent rapid dropping off distinguished to ionic supplements) can further be highesr compared to ZnSO4. The basic small size and the mixed large surface extent of nanoscale ZnO fertilizer grant permission increase the rude answer as reported former.

Author(s) Details:

P. Venkata Ramana,
ARS, Ananthapuramu, ANGRAU, India.

T. N. K. V. Prasad,
RARS, Tirupathi, ANGRAU, India.

Sandeep Naik,
RARS, Chitapalle, ANGRAU, India.

Ch. Apparao,
ARS, Ananthapuramu, ANGRAU, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V3/article/view/10273

Studies on the Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited ZnO-Y2O3 (YZO) Thin Films for Application as TCO Layer in Solar Cells| Chapter 2 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 3

 ZnO is typically an n-type semiconductor with the expansive direct band gap of 3.37 eV and the material is naturally plentiful in the earth’s crust. Owing to allure low toxicity ZnO finds request in devices like cosmic cells, flat panel displays and thin film transistors. It is a important wide bandgap material accompanying appreciable transparence which is widely handled in transparent conducting group of chemical elements layer requests. However, metal sedating on ZnO reports was extensively investigated for bringing into harmony the electrical features. This article is met on pulsed ray of light deposition of ZnO-Y2O3 (YZO) thin films with differing concentrations of Y2O3 (0-5%) as a dopant in ZnO. X-ray diffraction range of the YZO thin films exhibits the presence of having six of something wurtzite structure with a favored orientation near the (002) plane. Morphology aspects of the film accept with XRD results that shows a uniform distribution till 2 wt% and resulted ingrain growth accompanying increasing wt% of Y2O3. The influence of Y2O3 aggregation on the optical travel of ZnO is investigated by UV- Vis spectroscopy. The electrical resistivity of the located films is in the order ∼10-4 that was on par with the former reports suitable for TCO applications.

Author(s) Details:

A. Youvanidha,
Department of Nanosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India.

B. Vidhya,
Department of Nanosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India and Department of Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India.

P. Issac Nelson,
Department of Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India.

R. Rathes Kannan,
Department of Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India.

S. K. Suresh Babu,
Department of Nanosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641114, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V3/article/view/8587

Assessment of Illicium Verum Mediated Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: An Approach to XRD, Spectral and Microscopic Analysis | Chapter 08 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 Green synthesis is a popular topic among scientists. Instead of employing chemicals as a reducing agent, we use plant extract. With zinc nitrate as a precursor and Illicium verum extract as a reducing and stabilising agent, zinc oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesised. The reducing and stabilising agents were polyphenols and flavonoids found in Star anise. The synthesised Zinc oxide nanoparticles were examined using FT-IR, UV-visible, SEM, and XRD techniques. The nanoparticles were confirmed to be zinc oxide nanoparticles using UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy. XRD data was used to determine the structure and size of the created nano-sized particles. Based on XRD studies, the size was predicted to be 27.01 nm. According to SEM investigation, zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit a spherical and flake-like structure and morphology.

Author(S) Details

M. Kalaimathi
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

A. Maheshwaran
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

K. Hariharan
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

S. Vishnu
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

R. Chinnasamy
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V1/article/view/6529

Conducting Polymer/Metal Oxide Nanocomposite’s Morphology Dependence on MO Additive Weight Percent | Chapter 8 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 2

 Polyaniline Emeraldine salt (ES) and its composites with metal oxides V2O5, ZnO, and MgO were created utilising a chemical oxidation technique by combining various mass percents of metal oxides with monomer in a polymerization mixture using sulfuric acid as a dopant and APS as an oxidant. The morphological nano shape and nano size of these composites were investigated using SEM examination.

Author (S) Details

U. B. Mahatme
K. Z. S. Science College, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.

S. D. Thakre
Priradarshani College of Engineering, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V2/article/view/2909

Investigation on the Thickness Effect on the Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation Technique | Chapter 10 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol. 7

 The physiological and biochemical parameters of bougainvillaea as well as many ornamental plants can be controlled by triacontanol (TRIA), a plant growth regulator contained in epicuticular waxes. Many researchers have recorded that treatment with TRIA improves growth, yield, protein synthesis, photosynthesis, absorption of water and nutrients, fixation of nitrogen, activity of enzymes and free amino acid content, soluble protein, sugar reduction and biochemical constituents in different crops. The increase in dry matter production mediated by TRIA may influence the interrelationship between primary and secondary metabolism, leading to increased secondary product biosynthesis. There is clear evidence in several studies that the application of TRIA to either the root medium or leaves improved the growth and yield of vegetables and other crops, including agronomic and horticultural crops, as well as medicinal and aromatic crops, under usual and unfavourable conditions. TRIA therapies boost advanced flowering, With TRIA therapies. In Bougainvillea plants, TRIA raises the levels of N, P and K, total soluble solids (TSS), and sugar and protein content. In addition, in the treatment with TRIA, more flowers, increased bract weight, increased longevity and less leaf abscission are noticed. With TRIA treatments, the phenol and flavonoid material, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and antioxidant activities are also markedly increased. TRIA treatment, however, decreases the yield of treated plants for ethylene production. Positive correlations between leaf TSS and flowering time and flower number, between the content of leaf sugar and bract weight, and between net photosynthesis and bract growth and the development of dry matter are observed. It can be concluded that TRIA's foliar spray stimulates growth, improves flowering and improves the quality of Bougainvillea potted plants. The present review covers TRIA's main role in plant growth and development, its mode of action and its importance in enhancing plant growth and development. Ornamental crop production and quality.

Author (s) Details

Alyaa H. Hatem
Department of Physics, College of Education for Girls, Kufa University, Iraq.

Eman A. Al-Hilo
Department of Physics, College of Education for Girls, Kufa University, Iraq.

Saleem A. Hussain
Department of Physics, College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, Iraq.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/330