The Open Reading Frame 4 Region of Hepatitis E Virus - A Brief Introduction | Chapter 1 | Shedding Light on the Open Reading Frame 4 of Hepatitis E Virus - Molecular, Evolutionary & Genetic Aspects

 

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small virus belonging to the family Hepeviridae. The genome of HEV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA about 15 kb in length and is categorized into three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 (replicative machinery), ORF2 (viral capsid) essential for (infectious particle formation) and ORF3 (viral release), encoding both structural and non-structural proteins. The fourth ORF4 has been demonstrated to play a critical role in the viral replication in genotype 1 (GT 1) isolates of HEV. Due to insufficiency in appropriate HEV in vitro cell culture systems, our knowledge of its pathogenesis is inadequately understood. The current introductory chapter briefly focuses on the novel ORF4 along with its functions known to date based on the newest published literature. The information provided in this review on the HEV ORF4 protein is likely to assist in understanding the deeper functioning of HEV biology.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Zoya Shafat

Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-976007-3-9/CH1

Wutai Mosquito (Phasivirus wutaiense): Identification and Characterization in Rio de Janeiro's Field Mosquitoes | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Aim: Numerous RNA viruses have recently emerged, posing threats to humans and causing harm to animals and plants. Among these, bunyaviruses stand out as one of the largest RNA virus groups capable of infecting a wide range of hosts, including invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. In recent years, new insect-specific viruses have been isolated from mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies worldwide. However, little is known regarding the impact of these viruses on the vector life cycles and the stages of oviposition, breeding, blood feeding, and the mosquito’s lifespan. This study describes the first detection and characterization of a recently discovered bunyavirus known as the Wutai mosquito phasivirus in South America.

 

Study Design: A prospective study was conducted in Rio de Janeiro to monitor arbovirus presence in mosquitoes.

 

Place and Duration of Study: The fieldwork, 2013-2017, was carried out in the neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro city, where the Olympic games' sports facilities were set up. In addition, collections were carried out during a dengue outbreak in two municipalities in the north of Rio de Janeiro State in 2015.

 

Methodology: Passive traps were set in 11 health units and seven additional locations. Trapping also occurred in two northern municipalities with high dengue fever incidence. Weekly collections used BG sentinel traps, and captured mosquitoes were analyzed in the laboratory. Mosquitoes were identified to the genus level, and species confirmation was done via molecular analyses. Pools of up to 250 mosquitoes were prepared for molecular analysis. RNA was extracted from mosquito homogenates and analyzed via RT-PCR. The resulting amplicons were sequenced, aligned, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood methods to understand evolutionary relationships.

 

Results: A total of 1,866 adult mosquitoes were trapped for bunyavirus screening, with 1,465 identified as Culex spp. and 401 as Aedes spp. Blood meal analysis from engorged females revealed human and dog sources. Wutai mosquito phasivirus was confirmed in complex Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and other Culex species, with one pool of male Aedes aegypti also testing positive. The transmission route and ecological impact remain unknown. Strains in Rio de Janeiro clustered together, but further research is needed to understand the virus's diversity and evolution.

 

Conclusion: This study reports the first detection and characterization of the Wutai mosquito phasivirus in Brazil. It confirms the virus's presence in primary urban vectors, Culex spp. and Aedes spp., with a high prevalence and wide distribution in Rio de Janeiro. These findings enhance our understanding of mosquito-specific virus distribution and contribute to studies on virus evolution and vector competence for transmitting pathogenic viruses.

 

Author(s) Details

Mário Sérgio Ribeiro
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Institute of Collective Health Studies, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, S/N, CEP: 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Tania Ayllón
Acute Febrile Diseases Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Sentinel Operational Nucleus of Mosquito Vectors, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Viviana Malirat

Human and Animal Virology Center, CONICET-UAI, Av. Montes de Oca 745, CP: C1270AAH, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

 

Daniel Cardoso Portela Câmara
Sentinel Operational Nucleus of Mosquito Vectors, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Laboratory of Transmitters of Hematozoa, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Cristina Maria Giordano Dias
Epidemiological and Environmental Surveillance, State Health Secretariat of Rio de Janeiro, R. México, 128, CEP: 20031-142, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Guilherme Louzada
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Davis Fernandes-Ferreira
Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, 27710, USA.

 

Roberto de Andrade Medronho
Institute of Collective Health Studies, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, S/N, CEP: 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

 

Renata Campos Azevedo
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1348

Homeogenomics: Unraveling Genetic Regulation and Therapeutic Potential | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 11

Homeogenomics primarily focuses on understanding the interactions between homoeopathic remedies and the genetic blueprint or genome. This involves the identification of which gene or genes are targeted by a particular remedy. A new area of research has been raised to explore the possibility of developing a personalized remedy selection procedure by application of molecular homeogenomics. The application of personalized medicine in medical practice requires the study of the human genome with regard to drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, interactions and tolerance profile. The consideration of gene × environment interactions and the inclusion of “omics’ ‘data in pharmacogenomic studies of drugs will facilitate the generation of reliable results and will promote tailored treatments and new strategies of research and development. Pharmacogenetics is the search for genetic polymorphisms that affect responses to drug therapy and refers to the study of variations in a single gene, whereas pharmacogenomics is the study of variations in multiple genes and the basis of personalisation of treatment to allow higher medication success rates.

This study proposes a philosophical–scientific correlation between homeopathic remedıes and epigenetic modifications as homeopathic medicine being also a modulator of gene expression.

Based on the study of homeopathic doctrine and epigenetics, a conceptual and functional correlation is observed between homeopathic remedies and epigenetic modifications. Homeopathic remedies act on the Genome by modulating gene expression.  Several experimental studies suggest that homeopathy’s mechanism of action may be by modulating gene expression.

According to modern genetics, epigenetic alterations are the fundamental cause of the manifestation of chronic diseases as well as therapeutic modulator of gene expression for their management. Homeopathıc remedies may act on the epigenetic expression of the individual to heal personally and holistically.

 

Author (s) Details

Cengiz Mordeniz
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Turkey.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v11/4653

Finding Genetic Variation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Flowering Time by Simple Sequence Repeat Marker | Chapter 10 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Flowering time is one of the important target traits in a soybean breeding program. Photoperiod and temperature influence the vegetative and reproductive development from emergence to maturity in soybean. The objective of this study was to analyze genetic variation in flowering time based on agronomic performance and SSR marker. About 108 soybean cultivars were used for this study. Eight primers relating flowering genes were selected based on soybean cDNA library from NCBI and TIGR. These primers were designed by using Primer 3 [1] to amplify fragments of 500-800bp. The optimum melting temperature was observed for each primer between 58o to 68oC. PCR was followed by protocol of Crop Genomics Laboratory. PCR products producing a single discrete band were purified by AccuPre® PCR purification kit (Bioneer, Korea). The purified PCR product was directly sequenced using one of the PCR primers with BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequenceing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The labeling reaction mixture was ethanol-preciputated, and resuspended in 10μl of water. The sequence was analyzed using ABI 3700 sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). In conclusion, there was wide variation in flowering time of soybean. Gene diversity at nucleotide level will be useful for breeders to make strategy for soybean improvement in future.

Author(s) Details:

Truong Trong Ngon,
Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Vietnam.

Suk-Ha Lee,
Crop Genomics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13911

Determining Various Viral Sequences Associated with the Genome of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Using RNA-Seq Data Analysis | Chapter 8 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

 This member aims to reveal viruses in product tissues of date palms by developing a particular bioinformatics system. The study of RNA-Seq data can considerably advance our understanding of viruses and how they communicate with their hosts. In order to label the related plant viruses, the current work performed transcriptome studies of date touch (P. dactylifera) fruit from 20 public atheneums.  While the viruses Pittosporum cryptic bacterium-1 (PiCV-1) and Grapevine leafroll-associated bug (GLRaV) have been recognized earlier, thirty-seven additional plant viruses have existed found by utilizing a workflow analysis built in this study to discover partial nucleotide sequences of their RdRp and Replicase genes. At the nucleotide level, all of the aggressive sequences found were almost identical (100%) and many of the isolates had been amounted to GenBank. On P. dactylifera trees, still, there have happened prior reports of an intensely uncommon viral contamination. Therefore, it is necessary commotion research in order to confirm the virome of the date palm tree.

Author(s) Details:

Adnan A. Lahuf,
Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Collage, University of Kerbala, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V9/article/view/12616

Genomic and Proteomic: Concept and Application | Chapter 9 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 Genomics is the combining several branches of learning science to think the structure, function and progress of genes and their interactions by labeling, molecular characterization and replicating of whole genomes for the ultimate aim of understanding phenomics of organisms.  Overall genomics contains sequencing of genomes, determination of complete set of genes, reasoning of transcripts and proteins encoded by an structure, their interactions and understanding of metabolic pathways. Thus, genomics not only handles the generation of the hereditary information, but also understanding devices by which this facts is used by an creature. Genomics is often detached into structural genomics, working genomics and comparative genomics. Proteins do a variety of important duties in living things. The whole group of proteins that a system or being produces or modifies is known as the proteome. A increasing number of proteins can be labeled thanks to proteomics. The focus of the current review act various occurrences and features related to genomics and proteomics.

Author(s) Details:

Sanjaya Kumar Nayak,
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Puri, Odisha, India.

Biswaranjan Ray,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Jaleswar, Odisha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V3/article/view/12371

Identifying Genomic Expression at Single-Cell Level or a Small Number of Cells: A Review| Chapter 2 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

Recent breakthroughs in working genomics allow us to assess the verbalization of thousands of genes in the beastlike genome. Parallel gene expression has happened extensively analysed and screened utilizing methods including microarrays, signified tag sequencing (EST), serial study of gene expression (SAGE), subtractive reproducing and differential display (DD), and two-dimensional electrophoresis coagulate. The limits of these functional genomic approaches are questioned by some pathological processes, to a degree carcinogenesis and solid tumour growth, place the former results from a single-container difficulty and the concluding from a mixed-cell issue. To entirely comprehend the roles of containers in carcinogenesis or in heterogeneous dependable tumour masses, scientists and physicians must conceive a mechanism for identifying genomic verbalization profiles for a single container or a small number of containers. This article examines currently created techniques that admit single-cell or diversified-cell working genomic analysis. The paper will also argue various methods for alone-cell genomic verbalization at the DNA, mRNA, protein, and post-translational modification levels.

Author(s) Details:

Biaoru Li,
Department Pediatrics and Georgia Cancer Center, MCG, Augusta, GA-30912, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V8/article/view/8516

Comparative Genomic Diversity of Clostridium Difficile during Sequential Recurrences of Infections: A Review | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 Clostridium difficile is a new developing infectious pathogen that can invade both animals and humans' digestive tracts. The amount of gene conservation in C. difficile is low. As a result, antibiotic treatment has been found to be successful in 15-30% of patients. For the first time, we compiled current information on C. difficile drug resistance genotypes, including sporulation and motility methods, growth appropriateness, antibiotic susceptibility, and whole-genome sequencing, in this review. The use of PCR allows doctors to confirm that the recurrences were caused by a combination of old (relapse) and new strains (reinfection). Our research found a consistent difference across genotypes, indicating that DNA gene mutations are widespread in antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Our findings show that antibiotic resistance exerts selective pressure on C. difficile genome evolution, potentially resulting in more adaptable drug-resistant strains. This discovery could pave the way for further research into the mechanism of C. difficile antibiotic resistance and the development of novel medicines. However, further study is needed to understand how C. difficile genomic diversity has altered as a result of the transition from molecular typing to total-genome sequence comparisons and comparative genome microarrays.

Author(S) Details

Ihsanullah Shirani
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 3Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.

Marawan A. Marawan
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 4Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qualyobia 13511, Egypt.

Najibullah Rahimi
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.

Ali Dawood
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32511, Egypt.

Aizhen Guo
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V2/article/view/4717