Clostridium difficile is a new developing infectious pathogen that can invade both animals and humans' digestive tracts. The amount of gene conservation in C. difficile is low. As a result, antibiotic treatment has been found to be successful in 15-30% of patients. For the first time, we compiled current information on C. difficile drug resistance genotypes, including sporulation and motility methods, growth appropriateness, antibiotic susceptibility, and whole-genome sequencing, in this review. The use of PCR allows doctors to confirm that the recurrences were caused by a combination of old (relapse) and new strains (reinfection). Our research found a consistent difference across genotypes, indicating that DNA gene mutations are widespread in antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Our findings show that antibiotic resistance exerts selective pressure on C. difficile genome evolution, potentially resulting in more adaptable drug-resistant strains. This discovery could pave the way for further research into the mechanism of C. difficile antibiotic resistance and the development of novel medicines. However, further study is needed to understand how C. difficile genomic diversity has altered as a result of the transition from molecular typing to total-genome sequence comparisons and comparative genome microarrays.
Author(S) Details
Ihsanullah Shirani
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 3Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.
Marawan A. Marawan
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 4Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qualyobia 13511, Egypt.
Najibullah Rahimi
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.
Ali Dawood
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32511, Egypt.
Aizhen Guo
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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