The Positive Impacts of Employment-Based Contingency on the Treatment of Individuals with Substance Use Disorder: A Systematic Review | Chapter 8 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 4

Background and Objective: Substance use disorders (SUD) remain a major public health concern and represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Given the growing need for society to address this issue of SUD, it is essential to identify effective solutions to the problems this crisis poses to people's lives, health, and socioeconomic well-being. These social welfare issues are particularly affecting minority populations, who face disproportionately high levels of marginalization and disparities in healthcare.

 

Aim: The goal of this study is to explore and determine the effects of employment-based contingency (EBC) on enrolling SUD individuals into treatment, the rate of treatment adherence, and the rate of post-treatment abstinence.

 

Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar search was conducted using the search terms ((substance use disorder) AND (unemployment)) OR (therapeutic workplace)), for randomized controlled trials (RCT) published between 2012 and 2022, reporting on participants between ages 18 and 65 years who use opioids, cocaine or alcohol.

 

Results: Seven RCTs met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 389 participants. Three RCTs involving 203 participants found that EBC positively impacted treatment enrollment rates, with 100%, 92%, and 100% enrollment in the respective studies. Three articles involving 172 participants found a higher rate of treatment adherence and retention to treatment among EBC participants compared to the control group. There was more naltrexone-positive urine in the EBC group compared to control (72% vs. 21%, with a p-value of .01), and 74% (EBC) vs 26% (control) participants completed treatment. Four articles with 238 participants found that EBC improved the rate of abstinence by over 50%, which is double the rate among the control group without EBC. However, in three articles with 204 participants, EBC participants and control groups exhibited an equal rate of drug abstinence during the post-intervention period, further suggesting no significant difference in the rate of abstinence between the groups.

 

Conclusion: EBC is effective in improving SUD treatment enrollment, treatment adherence, and post-treatment abstinence, however, the efficacy may vary depending on how much is earned as an incentive. This policy is likely to be more successful with the strong support of employers in both the private and public sectors and the provision of support such as funding for businesses willing to implement these measures in their workplace for individuals with SUD.

 

Author (s) Details

Nkechinyere Mary Harry
Vinnytsia National Pirogov Medical University, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine.

 

Ibrahim Folorunsho
Badr Al Janoub Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nnenna Okafor
College of Medicine, All Saints University, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

 

Oluwatosin Arubuolawe
Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria.

 

Gibson Anugwom
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v4/1757

Differential Roles of the α4β2 and α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Nicotine Addiction: Implications in Smoking Cessation Medication Development | Chapter 13 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 2

Nicotine exerts its reinforcing actions via activating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In tobacco smoking, exposure to the environmental stimuli (cues) previously conditioned to nicotine reinforcement critically contributes to the high relapse rates in abstinent smokers. Research including findings from our own laboratory has suggested critical and differential roles of the two major nAChR subtypes, the α4 β2- and α7-containing receptors that accounts for about 95% of the whole nAChR population in brain, in the process of tobacco smoking addiction development and cue-triggered relapse after a period of abstinence. In specific, our laboratory studies using rat models of smoking and relapse demonstrated that antagonism of the α4 β2 but not α7 subtype effectively reduced on-going nicotine self-administration, indicating attenuation of nicotine reinforcement, whereas, blockade of the α7 but not α4 β2 subtype prevented cue-induced relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior in abstinent subjects. These research observations provide support for the continued effort to test cholinergic agents aiming at the α4 β2 nAChRs for reducing or stopping smoking. However, this work suggests that, in order to prevent smoking relapse in abstinent smokers triggered by exposure to environmental cues, targeting at the α7 nAChRs’ activity would be a promising strategy.

Author(s) Details:

Xiu Liu,
Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS-39216, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V2/article/view/13119

Study about Substance Abuse and Relapse Programs: A Case Study from Malaysia | Chapter 8 | Research Developments in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 6

 

 Substance misuse is a significant issue and a pestilence that influences numerous countries all through the world. Substance misuse is impacted by the perilous or hazardous utilization of psychoactive substances, like liquor and unlawful opiates. Using psychoactive substances can bring about reliance jumble, an assortment of social, emotional, and physiological issues that show up after rehashed substance use and much of the time incorporate a compelling impulse to utilize drugs, troubles with discretion, proceeding to utilize drugs in spite of ominous impacts, an actual withdrawal state, and others.). Whether it's a legislative association or a confidential establishment, there are various projects that can help anybody with substance misuse issues. These areas will help those out of luck. Not just the actual individual should request help. Subsequent to being reliant upon anything for quite a while, backsliding is entirely regular. It takes a ton of inspiration and a solid will to succeed. Their process would without a doubt be simpler with continuous help from their families and friends and family. The people group should cooperate and foster more prominent sympathy. This paper depicts various nearby government drives as well as recovery drives completed by NGOs in one or the other neighborhood or worldwide settings.

Author(s) Details:

Asbah Razali,
Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Malaya, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDASS-V6/article/view/7867

Comparative Genomic Diversity of Clostridium Difficile during Sequential Recurrences of Infections: A Review | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 Clostridium difficile is a new developing infectious pathogen that can invade both animals and humans' digestive tracts. The amount of gene conservation in C. difficile is low. As a result, antibiotic treatment has been found to be successful in 15-30% of patients. For the first time, we compiled current information on C. difficile drug resistance genotypes, including sporulation and motility methods, growth appropriateness, antibiotic susceptibility, and whole-genome sequencing, in this review. The use of PCR allows doctors to confirm that the recurrences were caused by a combination of old (relapse) and new strains (reinfection). Our research found a consistent difference across genotypes, indicating that DNA gene mutations are widespread in antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Our findings show that antibiotic resistance exerts selective pressure on C. difficile genome evolution, potentially resulting in more adaptable drug-resistant strains. This discovery could pave the way for further research into the mechanism of C. difficile antibiotic resistance and the development of novel medicines. However, further study is needed to understand how C. difficile genomic diversity has altered as a result of the transition from molecular typing to total-genome sequence comparisons and comparative genome microarrays.

Author(S) Details

Ihsanullah Shirani
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 3Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.

Marawan A. Marawan
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and 4Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qualyobia 13511, Egypt.

Najibullah Rahimi
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.

Ali Dawood
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32511, Egypt.

Aizhen Guo
The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V2/article/view/4717