Wutai Mosquito (Phasivirus wutaiense): Identification and Characterization in Rio de Janeiro's Field Mosquitoes | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Aim: Numerous RNA viruses have recently emerged, posing threats to humans and causing harm to animals and plants. Among these, bunyaviruses stand out as one of the largest RNA virus groups capable of infecting a wide range of hosts, including invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. In recent years, new insect-specific viruses have been isolated from mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies worldwide. However, little is known regarding the impact of these viruses on the vector life cycles and the stages of oviposition, breeding, blood feeding, and the mosquito’s lifespan. This study describes the first detection and characterization of a recently discovered bunyavirus known as the Wutai mosquito phasivirus in South America.

 

Study Design: A prospective study was conducted in Rio de Janeiro to monitor arbovirus presence in mosquitoes.

 

Place and Duration of Study: The fieldwork, 2013-2017, was carried out in the neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro city, where the Olympic games' sports facilities were set up. In addition, collections were carried out during a dengue outbreak in two municipalities in the north of Rio de Janeiro State in 2015.

 

Methodology: Passive traps were set in 11 health units and seven additional locations. Trapping also occurred in two northern municipalities with high dengue fever incidence. Weekly collections used BG sentinel traps, and captured mosquitoes were analyzed in the laboratory. Mosquitoes were identified to the genus level, and species confirmation was done via molecular analyses. Pools of up to 250 mosquitoes were prepared for molecular analysis. RNA was extracted from mosquito homogenates and analyzed via RT-PCR. The resulting amplicons were sequenced, aligned, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood methods to understand evolutionary relationships.

 

Results: A total of 1,866 adult mosquitoes were trapped for bunyavirus screening, with 1,465 identified as Culex spp. and 401 as Aedes spp. Blood meal analysis from engorged females revealed human and dog sources. Wutai mosquito phasivirus was confirmed in complex Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and other Culex species, with one pool of male Aedes aegypti also testing positive. The transmission route and ecological impact remain unknown. Strains in Rio de Janeiro clustered together, but further research is needed to understand the virus's diversity and evolution.

 

Conclusion: This study reports the first detection and characterization of the Wutai mosquito phasivirus in Brazil. It confirms the virus's presence in primary urban vectors, Culex spp. and Aedes spp., with a high prevalence and wide distribution in Rio de Janeiro. These findings enhance our understanding of mosquito-specific virus distribution and contribute to studies on virus evolution and vector competence for transmitting pathogenic viruses.

 

Author(s) Details

Mário Sérgio Ribeiro
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Institute of Collective Health Studies, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, S/N, CEP: 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Tania Ayllón
Acute Febrile Diseases Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Sentinel Operational Nucleus of Mosquito Vectors, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Viviana Malirat

Human and Animal Virology Center, CONICET-UAI, Av. Montes de Oca 745, CP: C1270AAH, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

 

Daniel Cardoso Portela Câmara
Sentinel Operational Nucleus of Mosquito Vectors, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Laboratory of Transmitters of Hematozoa, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Cristina Maria Giordano Dias
Epidemiological and Environmental Surveillance, State Health Secretariat of Rio de Janeiro, R. México, 128, CEP: 20031-142, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Guilherme Louzada
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Davis Fernandes-Ferreira
Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, 27710, USA.

 

Roberto de Andrade Medronho
Institute of Collective Health Studies, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, S/N, CEP: 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

 

Renata Campos Azevedo
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1348

Discarded Knowledge: Unlocking the Secrets of Owl Pellets | Chapter 10 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

Bird pellets are an accumulation of undigested food items consumed by birds and cannot be excreted as faeces but are regurgitated by mouth as compact packages. These contain hard, and not easily digested, material which is of little nutritional value to the bird – the bones, claws, beaks or jaws and teeth of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes; the thorax or wing-cases of insects and seed husks and other coarse vegetable matter. Hard materials are then usually encased by the softer, and equally indigestible, material of mammal fur, bird feathers or vegetable fibres. Often characteristic, these pellets can provide valuable clues to diet. Of the many hundreds of bird species that produce pellets, owls make the pellets that, when dissected and analysed, can provide the most accurate record of the diet of any bird.

 

Here, we look at how the owl's pellet is produced and how the dissection and analysis of them are crucial to so many fields of study:  – entomology (distribution of arthropod species, their communities and their environments), mammalogy (diversity and structure of small mammal assemblages), ornithology (diet and distribution), palaeontology and taphonomy (taphonomic and taxonomic analyses of bones and teeth of microvertebrates contained in ancient owl pellets and markers of human actions), education and citizen science (an exciting and interactive introduction to environmental studies and how amateurs can contribute to data gathering), botany (owl-mediated seed dispersal), ecology (evidence of environmental contamination and pollution) and finally, we tell how owl pellets, the discarded remains of a meal, themselves become a food source, serving as a snack for vultures. Although discarded in nature, owl pellets hide a host of secrets just waiting to be unlocked.

 

Author (s) Details

Alan Sieradzki
Global Owl Project, USA.

 

Heimo Mikkola
University of Eastern Finland, Koskikatu 9B31, 80100 Joensuu, Finland.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5628

 

The Rouviere's Sulcus: An Insight and Analysis | Chapter 12 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed laparoscopic surgery worldwide. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has an array of complications such as bile duct injuries and hemorrhages. Safe cholecystectomy is the priority to reduce the morbidity and mortality. There is a paradigm shift from extensive Calot’s dissection to identification of Rouviere’s sulcus and lesser dissection. Identification and analysis of Rouviere’s sulcus will help us doing a safe cholecystectomy and avoiding further injuries to bile ducts.

Methods: The study included 173 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, posted in elective OT and identified Rouviere’s sulcus during laparoscopy. Table visual inspection and analysis was done. And the collected data was analyzed for different types of sulcus, its position, morphology and content. A simple statistical method was used in the study to find the mean length as well.

Results: Of 173 cases, 160 cases had Rouviere’s sulcus. 13 cases did not have a sulcus. Open type sulcus was present in 99 cases, 35 had closed type, whereas 19 had slit type and only 7 had a scar like sulcus. The study showed      92% of our patients had Rouviere’s sulcus and of them 61.9% had an open type which was the most common type of sulcus of them 18 cases had a visible pulsating vessel in the floor of the sulcus i.e. posterior sectional pedicle in the sulcus.

Conclusions: Present study showed, in 92% cases it is easy and approachable to visualise the Rouvier’s sulcus. It has different anatomical subtypes and morphological variations in direction size and shape. So, it is feasible and beneficial to identify the sulcus and keep the dissection above this level to avoid common bile duct injury and further complication thereof.

 

Author (s) Details

Bana Bihari Mishr
Department of General Surgery, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

 

Archana Kumari Acharya
Department of General Surgery, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

 

Jyoti Ranjan Dash
Department of General Surgery, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

 

Debabrata Sahu
Department of General Surgery, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v4/6921

Optimization of Alkaline Protease Production by Streptomyces sp. Strain Isolated from Ezzemoul Saltpans, Algeria | Chapter 2 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 7

The main objective of this work was to formulate a suitable medium for protease production by Streptomyces sp. which was isolated from Ezzemoul saltpans (Algeria). The phenotypic and phylogenetic studies of this strain showed that it represents probably a new species. The fermentation was carried out on two different media, prepared at three pH values. The results showed the presence of an alkaline protease with optimal pH and temperature of 8 and 40°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 90°C, having a residual activity of 79% after 90 min. The enzyme production media were optimized according to statistical methods while using two plans of experience. The first corresponded to the matrices of Plackett and Burman in N=16 experiences and N-1 factors, twelve were real and three errors. The second was the central composite design of Box and Wilson. The analysis of the results allowed the selection of two factors having a significant effect on the production of the enzyme (fructose and malt extract), then defining their optima (7 g/l of fructose and 12 g/l of malt extract). This Study show the high biotechnological potential of this Streptomyces strain for the production of the thermostable alkaline protease.

Author(s) Details:

Boughachiche Faiza,
Institute of Nutrition and Food Processing Technologies, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria and Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering and Applications, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria.

Rachedi Kounouz,
Institute of Nutrition and Food Processing Technologies, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria and Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering and Applications, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria.

Duran Robert,
Team Environment and Microbiology (EEM), UMR 5254, IPREM, University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, France.

Lauga Béatrice,
Team Environment and Microbiology (EEM), UMR 5254, IPREM, University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, France.

Karama Solange,
Team Environment and Microbiology (EEM), UMR 5254, IPREM, University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, France.

Bouyoucef Lynda,
Institute of Nutrition and Food Processing Technologies, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria.

Boulezaz Sarra,
Institute of Nutrition and Food Processing Technologies, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria.

Boukrouma Meriem,
Institute of Nutrition and Food Processing Technologies, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria.

Boutaleb Houria,
Institute of Nutrition and Food Processing Technologies, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria.

Boulahrouf Abderrahmane,
Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering and Applications, Mentouri Brother University Constantine, Algeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V7/article/view/13401

Investigating Effect of Score Level Fusion on Palmprint Palm-vein Multimodal Biometric Identification | Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 6

 Identification utilizing biometric systems has many advantages. Moreover, multimodal biometric plans comprising as well one biometric characteristic, improve the veracity of identification. Palmprints and touch veins are among the physical biometrics accompanying the most biometric physiognomy. Palmprints and palm veins can be secondhand as biometrics since all has unique and stable face. They are distinct for various persons and can be collected in a touchless acquisition arrangement. In order to use these biometrics for identification, first respective countenances have to be seized and then the images need expected subjected to figure processing stages such as pre-prepare, extracting ROI, feature origin and feature matching. This study proposes a form for segmenting the Region of Interest from the middle domain of the palm by precisely joining the palm in a upright orientation with fingers covering upwards. For investigating the depiction of identification, texture and characteristic based lineaments are extracted from the ROIs to form a feature vector. Weighted Euclidean distance is secondhand for feature matching. Then the likeness score using Min-Max normalization are determined. Fusion is achieved using burden sum method. The effect of score level melding on identification is intentional and evaluated with biometric limits GAR and EER. The results obtained are resolved in this paper.

Author(s) Details:

Medha Misar,
Baburaoji Gholap College, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, New Sangvi, Pune, India.

Damayanti Gharpure,
Department of Electronic Science,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V6/article/view/9872

Forensic Odontology: A Tool in Criminal Investigation | Chapter 11 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

The knowledge of dentistry is employed in colorful felonious examinations. Forensic Odontologists are involved in aiding investigative agencies to identify recovered mortal remains in addition to the identification of whole or fractured bodies. Forensic dentists have also been known to use their investigative ways to identify burn victims by using the victim’s former dental records. colorful useful information like age, coitus, race, occupation, particular habits, complaint condition,etc. of a person. This is especially useful in the identification of unknown crippled or largely perished unknown bodies. The main end of the present chapter is to bandy its colorful operations in felonious examinations.

Author(s) Details:

O. Gambhir Singh,
Forensic Medicine Department, SRM Medical College and Research Centre, Potheri, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu-603203, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V5/article/view/8469

Studies on Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs) Detection by Image Processing| Chapter 6 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 7

 The most typical way of identifying and counting red and white blood cells involves manual operations on a microscope, which are set up by a laboratory worker with their own experience. We will create a computer programme to recognise and identify the recommended objects based on their pattern in this study. In terms of cell detection, our proposed method is quite effective. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs) are the proposed objects (WBCs). An approach proposed by Viola and Jones will be used to identify and classify blood cells.  To improve the accuracy of the learning algorithm's error, the Adaboost (adaptive boosting) method will be used.  By displaying the number and time spent by cells discovered, the output of the suggested programme demonstrates that all of the categories of cells stated can be detected and classified properly.

Author(s) Details

Irwan Rahadi, M.Sc
Department of Statistics, Universitas Hamzanwadi, Lombok, Indonesia.

Meechoke Choodoung
Department of Mathematics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Arunsri Choodoung
Center of Medical Laboratory Service, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V7/article/view/1291

Smart Device Identification of Potsherds and Gemstones with Radiofrequency-Induced Harmonics Vibrations | Chapter 11 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 In materials like potsherds and precious or semiprecious gemstones, radiofrequencies can cause specific vibrational signatures. We previously described a method for identifying pottery shards using ultrasound stimulation and vibrational characteristics. The experimental technique for extracting such signatures from ceramic shards and precious gems using radiofrequency stimulation is now detailed. The technique offers a possible method of on-site substance recognition by extracting vibrational signatures quickly and cheaply and comparing them to a database library.

Author (s) Details

Baxton R. Chen
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/685