Steva (Stevia rebaudiana) Phytochemistry, Cultivation and Applications as a Natural Sweetener | Chapter 9 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 5

 

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a perennial herb known for its natural sweetness and medicinal properties. Its sweet taste comes from steviol glycosides, mainly stevioside and rebaudioside A, which are much sweeter than sugar but contain minimal calories. In addition to these compounds, stevia also possesses flavonoids, phenolic acids and essential oils that contribute to its therapeutic value. These bioactive components exhibit antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial effects, making the plant beneficial for managing conditions like diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. Agriculturally, stevia thrives in tropical and subtropical climates with loamy, well-drained soils and abundant sunlight. Although it can be propagated from seeds, using stem cuttings is more effective for preserving genetic traits and ensuring high sweetener content. Owing to its low-calorie nature and natural composition, stevia has become increasingly important as a healthy alternative to sugar in both the food and pharmaceutical industries.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Bhoomika, H. R.
ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bramhavara, Udupi-576213, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

 

Varshini, N. V.
Department of PSMAC, College of Horticulture Mudigere-577132, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

 

Vaishnavi B. A.
Department of PSMAC, College of Horticulture Mudigere-577132, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v5/6550

Artificial Intelligence in Predictive Analytics of Patient Outcomes and Disease Management | Chapter 6 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionised predictive analytics in healthcare, offering innovative approaches for patient outcome prediction and disease management. This review explores the role of AI-driven predictive models in early disease detection, prognosis estimation, and personalised treatment strategies. This review also discusses recent advancements, limitations, and future prospects of AI-powered predictive analytics in healthcare, emphasising its transformative potential in improving patient care and disease prevention. Machine learning (ML) algorithms, deep learning (DL) networks, and natural language processing (NLP) have significantly enhanced predictive capabilities by analysing vast datasets, including electronic health records (EHRs), genetic information, and real-time patient monitoring data. AI applications in disease management facilitate early intervention, optimise resource allocation, and improve clinical decision-making. However, challenges such as data privacy, model interpretability, and ethical considerations remain key concerns. Ensuring transparency and explainability in AI models is crucial to gaining clinician and patient trust while mitigating risks associated with biased or erroneous predictions.

 

Author (s) Details

Zaki Siddiqui
Department of Medicine, MLB Medical College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Nirali D Vyas
GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India.

 

Soumya Kumar Acharya
Department of General Medicine, PGIMER and Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India.

 

Sanket Patel
GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v2/5641

A Comprehensive Review on Evolving Landscape of Drug Therapies for Diabetes | Chapter 2 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 4

 

The last decade has seen the advent of new medications for lowering blood glucose levels. These medications also exhibit a remarkable capacity to alleviate cardiovascular risk factors. This comprehensive review highlights the evolving landscape of pharmacotherapy in diabetes, the drugs currently available for treating diabetes, their effectiveness and efficacy, the impact on target organs, and side effects. This review also provides an overview of oral and injectable non-insulin medications used to improve blood glucose levels. This work also provides insights that can support the customization of treatment strategies. We delve into the concept of precision medicine and explore the role of older drugs in patient management. Furthermore, we present a proposal for a groundbreaking approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with an emphasis on striving for a cure for the disease. The treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) necessitates a multifaceted approach that combines behavioral and pharmacological interventions to mitigate complications and sustain a high quality of life. Treatment encompasses the management of glucose levels, weight, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and associated complications through medication and lifestyle adjustments. Metformin, a standard in diabetes management, continues to serve as the primary, first-line oral treatment across all age groups due to its efficacy, versatility in combination therapy, and cost-effectiveness. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) offer notable benefits for HbA1c and weight reduction, with significant cardiovascular benefits. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT-2i) lower glucose levels independently of insulin while conferring notable benefits for cardiovascular, renal, and heart-failure outcomes. Combined therapies emphasizing early and sustained glycemic control are promising options for diabetes management. As insulin therapy remains pivotal, metformin and non-insulin agents such as GLP-1 RA and SGLT-2i offer compelling options. Notably, exciting novel treatments like the dual GLP-1/ glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) agonist show promise for substantially reducing glycated hemoglobin and body weight. Recent studies have highlighted a clear correlation between reducing HbA1c to less than 6.5% and a significant decrease in microvascular and macrovascular complications. Studies also suggest the potential benefits of primary combined therapy for glycemic management in diabetes compared to monotherapy with metformin across a wide range of baseline HbA1c levels. The most effective way to manage diabetes is to treat it with a combination therapy from the time of initial diagnosis. To help medical staff choose the ideal drug combination for each patient, the National Diabetes Council in Israel developed a calculator that recommends the most appropriate combination therapy based on the patient’s BMI, HbA1c levels, and risk for ischemic heart disease, stroke, renal function, and heart failure. Along with the most appropriate drug treatment, a healthy lifestyle is extremely important.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Roni Weinberg Sibony
Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8443944, Israel.

 

Omri Segev
Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.

Saar Dor
Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8443944, Israel.

 

Itamar Raz
Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v4/11972F

A Comprehensive Review on Evolving Landscape of Drug Therapies for Diabetes | Chapter 2 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 4

 

The last decade has seen the advent of new medications for lowering blood glucose levels. These medications also exhibit a remarkable capacity to alleviate cardiovascular risk factors. This comprehensive review highlights the evolving landscape of pharmacotherapy in diabetes, the drugs currently available for treating diabetes, their effectiveness and efficacy, the impact on target organs, and side effects. This review also provides an overview of oral and injectable non-insulin medications used to improve blood glucose levels. This work also provides insights that can support the customization of treatment strategies. We delve into the concept of precision medicine and explore the role of older drugs in patient management. Furthermore, we present a proposal for a groundbreaking approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with an emphasis on striving for a cure for the disease. The treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) necessitates a multifaceted approach that combines behavioral and pharmacological interventions to mitigate complications and sustain a high quality of life. Treatment encompasses the management of glucose levels, weight, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and associated complications through medication and lifestyle adjustments. Metformin, a standard in diabetes management, continues to serve as the primary, first-line oral treatment across all age groups due to its efficacy, versatility in combination therapy, and cost-effectiveness. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) offer notable benefits for HbA1c and weight reduction, with significant cardiovascular benefits. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT-2i) lower glucose levels independently of insulin while conferring notable benefits for cardiovascular, renal, and heart-failure outcomes. Combined therapies emphasizing early and sustained glycemic control are promising options for diabetes management. As insulin therapy remains pivotal, metformin and non-insulin agents such as GLP-1 RA and SGLT-2i offer compelling options. Notably, exciting novel treatments like the dual GLP-1/ glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) agonist show promise for substantially reducing glycated hemoglobin and body weight. Recent studies have highlighted a clear correlation between reducing HbA1c to less than 6.5% and a significant decrease in microvascular and macrovascular complications. Studies also suggest the potential benefits of primary combined therapy for glycemic management in diabetes compared to monotherapy with metformin across a wide range of baseline HbA1c levels. The most effective way to manage diabetes is to treat it with a combination therapy from the time of initial diagnosis. To help medical staff choose the ideal drug combination for each patient, the National Diabetes Council in Israel developed a calculator that recommends the most appropriate combination therapy based on the patient’s BMI, HbA1c levels, and risk for ischemic heart disease, stroke, renal function, and heart failure. Along with the most appropriate drug treatment, a healthy lifestyle is extremely important.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Roni Weinberg Sibony
Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8443944, Israel.

 

Omri Segev
Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.

Saar Dor
Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8443944, Israel.

 

Itamar Raz
Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v4/11972F

Genetic Research in Type 2 Diabetes: Moving Beyond GWAS | Chapter 13 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

The present study highlights the results of recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which have significantly underestimated the disease heritability and present a challenge for ongoing and future investigation. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the fifth greatest cause of death worldwide and one of the most difficult issues of the twenty-first century. There is a lot of data to support the complex nature of T2D and its substantial hereditary component. Nearly 400 susceptibility loci linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related metabolic characteristics have been effectively found and replicated by recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), primarily in European populations but also in some African and South Asian populations. The GWAS serve as a starting point for future genetic and functional studies since the mechanisms of action by which these associated loci influence disease is still unclear, and it is difficult to predict the potential implications of these findings in clinical settings. It is imperative to develop a deeper understanding of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, cultural, and social factors that may interact to cause progression to T2D and are responsible for the declining health of the fastest developing nations of the third world. Despite extensive replication, no study has unequivocally demonstrated their clinical role in disease management beyond progression to T2D from impaired glucose tolerance. However, these studies are revealing new molecular pathways underlying diabetes etiology, gene-environment interactions, epigenetic modifications, and gene function. This review highlights evolving progress made in the rapidly moving field of T2D genetics that is starting to unravel the pathophysiology of a complex phenotype and has the potential to show clinical relevance in the near future.

Author(s) Details:

Dharambir K. Sanghera,
Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.

Piers R. Blackett,
Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V4/article/view/13836