Bioequivalence Assessment of Two Metformin Tablet Formulations Based on Urinary Excretion Data | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 6

Metformin is an oral antihyperglycemic agent that has been widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus for decades. Metformin is slowly absorbed after oral administration, and about 60% of an oral dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug within 24 h. The aim of the present study was to assess the bioequivalence of two metformin tablet formulations available in the Albanian market (product R as reference formulation and product T as test formulation).

 

The bioequivalence study was performed in eighteen healthy volunteers in a two-treatment, open, crossover design. A single oral dose (tablet containing 850 mg of metformin) of each product was administered with one-week washout period. Urinary concentrations of metformin were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by urinary excretion data. The bioequivalence was determined by the following parameters: the cumulative amount of metformin excreted in the urine, the total amount of metformin excreted in the urine and the maximum urinary excretion rate of metformin.  Various pharmacokinetic parameters like peak excretion rate [(dDU/dt)max], time for peak excretion rate (tmax), cumulative amount (Dcum0-24), total amount of drug recovered from urine (Dcum0-\(\infty\)), elimination half-life (t1/2), and terminal elimination rate constant (kel), were calculated for both the formulations. Student’s t-test (paired) at a 5% level of significance was used for testing the differences between the mean values obtained from two treatments using statistical software STATA 13. Pharmacokinetic parameters generated for the two treatments were also compared for significant differences using ANOVA.

 

The average cumulative amounts of metformin excreted in urine after administration of Formulation R and Formulation T were found to be 346.3 mg (40.74% of dose) and 358.7 mg (42.2% of dose), respectively. The urinary excretion profiles of metformin up to 24 h for both formulations were found to be similar. Statistical comparison (90% confidence intervals of ratio) of pharmacokinetic parameters were in compliance with the international standards, indicating that products R and T can be considered bioequivalents and therefore interchangeable. The study also recommends conducting bioequivalence evaluations for other key medications listed in the national reimbursement list.

Author(s) Details

Eva Troja
Profarma Company, Albania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v6/5695

Digestion, Absorption, Bioavailability and Clinical Efficacy of Collagen Supplements| Chapter 12 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 6

Historically, ageing was considered an inevitable process, with accumulating loss of function that occurred with increasing time span. Anti-ageing, in this context, primarily focuses on prevention and repair mechanisms designed to limit cell, tissue and skin damage and/or attempt to repair damaged components. In recent years, the concept being developed through both drug, dietary and lifestyle interventions is that of the “Healthspan”, which focuses on living for longer in a state of wellbeing, free of significant illness or disease. The dietary requirements contributing to improved Healthspan include optimised macronutrients (protein, sugar, fat) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, natural extracts). Collagen is the main protein in the human body (approximately 30% dry weight), and maintaining the structural and functional integrity of collagen in the body will be an important factor in the extended Healthspan of people. Collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix, in combination with elastin and glycosaminoglycans, are the key determinants of elasticity, wrinkles and skin hydration. Collagen levels in skin decline with age, and this is due to intrinsic factors (e.g., genetics, hormones, mitochondrial deficits) and extrinsic factors (e.g., UV-radiation, pollution). In ageing skin, the content of collagen typically decreases by about 1.0-1.5% per year. Hydrolysed collagen supplements are a popular bioactive, proven to protect and repair the skin, maintaining collagen in an optimal state of functionality. At Absolute Collagen, we commissioned an independent, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study designed to evaluate the efficacy of a supplement containing hydrolysed collagen and vitamin C on skin ageing. After consumption of the supplement for 12 weeks, skin hydration was increased 13.8% (p<0.01), R2 elasticity index was increased 22.7% (p<0.01), and Rz profilometry index showed a decrease in fine lines and wrinkles 19.6% (p<0.01).

 

This chapter will briefly outline the key processes which determine the value of hydrolysed collagen as an antiaging supplement, including mechanistic processes (digestion, absorption), bioavailability and clinical efficacy (as measured using biophysics, expert visual assessment and self-perception).

 

Author(s) Details

 

David M. Reilly
Absolute Collagen, 10 Temple Street, Birmingham, B2 5BN., UK.

Cong Sui
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England and West Midlands Health Tech Innovation Accelerator, Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

 

Liane Kynaston
Absolute Collagen, 10 Temple Street, Birmingham, B2 5BN., UK.

 

Darcy Laceby
Absolute Collagen, 10 Temple Street, Birmingham, B2 5BN., UK.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v6/5506

Phytosome as Nanomedicine: Revolutionizing Herbal Drug DeliveryPhytosome as Nanomedicine: Revolutionizing Herbal Drug Delivery | Chapter 5 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7 | Chapter 5 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7

Through the ages, people have employed phytoconstituents extracted from medicinal plants to address a diverse array of ailments, including diabetes, malignancies, and inflammatory illnesses. Although phytochemicals have medicinal promise, their bioavailability and effectiveness are often limited due to their hydrophilic nature and large molecular size. The book's current chapter delves into the novel medication delivery system known as phytosomes, which improves the absorption and utilization of polar phytoconstituents that do not dissolve in lipids. The body can absorb phytosomes more effectively; they require less medicine, and they continuously release active substances, making them a promising alternative to traditional herbal preparations. Clinical trials on formulations based on phytosomes that contain quercetin and silybin have shown that they are very good at fighting cancer and cholesterol. The results indicate that phytosomes serve as a connection between traditional herbal medicine and contemporary pharmacology, providing improved pharmacological characteristics and therapeutic effects in different organ systems. Additional research on the clinical use of phytosomes is required because of their rapid rise to prominence as an option for the advancement of nutraceuticals and therapeutic medicines.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Shibangi Mukhopadhyay
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Meenakshi Jaiswal
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

 

S.K. Lanjhiyana
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

 

 Nidhi Agrawal
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Rashmi Dewangan
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Rajkumar Sironiya
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v7/2556

 

Contribution of Soil Microorganisms in Upkeeping Soil Health | Chapter 3 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 1

Soil is a finite and non-renewable natural resource and is a beautiful gift of nature to humankind.  However, soil health deterioration is a great concern for human, animal, and plant health today. Air, groundwater, and surface water consumed by humans can be polluted by mismanaged and contaminated soil. Adverse impacts of intensive agriculture include loss of biodiversity, nitrogen discharges into surface and groundwater, eutrophication of surface water, contamination of groundwater from pesticides and nitrate, and ammonia volatilization due to indiscriminate use of manure and fertilizers.  Therefore, soil protection is a high priority, and a thorough understanding of ecosystem processes is critical in ensuring that soil remains healthy.  Soil health is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system within the ecosystem and land-use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal, and human health. The biological components consisting mainly of soil microorganisms can make up only a very small fraction of topsoil volume. However, soil microorganisms play a major role in nutrient (N, P, S) cycling and decomposition of organic matter.  Thus, healthy soil can be identified by measuring soil microbial population dynamics. The changes in microbial populations and their activities in various soil conditions are excellent indicators of change in soil health. The bioavailability of chemicals is also an essential issue for soil health. The impact of such substances on soil health is dependent on microbial activities.  This paper will discuss the role of soil microorganisms in maintaining and sustaining soil health in this paper.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Manik Chandra Kundu
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan - 731 236, Birbhum, West Bengal, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v1/5006

Assessment of Bioequivalence Using Urinary Excretion Data: A Review | Chapter 11 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 2

 

The present study highlights about assessment of bioequivalence using urinary excretion data. A rapid method for assessing the bioavailability of a drug is the use of urinary excretion data. This method is based on the principle that the urinary excretion rate of an unchanged drug is directly proportional to the plasma concentration of the drug. So, bioavailability can be calculated as the ratio of the total amount of unchanged drug in urine after administration of the test (T) and reference (R) formulations. Urine metabolite excretion data are not used to assess bioavailability since the drug undergoes metabolism in the body, anatomically and the rate of metabolism may vary for different reasons. This method applies to drugs that are excreted unchanged in the urine, e.g., some thiazide diuretics, sulfonamides, biguanides and drugs that act on the urinary tract, such as urinary antiseptics (nitrofurantoin and hexamine). It is concluded from this study that the formulations Glucophage and Metformin (tablets 850 mg) exhibit a similar elimination rate, which indicates a similarity in their bioavailability and bioequivalence. Based on this study, some drugs such as metformin can therefore be evaluated to simulate and predict absorption through urinary excretion data. Due to the high invasiveness of bioequivalence/bioavailability conventional studies, the prediction of absorption can be performed using the urinary excretion method. Furthermore, the urinary excretion methodology represents low costs, it is a less invasive method, and its throughput is viable when compared to the conventional method with blood samples.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Eva Troja
Profarma SH.A. Pharmaceutical Industry, Tirana, Albania.

 

Leonard Deda
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v2/679

Turmeric: The Ultimate Health Elixir for a Balanced Life | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 6

 Turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa, is a vibrant orange-yellow spice that has been a staple in cuisines worldwide for its distinctive flavour and numerous health benefits. Originating from South Asia, particularly India, turmeric is revered not only for its culinary uses but also for its medicinal and cosmetic properties. Rich in nutrients like fibre, calcium, iron, and potassium, turmeric is hailed as a superfood for its wide-ranging health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This article provides an overview of the various forms of turmeric, including raw, ground powder, essential oil, and paste, along with their uses and nutritional content. Additionally, it explores the differences between white and yellow turmeric and offers insights into selecting high-quality turmeric products. Furthermore, the article delves into the diverse types of turmeric available in India, highlighting the nutritional composition and unique features of each variety. Special emphasis is placed on Lakadong turmeric, renowned for its exceptionally high curcumin content and therapeutic properties. From improving liver function to reducing the risk of chronic diseases, turmeric offers a myriad of health benefits, making it an essential addition to a healthy lifestyle. However, it is essential to be mindful of potential side effects and precautions while incorporating turmeric into one's diet or skincare regimen. Overall, turmeric stands as a versatile and indispensable ingredient that not only enhances the flavour of dishes but also promotes overall well-being and vitality.

Author(s) Details:

Bandana Chatterjee,
Allahabad University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V6/article/view/14925

The Role of Nano Sized Particles to Treat Cancer | Chapter 29 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Nanoparticle technology is a new scientific research method to develop efficient drug delivery to cure various types of cancers. Combinations of anticancer drugs with different polymers are used in the formulation of nanoparticles. The particle size can be analyzed by using a particle size analyzer; morphological characters will observe by using a Scanning Electron Microscope and the potential of particles can be determined by using a zero potential analyzer. Polymorphic and compatible structures of a drug and polymer were determined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transmission Infrared. By using nanoparticles, the drug shows better absorption, bioavailability, and systemic action.

Author(s) Details:

Kumari Sushma Saroj,
Department of Zoology, Dr. L.K.V.D College, Tajpur, Samastipur- 848130, India.

Sanjeev Kumar Vidyarthi,
Department of Botany, Dr. L.K.V.D College, Tajpur, Samastipur- 848130, India.

Hari Mohan Prasad Singh,
Department of Chemistry, Dr. L.K.V.D College, Tajpur, Samastipur- 848130, India

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12747

The Influence of Amiodarone Complexation with 2-Hydroxypropyl- β -Cyclodextrin in Oral Matrix Tablets Delivery: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation | Chapter 2 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 9

 The present work is engaging attention the new synthesized and distinguished three component ion-exchanger. Inorganic cation-exchanger have drawn the attention to their discrimination, temperature, warm and chemical stabilities. The most warm and chemical properties concerning this material is prepared by intermixing answers of sodium molybdate (0.1 M), sodium arsenate (0.1 M) and antimony(III) chloride (0.1 M) solution indifferent volume percentages at pH-1. All of the samples' Ion-exchange capacities were assessed utilizing a column method. For in-depth reasonings, the chosen sample was synthesised in large quantities. Its ion-exchange competency of synthesized material for Na+ has happened found expected 2.30 meq/g. The loss of weight and change in colour of the ion-exchanger was noticed in each case and ion-exchange capacity was contingent upon column arrangement. Antimony(III) molybdoarsenate is good ion-exchange capacity and is resistant up to a fairly extreme heat, and fairly resistant in different sour, basic and organic news. The prepared material was characterised utilizing a variety of limits, including FTIR, TGA curve, X-ray dissemination, pH titration, Kd values, thermal & synthetic stabilities, and other studies. The attained binary and water softening separations for differing analytical practical uses have dressed as a demonstration of the synthesised ion- exchanger.

Author(s) Details:

Andreea Creteanu,
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16th Universitatii St., 700115, Iasi, Romania.

Daniela Pamfil,
Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487, Iasi, Romania.

Cornelia Vasile,
Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487, Iasi, Romania.

Alina Ghilan,
Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487, Iasi, Romania.

Gladiola Tantaru,
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16th University St., 700115, Iasi, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V9/article/view/10696

The Influence of Amiodarone Complexation with 2-Hydroxypropyl- β -Cyclodextrin in Oral Matrix Tablets Delivery: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation | Chapter 2 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 9

 The aims of this study were to improve both the solubility of the amiodarone hydrochloride (AMD) and its controlled release from the inclusion complexes with 2-hydroxypropyl- β-cyclodextrin (HP- β-CD).The complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) is a method to optimize the therapeutic performance of the insoluble drugs, including AMD. The inclusion complexes were prepared by co-precipitation and freeze-drying. The solubility enhancement of AMD/HP- β-CD inclusion complexes increase by 4–22 times was evaluated by the phase solubility method. The inclusion complexes were studied both in solution and in solid state by spectroscopic methods, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-potential (ZP) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

The obtained inclusion complexes (AMD/HP- β-CD) showed an increase in solubility by more than 200%.

Two kinds of formulations have been tested namely of AMD/HP- β-CD inclusion complexes both as powdered form and as matrix tablets containing Kollidon®SR (KOL), Chitosan (CHT) and one containing only pure AMD as a control sample. The kinetics of AMD release form the two kinds of formulations was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. The active substance release was followed by in vitro release testing and the results were analyzed by fitting into four representative mathematical models for the modified release oral formulations. The release of the active substance from the matrix modified tablets is dependent on its solubility degree in the dissolution medium as well as on the composition of the matrix forming polymers. It was found that both formulations showed superior pharmacokinetic performance by improving both loading and release properties in respect with those of the pure low soluble AMD drug.

In vitro kinetic study reveals a complex mechanism of release which occurred in three steps, the first one is attributed to a burst effect and the other two to different bondings existing in inclusion complexes. Two factors have been calculated to assess the release profile of amiodarone: f1 - the similarity factor and f2 - the difference factor. Akaike index and the correlation coefficient were the criteria used for selecting the model that most faithfully depicted the release profile of each studied formulation.

In vivo tests on complexed aminodarone loaded in matrix tablets containing KOL and CHT revealed a multiple (at least two) peaks release diagram because of both structure of the inclusion complexes and also of different sites of absorption in biological media (digestive tract).

Author(s) Details:

Andreea Creteanu,
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16th Universitatii St., 700115, Iasi, Romania.

Daniela Pamfil,
Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487, Iasi, Romania.

Cornelia Vasile,
Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487, Iasi, Romania.

Alina Ghilan,
Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487, Iasi, Romania.

Gladiola Tantaru,
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16th University St., 700115, Iasi, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V9/article/view/10696

Evaluating the Pharmacokinetic of Spray Dried Paliperidone Composition in Rats| Chapter 1 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3

 Spray drying whole operations are used to produce drained powder across a wide range of material deal with applications from food to manure to pharmaceuticals.  In this chapter, pharmacokinetics of spray drained composition (1:1 PAL: K12) and clean PAL was evaluated following spoken administration (0.8 mg/kg) in healthful female Sprague Dawley rats. The extent of mean plasma PAL exposure was 11-fold better in animals doctored with a spray drained mixture of PAL, K12 (1:1) than in mammals treated accompanying PAL. Spray drying PAL with Plasdones, particularly Plasdone K12, decreased crystallinity and improved bioavailability.

Author(s) Details:

A. Pandey,
Himgiri Zee University, Deharadun, Uttarakhand 248197, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V3/article/view/9106

Comparison of Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic of Two Formulations of Metformin 850 mg Tablets in Healthy Albanian Volunteers| Chapter 8 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 Aim: The aim concerning this study was to equate the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two formulations of metformin 850 mg tablets: GLUCOPHAGE® from Merck Santè laboratories (remark product) and METFORMINE from Profarma (test device) in healthy Albanian volunteers.Methods: An open label, randomized, two-ending, two-way crossover study was acted in twenty healthy signs up for a single 850 mg shot of metformin tablets. Pharmacokinetic parameters in the way that maximum plasma aggregation (Cmax), the area under the curve limited to a particular time (AUC0-14h), the field under the curve to infinite occasion (AUC0-∞), and the time to reach the maximum red body fluid concentration (Tmax) were persistent. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the mathematical mean ratios of ln-transformed Cmax and AUC0-∞ principles were within the similarity range of 80%-125%.Results: Two Way ANOVA analysis of the ln-converted Cmax and AUC0-∞ indicated that nobody of the effects checked (formulation, ending, within and between-subject variances and continue) was statistically significant. The bioequivalence study results accompanied 90% confidence of breaks (90 % CI) for pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax (91.8-115.6 %); AUC0-14 (90.4-109.2 %) AUC0-∞ (90.1-109.1%) and that were within the range of 0.80-1.25. A p advantage of less than 0.05 was deliberate statistically significant.Conclusion: The fruit METFORMINE (produced by Profarma Sh.a) is bioequivalent and, therefore, adequately interchangeable concerning AUC0-∞ and Cmax when compared accompanying the reference crop (GLUCOPHAGE®).

Author(s) Details:

Eva Troja,
University of Medicine, Albania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V9/article/view/8678

A Comprehensive Review on Pharmaceutical Nanosuspension - as a Nanotechnology Tool for Solubility Enhancement | Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 Generally, depressed bioavailability is one of the important problems associated with poorly dissolved drugs. This becomes more worried problem in the case of drugs which are poorly dissolved in both liquid and non-aqueous publishing. To avoid all these problems, nanotechnology methods have been made acquainted which is gaining much interest in reconstructing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Use of nanosuspension arose as a prominent, appealing and promising alternative for efficient childbirth of such type of hydrophobic drugs. It is working for the development of the novel drug formulations and they have emerged as a favorable strategy for improving the solubility of the hydrophobic drugs due to their singular advantages. Bioavailability, stability and solubility of drugs are the determinants that can be revised by the nanosuspension science. Reducing the drug particle size into substitute-micron size leads to a notable increase in the separation rate and they interact with the corpse at sub-natural scales with the large size of specificity, altering pharmacokinetics of drug and reconstructing drug efficacy and security. Nanosupension methods proved to gain maximal healing efficacy accompanying minimal side effects and their singular features have allowed their usage in various portion of drug or other consumable forms. They are commercially prepared by press homogenization, media contents, and emulsification. Extensive efforts are being put into this field to longer their applications in the station specific drug delivery in the way that ocular, pulmonary and parenteral routes. This review item describes the readiness methods, characterization of nanosuspension containing its benefits, displayed formulations and its pharmaceutical requests.

Author(s) Details:

S. Naveen Taj,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, [Women’s University], Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh [A.P], India.

Y. Kavya,
Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Women’s University, India.

T. Chandna Shrinivaasiny,
Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Women’s University, India.

M. Dakshayani,
Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Women’s University, India.

K. Anitha Lakshmi,
Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Women’s University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V9/article/view/8670

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and Applications- A Look Back| Chapter 3 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 There are several potential uses for Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) in the quickly growing field of nanotechnology, including drug delivery, research and clinical medicine, as well as other other science and technological fields. It's common for active pharmacological compounds still in development to have poor water solubility and bioavailability. The distinct size-dependent properties of SLN may be leveraged to create innovative therapeutics. The limits of conventional pharmaceutical delivery technologies are something that nanotechnology hopes to fix. Intriguing solid lipid nanoparticles have medicinal promise. Their main benefit is that they are prepared with lipids that the body can tolerate. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles are nano-carriers with sizes between 10 and 1000 nanometers. SLNs were developed in an effort to address the drawbacks of polymeric nanoparticles. By switching out polymers formed from lipid nanoparticles for lipids, a new formulation technique was established. The use of SLN for drug delivery is studied in terms of potential benefits and drawbacks, as well as preparation techniques and the underlying drug release principle. Additionally described and used in medication delivery are SLNs. In the form of "solid" or "liquid" lipids, nanometer-sized lipid particles are dispersed in water or a surfactant solution (SLNs). Drugs that are lipophilic or hydrophilic can now be given thanks to SLN technology. The usage of SLNs may enhance the bioavailability of drugs. An innovative way for delivering medications to various levels of a patient's body is to combine medications with nanocarriers. As a result of its potential for controlled and precise medication delivery, solid lipid nanoparticles have caught the attention of researchers.

Author(s) Details:

M. Swamivelmanickam,
Department of Pharmacy, FEAT, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India.

S. Sivakrishnan,
Department of Pharmacy, FEAT, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India.

R. Suresh,
Department of Pharmacy, FEAT, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8091

Enhanced Aqueous Solubility and Antibacterial Activity of Cefuroxime Axetil | Chapter 3 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

This study's goal was to use the solid dispersion (SD) approach to increase the solubility and subsequent antibacterial activity of cefuroxime axetil (CA), a broad-spectrum, second-generation cephalosporin that is beta-lactamase stable. A solvent evaporation procedure was used to create CA loaded SDs (CSDs) with different concentrations of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) acting as a carrier. In-vitro dissolving studies, temperature analysis (DSC), crystallinity (PXRD), interactions (FTIR), and morphology were used to characterise CSDs (SEM). CSD-2 exhibited the greatest solubility rate among the formulations, 2.59 times stronger than pure CA, with a drug-carrier (CA: MCC) ratio of 1:3. Investigations using DSC, PXRD, FTIR, and SEM proved that the drug's change from crystalline to amorphous form during the creation of SDs was the cause of the faster dissolving rate. When compared to pure CA, the relative zone of inhibition (RZOI) of CSD-2 against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) was 1.94 and 6.75 times greater, respectively. The most successful optimised formulation in terms of increased dissolving rate and antibacterial activity has been identified as CSD-2. Therefore, it could be a potential substitute for conventional CA dose formulations. More investigation is required to assess its pharmacokinetic characteristics, in vivo antibacterial effectiveness, and safety before recommending it as a new formulation.

Author (s) Details:

Moushumi Tabassoom Salam,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.

Ashim Kumar,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.

Ranjan Kumar Barman,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V4/article/view/7505

The Brief Insight on Microemulsions: A Proficient Tiny Carrier | Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

By delivering effective treatments in problematic diseases, pharmaceutical sciences significantly contribute to raising quality of life around the globe. An effective medication delivery is crucial to getting a drug's molecule to respond therapeutically. Conventional dosage forms have been used for many years, however they are currently plagued by serious problems such reduced bioavailability from poor absorption, dosing recurrence, dose dumping, plasma variation, and more. In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of existing treatments, it is therefore necessary to develop some unique pharmaceutical inventions. All in all, microemulsions, which are a combination of oil, water, and surfactant, have shown promise as drug delivery systems. Due to its large surface area, this small carrier may be able to alter the fundamental characteristics and bioactivity of the medicine. They are a choice of ultimate delivery system for the improvement in therapeutic benefit of drug molecules due to essential characteristics including sheltering of encapsulated drug with expanded stability, better entrapment, improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, compatibility with biological system, low toxicity, and some other traits. Given the peculiarity of microemulsions, it is possible to successfully and safely deliver drugs while maximising bioavailability. This chapter provides a thorough introduction to microemulsions with a focus on their kinds, production techniques, cutting-edge research, and applications.

Author (s) Details:

Nirmal Shah,
Department of Pharmaceutics / Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, Vadodara - 391760, Gujarat, India.

Dipti Gohil,
Department of Pharmaceutics / Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, Vadodara - 391760, Gujarat, India.

Bhumika Rana,
Department of Pharmaceutics / Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, Vadodara - 391760, Gujarat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V4/article/view/7504

Advanced Formulation Techniques to Enhance Solubility, Dissolution and Bioavailability of Poorly Water- Soluble Drugs| Chapter 8 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol.1

The rate and extent (amount) of unmodified medication absorption from its dose form is referred to as bioavailability. For a medicine to display maximum pharmacological response, this is considered a primary parameter. Poor aqueous-soluble drugs may have slow dissolving and inadequate absorption, resulting in low bioavailability. In designing formulations, the drug's dissolving and solubility properties are critical. As a result, several approaches such as pH modification, micronization, solid dispersion, Supercritical fluid recrystallization, complexation, surfactant usage, co-solvency, precipitation, and nanotechnology are used to improve medication solubility. The primary goal of this research is to provide an overview of ways for improving the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of low water soluble pharmaceuticals, as well as the importance of Green chemistry in nanotechnology for the production of diverse nanosized formulations.

Author(s) Details:

G. S. Annammadevi,
Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India.


V. Lavanya,
Mother Teresa College of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V1/article/view/6239

Solid Dispersion of an Anti-Diabetic Drug with Block Co-Polymer for Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility, Dissolution and Bioavailability | Chapter 5 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Pre-formulation and formulation studies for the creation of solid dispersions with improved oral bioavailability are the focus of this study. Gliclazide (GLC), an oral hypoglycemic medication, has a low solubility in stomach fluid, a slow dissolving rate, and a wide range of bioavailability between individuals. The goal of this work was to use the lyophillisation process to create optimal solid dispersions (SD) of GLC with a hydrophilic carrier, such as poloxamer 407 (PXM), in order to improve the drug's aqueous solubility and therapeutic efficacy. The influence of polymer concentration on GLC solubility was investigated using a phase solubility research with increasing PXM concentrations (0.5 to 10% w/v). Physical mixing and lyophillisation (freeze drying) were used to make SDs of GLC and PXM in 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5w/w ratios, which were then tested for dissolving. On twelve healthy New Zealand rabbits, an in vivo comparison of optimised SD and GLC was undertaken. When compared to physical mixes and pure drug, the dissolution rate of GLC from lyophilized dispersions was significantly higher. In vivo experiments revealed that the pharmacokinetic properties of the optimised SD and pure GLC after oral administration were significantly different (P 0.05). The peak serum concentrations (Cmax) for the lyophilized SD and GLC were determined to be 3.010.42 g/mL and 2.27 0.39 g/mL, respectively, while the time required to attain the peak serum concentration (Tmax) for the optimised SD was much less (2.160.41) than for GLC (4.330.52). In an invivo test, the SD's relative bioavailability was reported to be 158.52 percent. These findings show that using a suitably hydrophilic carrier such as PXM to create SDs using the lyophillisation approach can significantly increase the solubility and in vitro dissolution of a lipophilic medication such as GLC. The proposed approach shows promising results in terms of gliclazide absorption and bioavailability after oral administration, and it can be used for other hydrophobic drug moities.

Author (s) Details

Farzana S. Bandarkar
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait, University, Kuwait.

Ibrahim S. Khattab
Kuwait Saudi Pharmaceutical Industries Company, Kuwait.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V8/article/view/2208

Some Heavy Metals Speciation and Bioavailability in Agricultural Soils Used for Cultivating Various Vegetables | Chapter 12 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 10

 Vegetables grown in polluted soils with unregulated agrochemical applications may contain heavy metals. Because farmers used too many agrochemicals, this could happen in vegetables grown in Bedugul's agricultural soils. To consider metals transfer to vegetables, a speciation and bioavailability approach had to be studied. The purpose of this research was to determine the speciation and bioavailability of certain heavy metals in agricultural soils in Bedugul, Bali. used to cultivate a wide range of vegetables The sample was subjected to wet digestion and sequential extraction procedures prior to metal detection by AAS. According to the findings, the average amounts of Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Zn in the soils were 38.531, 132.126, 7.689, 15.952, and 147.275 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of Pb and Zn were found in lettuce-growing soil, Cd and Cr in tomato-growing soil, and Cu in potato-growing soil. Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr speciation were found to be primarily associated with the Fe-Mn oxides fraction, whereas Zn was found to be primarily associated with the EFLE (easily, freely, leachable, and exchangeable) fractions. Cr was the most bioavailable. Cu had the lowest concentration of the metals tested in the soils.

Author(s) Details

Dr. I. Made Siaka,
Chemistry Department, Maths and Sciences Faculty, Bukit Campus, Jimbaran-Bali, Indonesia.

Emmy Sahara
Chemistry Department, Maths and Sciences Faculty, Bukit Campus, Jimbaran-Bali, Indonesia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V10/article/view/1569

Emphasizing the Mucoadhesive Buccal Drug Delivery System - An Unique Novel Drug Delivery System of the Modern Era | Chapter 1 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

 Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems have emerged as a unique novel drug delivery system in the modern scenario, owing to the current advent of Novel Drug Delivery Systems. In the area of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, the mucosal or mucoadhesive drug delivery system plays an important role as a revolutionary drug delivery system. In a more simplified sense, mucoadhesion refers to the adhesion of two materials to each other, one of which is the mucosal surface. Certain studies are underway to discover an alternative route that can circumvent hepatic metabolism, minimise dose frequency, and extend the duration of drug action. In those situations, drug delivery through the buccal cavity may be included in the real picture. Solids, semisolids, and clear drug-loaded films are among the dosage types of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. As this comes into contact with the buccal mucous membrane, the drug continues to release in a sustained and regulated manner through the blood capillaries associated with the buccal cavity, ensuring optimum bioavailability and making drug administration easier. Increases treatment efficacy, improves patient compliance, and reduces dosage frequencies by bypassing hepatic portal systems and the gastrointestinal tract. Owing to the influx of new drug molecules as a result of drug development, mucoadhesive drug delivery will become much more critical in delivering these molecules.

Author (s) Details

Sayan Bhattacharjee
Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, SRIHER(DU), Porur, Chennai-116, India.

Dr. S. Nagalakshmi
Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, SRIHER(DU), Porur, Chennai-116, India.

S. Shanmuganathan
Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, SRIHER(DU), Porur, Chennai-116, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V2/issue/view/55