Toxicity of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants: Implications in Environmental Persistence | Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are high-production volume chemicals. Recent reports reveal that OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment. Unfortunately, the toxicity profiles for OPFRs on organisms remain limited. Concerns over possible toxicity are growing as organophosphorus flame retardants have been developed and used more frequently. The majority of research on possible toxicity to date has concentrated on simple phosphate esters, which can comprise aryl, alkyl, or even halogenated phosphate esters in certain situations (which belong more appropriately in the category of organohalogen flame retardants).  The inclusion of several kinds of esters into a single study leads to muddled conclusions. Each class of phosphate esters should be subjected to toxicity assessment separately. Further, the potential toxicity of the more effective (lower level of oxygenation at phosphorus: phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides) organophosphorus flame retardants has been little explored. The few results available suggest that these compounds exhibit no or minimal toxicity (lower than that of phosphates). This represents an area that should be the focus of careful detailed studies to establish any potential toxicity. Studies of the toxicity of phosphonates, phosphonites and phosphine oxides, as separate classes, should be conducted. Reliable toxicity data for organophosphorus compounds as a function of structure are needed.

Author(s) Details:

Bob A. Howell,
Science of Advanced Materials, Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859-0001, United States.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/7869C

Determination of FAM72 Family Proteins as Poor Prognostic Markers in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

 

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of the Family with Sequence Similarity 72 member (FAM72) gene family in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) using a bioinformatic approach.

Background: The Family with Sequence Similarity 72 (FAM72) gene family, specific to neural stem cells, has emerged as a potential biomarker in various cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods: We conducted an analysis of FAM72 expression levels in ccRCC tissues and normal kidney tissues using TCGA data. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis to assess the prognostic value of FAM72 expression. Furthermore, to find enriched biological processes connected to FAM72 expression, Gene Ontology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used. We also examined the degree of methylation and immune cell infiltration in patients with ccRCC.

Results: Our bioinformatic analysis revealed that FAM72 expression levels were significantly higher in ccRCC tissues than in normal kidney tissues. High expression of FAM72 was associated with poor prognosis in ccRCC patients and was found to be an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC. GO and GSEA analyses indicated that FAM72 was enriched in biological processes related to mitosis, cell cycle, and DNA metabolism. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between FAM72 and immune cell infiltration and the level of methylation in ccRCC patients.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that FAM72 could serve as an unfavorable prognostic molecular marker for ccRCC. A comprehensive understanding of FAM72 could provide crucial insights into tumor progression and prognosis. The results not only contribute to the understanding of FAM72's role in ccRCC but also pave the way for future research aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of targeting the FAM72 gene family. The development of targeted therapies that modulate FAM72 expression or function could offer a novel approach to improving treatment outcomes for ccRCC patients.

Author(s) Details:

Hui Gou,
Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou-646000, China.

Ping Chen
Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou-646000, China.

Wenbing Wu
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou-646000, China.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/8471E

Preparation of Novel Dihydrophthalazinyl Phenylamide Derivatives and their Anti-Microbial Evaluation | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

Phthalazine derivatives are an essential component of biological systems that serve as a structural template for biologically active molecules. In this chapter, Novel N-(4-(1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl) phenyl) amides were synthesized in good yields, beginning with inexpensive and easily accessible phthalic anhydride using Pd (OAc)2 catalyzed Suzuki-mayura coupling and N-acylation reactions as key steps. All the prepared compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and LCMS and all the data showed good agreement with the predicted structures. Additionally, the produced compounds' in vitro anti-microbial activity was examined. In comparison to Xanthomonas campestris, the target compounds 7i, 7f, and 7a demonstrated superior activity. In contrast, the compounds 7j, 7a, and 7h demonstrated excellent activity against Bacillus megaterium. Escherichia coli was effectively inhibited by compounds 7j and 7a. The obtained N-(4-(1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl) phenyl) amide derivatives offers an intriguing profile in the field of antimicrobial research.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. S. N. Murthy Boddapati,
Department of Chemistry, Sir C R Reddy College, PG Courses, Eluru, A.P., India.

Dr. Jaganmohana Rao Saketi
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Palakonda, A.P., India.

Dr. A. Emmanuel Kola
Department of Chemistry, Y.V.N.R Govt. Degree College, Kaikaluru, A.P., India.

Giri Prasad Gorumutchu
Department of Chemistry, A.G & S.G Siddartha Degree College of Arts and Science, Vuyyuru A.P., India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/308

Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Using Raw Sewage and Cheese Whey | Chapter 5 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using raw sewage has been previously attempted to derive value from waste; however, the yields of PHAs were low. Therefore, we attempted to increase the yield by applying different strategies, such as supplementation of sewage with additional carbon sources, dilution of high-carbon-containing wastewater (cheese whey) with low-carbon-containing wastewater (sewage), and concentration of sewage to improve the available carbon source. After applying these strategies, the PHA production capacity of the bacterium Bacillus sp. CYR1 is enhanced 22-fold. CYR1 incubated using cheese whey (CW) diluted with sewage showed higher PHA production than those incubated using CW diluted with distilled water. The PHA produced in this study was identified as poly-β-polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and the characteristics of the produced PHB were comparable to those of standard PHB. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because we show the potential of CYR1 strain in PHB production using low- or high-carbon-containing wastewater. The reuse of sewage will help to reduce the ecological burden and energy consumption on a global scale.

The increasing burden placed by plastic waste on the environment has necessitated the protection of our planet from environmental disasters. Thus, switching from limited natural and fossil resources to PHAs for plastic production matches today's concrete initiatives to reach the global Climate and Sustainable Development Goals. On a related note, the constant generation of sewage in our daily activities accounts for a high proportion of the environmental load, and the energy and cost required for sewage treatment are extensive. Thus, the reuse of sewage is essential for reducing the ecological burden and energy consumption on a global scale. Consequently, painstaking efforts have been taken to transform waste management into resource management. Our group has been working on the production of bioplastics using rejected materials. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to enhance PHA production from sewage by applying different strategies using Bacillus sp. CYR1. A high rate of glucose consumption (83.6%) was also observed. Higher phaC gene expression levels were observed in high-carbon-containing sewage but at lower nitrogen concentrations. Based on these analyses, it was confirmed that the CYR1 strain can be useful for producing PHA using low- or high-carbon-containing wastewater.

Author(s) Details:

Young-Cheol Chang,
Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/7908C

Optimizing Bio-Oil Yield: A Study on Trichosanthes Tricuspidata Seed Extraction | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

This study investigates Trichosanthes tricuspidata seeds as a potential novel source for bio-oil production. Employing a Soxhlet extractor, the research delves into the presence of fatty acids in oil extracted using various solvents. The primary aim is to optimize the extraction process to maximize bio-oil yield, examining factors such as extraction time and seed particle size. Initial experiments encompass a diverse range of particle sizes and extraction durations. Subsequently, to refine the process, a fixed particle size is utilized alongside different solvents. The study identifies the optimal extraction process as a 3h extraction time with a particle size of 0.55 mm, employing isopropyl alcohol as the solvent, resulting in a bio-oil extraction rate of 20% (w/w). The significance of this research lies in introducing a fresh approach to bio-oil production from an untapped plant source. By enhancing the extraction process from Trichosanthes tricuspidata seeds, this study contributes to the advancement of sustainable and economically viable bio-oil production methods. Furthermore, the study employs analytical techniques to comprehend the composition of the extracted bio-oil.

Author(s) Details:

V. Mansa Devi,
Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.

M. Dharmendira Kumar
Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.

R. Sridhar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pillaichavadi, Puducherry, 605 014, India.

C. Jaya Kumar
Department of Applied Science and Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.


Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/8276E

Kinetic Profiling of Phenobarbital Derivative Inhibition Levels on Serum Acetylthiocholine Esterase Activity | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

This study uses human serum acetylcholinesterase to analyze the kinetics of a few produced phenolic derivatives (A, B, C, and D). The compounds A, B, and D were observed to exhibit inhibitory effects at varying concentrations (10-4, 10-6, 10-8, and 10-10 mM). Additionally, there was an increase in inhibition with increasing concentrations (10-10 to 10-4 mM) for compounds A and B and an increase in inhibition with decreasing concentrations (10-4 to 10-10 mM) for compound D. It was reversible how A, B, and D affected things. For the C compound, every result was disregarded. In both the treated and control systems, the Michaelis-Menten constant and maximum velocity for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide by AChE were found. The supplementary replots for the line weaver-burk plot were shown.

Author(s) Details:

N. Zaizafoon,
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of AL-Mustansiriyah, Iraq.


Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/225

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficiency of Bipyrimidines Using Zeolite as a Green Catalyst in Biphasic System | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

In the present study, we have designed and synthesized a new series of bipyrimidines by simple condensation and screened them for their in vitro antimicrobial activities. Current research has depicted the efforts towards the utilization of biphasic reaction systems in the synthesis of a variety of heterocycles. This shows the remarkable importance of the monophasic solvent system. A simple, green and efficient catalytic condensation process has been developed to synthesize the series of 2-amino-6-substituted- 4,6-diphenyl-3’,4,4’,5-tetrahydro[4,5’-bipyrimidine]-2’(1H)-one (3a- j) hybrids. The catalytic route was investigated efficiently in the presence of NaY zeolite in an organic-aqueous (dichloromethane-water) solvent system. In this method, biphasic solvent systems were explored for suitable applicability where catalyst exhibits remarkable reactivity. The synthesized scaffolds of bipyrimidines were studied as anti-microbial agents. The investigation of antimicrobial screening data revealed that among 10 compounds screened, compounds 3d, 3e, 3f and 3i demonstrated very good activity as compared to standard drugs and the remaining compounds showed good to moderate inhibition activities.

Synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aurigenosa and also antifungal activity against the opportunistic pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.

Author(s) Details:

Manisha S. Aswale,
Department of Chemistry, Centre for Higher Learning and Research, Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganjward, Chandrapur-442402, India.

Raksha P. Dhankar
Department of Chemistry, Centre for Higher Learning and Research, Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganjward, Chandrapur-442402, India.


Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/8227E

Investigation of the Role of Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-associated Nephropathy | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

The present study investigates the role of oxidative stress-related genetic variants in type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated nephropathy. Type 2 diabetes is thought to be associated with microvascular complications that comprise retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Oxidative stress is a predominant factor involved in the pathogenesis of DN and alters metabolic endeavour and its hemodynamic pathways, which have varied correlations with renal problems, one of which is diabetic nephropathy, which leads to end-stage renal disease. Renal injury in DN occurs primarily through oxidative stress, which disrupts metabolic and hemodynamic pathways. Hyperglycemia is regarded as a hallmark feature of diabetes that increases reactive oxygen species generation, which eventually leads to increased oxidative stress, and this is considered the most essential event in the onset of DN. To prevent tubular injury in DN, antioxidants can be used to combat oxidative stress, which is primarily caused by several pathways. The most significant antioxidative enzymes are superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. As a result, this chapter emphasizes antioxidant gene polymorphisms and hypothesizes that these antioxidant genes may be an essential component of DN pathogenesis. Moreover, this chapter also retorts to the research questions raised by the physicians and illustrates the importance of regional population studies on detecting the SNPs of antioxidant genes and targeting therapeutic approaches aiding to lessen the severity of the disease at its initial stages.

Author(s) Details:

Farhana Begum,
Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Dr. Karpagavel Lakshmanan
Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/297

Synthesis and Characterization of Transition Metal(II) Complexes Derived from (E)-N-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-2-((Z)-(4-Methylbenzylidene) Amino)Benzamides: Investigation of Biological Activities | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

We synthesized a novel series of transition metal(II) complexes 5a-h by reacting key transition metals (Co, Cu, Zn, Ni) with the Schiff base 3, derived from (E)-N-(4-methylbenzylidene)-2-((Z)-(4-methylbenzylidene)amino)benzamide. Schiff base 3 was previously prepared by reacting 2-aminobenzohydrazide 1 with 4-methylbenzaldehyde 2. The structures of the metal complexes were characterized using IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. We evaluated the synthesized metal complexes for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Notably, compounds 5e and 5c exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the free ligand. Compounds 5g and 5a showed significant activity against various bacterial strains. Additionally, the hydrated metal complexes 5b, 5d, 5f, and 5h demonstrated moderate to good antimicrobial activity. In terms of antioxidant activity, most of the metal complexes displayed moderate to good activity comparable to ascorbic acid. Our bioassay results highlighted compounds 5e and 5c as effective antimicrobial agents against highly resistant microbial strains.

Author(s) Details:

Venkatesh K Bhovi,
P G Studies and research in Chemistry, Vijayanagar College Hosapete, Vijayanagar, Karnataka- 583201, India.

 

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/419

Chemistry of Depsides from Manglicolous lichen Dirinaria consimilis (Stirton) D.D. Awasthi along with their Pharmacological Insights | Chapter 1 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

This book chapter provides a thorough examination of the isolation process, structural characterization, and pharmacological properties of two novel depsides, Antarvedisides A and B, extracted from Dirinaria consimilis (Stirton) D.D. Awasthi, alongside several known depsides. The study explores the compounds' structural features and delves into their pharmacological profile, emphasizing their potential as promising candidates for future drug development. Chromatographic examination of acetone extract of D. consimilis yielded Antarvedisides A and B, sekikaic acid, atranorin, divaricatic acid and 2’-O-methyl divaricatic acid. Antioxidant activity assessment through superoxide, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays reveals that Antarvedisides A-B and 2’-O-Methyldivaricatic acid exhibit remarkable antiradical scavenging capacities, surpassing the standard drug, ascorbic acid. The investigation extends to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, where atranorin exhibits superior inhibition against protein denaturation in comparison to the standard drug indomethacin. Antarvedisides A-B showcases moderate anti-inflammatory activity, further detailed with IC50 values ranging from 878-600 µg/mL. The anticancer potential of the depsides is highlighted through the Sulforhodamine B assay screening. Antarvediside B emerges as a potent inhibitor of cell growth in MCF-7 and HeLa, outperforming doxorubicin. Additionally, 2’-O-methyldivaricatic acid demonstrates significant inhibitory profiles against various cancer cell lines. In conclusion, this abstract summarizes the comprehensive pharmacological profile of Antarvedisides A and B, shedding light on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. These findings underscore the potential of these depsides as valuable candidates for further drug development and contribute to the expanding knowledge of natural compounds with therapeutic implications.

Author(s) Details:

Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula,
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam – 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Girija Sastry Vedula
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam – 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/12824F

Rare Presentation of Sigmoid Volvulus with Perforated Appendicitis-A Case Report from Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Sigmoid volvulus, primarily affecting males, often leads to large bowel obstruction, with management outcomes contingent upon the patient's initial clinical status. Typically, open or laparoscopic surgery is the preferred treatment, barring instances where conservative management is prioritized, especially for surgically unfit patients. Rectal deflation serves as a conservative option, particularly in emergency outpatient settings, aimed at preparing patients for semi-elective or elective procedures. In a recent case, despite an initially smooth clinical condition, a patient diagnosed with simple sigmoid volvulus failed deflation attempts. Subsequently, surgery was performed on the third-day post-failure, revealing colonic perforation distal to the obstruction and perforated appendicitis. Notably, the cause of the appendicitis remains unclear—whether primary or secondary to the volvulus. Additionally, there are no reported instances of perforated appendicitis as a common complication of sigmoid volvulus.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Wondwossen Amtataw,
Department of Surgery, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Dr. Feven Berhanu
Department of Surgery, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Dr. Surafel Mulatu
Department of Surgery, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/23

Comparison of Duplex Ultrasound Blood Flow Characteristics of the Lower Limb in Diabetics with Early-Stage Peripheral Artery Disease and Non-Diabetic Controls among the Black African Population | Chapter 2 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

The aim of this study was to compare lower limb blood flow in asymptomatic diabetic patients with early-stage peripheral artery disease (PAD) and non-diabetic controls using duplex ultrasound parameters. Duplex ultrasound (DUS) has documented high sensitivity and specificity in detecting late-stage peripheral artery Disease (PAD), both in the upper and lower extremity arteries, while being capable of demonstrating plaque which causes less than 50% stenosis in diabetic subjects. This was a comparative cohort study of lower limb blood flow in 35 Black African diabetic patients (25 females and 10 males with early-stage PAD median age 54 [IQR, 47 - 6I] years; median HbA1c 6.3[IQR, 5.7–8.0] %; BMI 29.2±6.7; ABI 1.1±0.1) and 36 non-diabetic controls (28 females and 8 males; median age 54[IQR,47-61 ] years; median HbA_1c 6.3[IQR, 5.7-8.0] %, BMI 29.2 ├ ±6.7;ABI1.1±0.1). Peak systolic velocity (PSV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI) were utilised to compare blood flow in the popliteal arteries (PA), anterior tibial arteries (ATA) and posterior tibial arteries (PTA) in addition to ankle-brachial index. All the ultrasound parameters showed good (ICC ≥0.7;0.50-0.85,95%Cl ) to excellent (ICC=1.0; 1.0 - 1.0, 95% CI) reliability within groups as well as acceptable variability (<10% CV) other than pulsatility index of the anterior tibial artery within diabetic patients (11.1%CV). PSV, RI and PI were significantly and meaningfully higher (P<0.001;d≥0.33 ), in diabetic patients compared to nondiabetic controls except for PI - PTA (P=0.72;d=0.11). Late-stage PAD results in pressure reduction in the ankle arteries while the upper arm arteries will still be yet unaffected, thus resulting in a lower value for Ankle Brachial Index in such patients. Differences in PSV and RI highlighted the effects of early-stage PAD on the lower limb blood flow of diabetic patients. In contrast, the effects of early-stage PAD on blood flow were not demonstrated in the PTA and ATA of diabetic patients by PI.

Author(s) Details:

Josephine. S. Tityiwe,
Radiography Department, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe and School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.

Anne. Newton-Hughes
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.

 

Godfrey Azangwe
Radiography Department, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

Paul Comfort
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/8288E

Incidentally Discovered Malrotation in a Case of Gastric Perforation | Chapter 3 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Aim: The study is a case report of a 36-year-old male with blunt trauma to the abdomen following a road traffic accident, with an intraoperative finding of gastric perforation alongside an incidentally detected malrotation.

Introduction: The term "intestinal malrotation" refers to abnormalities affecting intestinal fixation and intestinal nonrotation or partial rotation around the superior mesenteric artery. Only 0.2 to 0.5% of people exhibit symptoms, with the remainder exhibiting none at all.

Case Presentation: A 36-year-old man arrived at the hospital two days ago with traumatic abdominal damage. Examination results showed that the patient had a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg, a pulse of 130 bpm, a respiratory rate of 32 breaths per minute, and a saturation of 78% in room air. X-ray chest showed gas under diaphragm. An anterior gastric rupture with a transverse colon below the stomach and a jejunum with small bowel loops present on the right was discovered during an emergency laparotomy. Gastrojejunostomy was done. The patient's postoperative stay went smoothly, and on POD 10, he was discharged, able to resume his regular oral diet and pass stool.

Conclusion: Intestinal malrotation is a rare developmental anomaly of the embryonic gut. In babies, bilious vomiting is the most prevalent presentation; in older children and adults, chronic and sporadic abdominal pain is evident. Surgery is debatable in asymptomatic patients. However, adults with delayed malrotation presentation manifest with varied symptoms. Hence, to prevent further difficulties, a high index of suspicion together with pertinent investigations (CT and USG) is required.

Author(s) Details:

Abhishek Soham Satpathy,
Department of Surgery, S.C.B. Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, 753007, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/8288E

Healing by Design: Physical Environment Attributes of Pediatric Healthcare Settings for Positive Health Outcomes | Chapter 4 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

The parameters of the pediatric healthcare environment include the development of child-friendly environments, nature and outside views, positive distraction, therapeutic play, and family support, as a constructive diversion. The relationships among the physical environment; the individuals engaged, the tasks accomplished, the organizational protocols and, the technology utilized in the delivery of care are complex and dynamic. The term "child-friendly environment" refers to functional areas, amenities, and procedures designed to cater to the special requirements of children to promote their development, safety, and well-being. The deliberate use of play-based activities to support emotional expression, psychological coping, and physical rehabilitation among pediatric patients is referred to as "therapeutic play" in healthcare settings for children. Healthcare practitioners can develop environments that support children's healing, comfort, and resilience when they face illness or injury by using evidence-based design principles and realizing the role of the physical environment in healing.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Abdul Halim Babbu,
Department of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/12328F

Analysis of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Infection Control among Dental Undergraduate Students | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Aims: The present aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding infection control among dental undergraduate students of Mumbai, India.

Introduction: Healthcare personnel are always susceptible to infectious diseases if inadequate infection control measures are undertaken. In a dental setup, transmission occurs through air, blood, saliva droplets, or improper sterilization of instruments. Despite various standardized protocols in infection control, dental undergraduate students fail to obey the same.  Transmission of various existing and emerging new infections can easily occur in dental clinics through various courses which include direct contact with blood, oral fluids, other secretions, indirect contact with contaminated instruments, operatory instruments, and contact with airborne contaminants present in either droplet splatter.

Methods: A cross‑sectional questionnaire‑based study comprising a 13‑point close‑ended, self‑administered questionnaire was prepared and distributed among interns, final‑year dental students, and 3rd‑year dental students across six dental colleges. The questions were divided into three categories: knowledge, attitude, and practice. The responses were used for data collection and accordingly, results were made. The analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. The statistical significance was considered at P ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 851 undergraduate students were assessed for knowledge, attitude, and practice toward infection control. Only 40% of the interns, 40% of the final‑year students, and 42% of the 3rd‑year students had precise knowledge about infection control measures. Twenty‑four percent of the interns, 27% of the final‑year students, and 25% of the 3rd‑year students showed accurate attitudes toward infection control. Finally, 41% of the interns, 44% of the final‑year students, and 39% of the 3rd‑year students inculcated the right practice in controlling infection. Strict monitoring of the routine use of infection control guidelines should be adhered to by all dental schools for the safety of patients and healthcare workers. This will help the dental undergraduate students to instil a positive attitude towards infection control hence improving their quality of dental practice and life. More such surveys should be carried out to authenticate our results thereby accomplishing the goal of infection-free practice.

Conclusion: Infection control is essential to reduce the risk of occupational infection to the practitioner and the auxiliary staff. Dental schools should give more emphasis on infection control protocols.

Author(s) Details:

Charu Girotra
Department of Plastic Surgery, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.

Siddharth Acharya
Department of Plastic Surgery, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.

Omkar Shetty,
Department of Plastic Surgery, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.

Siddhi Savla
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University, College of Public Health,  Philadelphia, United States.

Mahinoor Punjani
Happy 32 Dental and Cosmetic Clinic, Andheri West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Tanmik Shah
Department of Population Health, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/11932F

Multidetector Computed Tomography Evaluation of Congenital Coronary Anomalies: A Pictorial Essay | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

The purpose of this pictorial essay is to review the Multi-detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography appearance of congenital coronary anomalies [CCA]. CCA are uncommon and most of them are diagnosed incidentally during conventional coronary angiography or MDCT angiography. CCA might also be classified as haemodynamically significant or insignificant. Chest discomfort, dyspnoea, palpitations, syncope, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, infarction and sudden cardiac death are examples of clinical symptoms. Even though CCA are not prevalent, they should be thoroughly examined because they are the second most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Familiarity with atypical anatomy and their clinical presentation may facilitate appropriate diagnosis and management. This will be of immense help to the clinician planning interventional procedures like stenting, balloon dilatation, or graft surgery particularly when there are secondary changes of calcification, plaque formation and stenosis. Axial sections, multiplanar reconstructions, virtual angioscopy, and 3D volume-rendered images should aid in the detection and improve the interpretation of such anomalies, which can be of immense help to the clinician planning interventional procedures.

Author(s) Details:

Krishna Kumar,
Department of Radio-diagnosis. Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre. Irungalur, Trichy-621105, India.

Senthilnathan. V. 
Department of Radio-diagnosis. Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre. Irungalur, Trichy-621105, India.


Dharan Venkatesh K. A.
Department of Radio-diagnosis. Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre. Irungalur, Trichy-621105, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/8369E

Exploring Cryotherapy as a Therapeutic Approach for Stress-Induced Tension Headaches in College Students | Chapter 11 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Tension-type headaches and stress are common problems for students. It is one of the most neglected headache types, with prevalence of ~ 15–20% in population-based studies. Alternative and complementary medicine such as cryotherapy is effective for relieving physical and psychological pain; using ice compresses by placing it at the back of the neck, leads to relief of tension and anxiety, and gives the feeling of relaxation and full of energy for doing daily life activities. The findings from this study provide the basis for the formulation of future research questions that can explore the effect of cryotherapy on the treatment of many psychological problems, specifically, researchers who consider the role of cryotherapy in the treatment of physical and psychological problems.

This study aimed to assess tension-type headache, its relation to stress, and how to relieve it by cryotherapy, among academic students.

This study was designed as a mixed-method study as it involved a sequential mixed-method approach, in which both quantitative data collection and analysis techniques were chronologically undertaken. 50 academic students from the Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University were recruited.

A structured interview sheet was used for the sociodemographic data and a pilot study was carried out before starting the data collection phase. It included ten students.

Results revealed that there is an association between stress and tension-type headache, as the level of stress increased, the occurrence of tension-type headache increased.

Academic students experience stress appearing as physical and psychological symptoms that affect their daily life activities. There is a significant relationship between the level of stress and TTH, with diurnal pattern, location, severity, and duration of TTH. After applying cryotherapy (ice compresses) to relieve TTH, students feel analgesia, relaxation, increased effort, and alertness, added to decreased mental tension and recurrence of headache to a minimum level.

Author(s) Details:

Mona Hassan
Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Tarek Asaad
Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/11932F

Transient Primary Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome - Systematic Review and Proposal for a Management Protocol | Chapter 5 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: Transient primary bone marrow edema syndrome (TPBMES), a set of conditions affecting weight-bearing joints, mostly of the lower limbs, presents acutely with severe local pain, disproportionate to the physical findings. This disease is designated by an array of terms, not all of which are in the consensus. But they seem to refer to a single disease entity, whether the hips, the knees, or the foot and ankle are affected, singly, bilaterally, or in a migratory pattern. The diagnosis of bone marrow edema of a temporary nature is based on the MRI. Moreover, systemic osteoporosis has been detected in association with some cases of TPBMES, but the significance of this combined occurrence is not clear. Moreover, whether "migratory" TPBMES represents a more aggressive expression of the disease is not yet settled.

Objectives: This study was initiated to resolve the numerous ambiguities concerning this disease entity.

Data Sources: A search in PubMed looking for TPBMES or equivalent terms.

Study Eligibility Criteria: Single or isolated case reports were excluded. Two reviews were excluded as they did not agree with the basic classification of the entity. Inclusion criteria of patients: a history of sudden onset of pain in the affected joint, in the absence of more than minimal trauma, and confirmation of bone marrow edema by MRI and follow-up evidence of the resolution, as shown by MRI. Exclusion criteria of patients: insidious onset of pain and evidence of avascular necrosis, infection, significant trauma of bone, stress fractures, or inflammatory arthropathy, based on the MRI and the laboratory. Remote studies were not based on the MRI.

Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods: Based on a review featuring 141 patients, several clinical, radiological and pathological data were extracted into an all-inclusive table (not shown). Four tables were built thereof. Tables 2-4 were conceived to summarize independently all the variables in every recognized form of TPBMES (see Table 1). The association between TPBMES and systemic osteoporosis is shown in an additional table.

Results: Table 2 features the demographic and clinical studies, as distributed among the different TPBMES subtypes. A total of 546 patients were assigned mainly to 342 TOH patients, most of them males. Next, were 105 patients with TOH of pregnancy. A lesser subset was composed of 49 F&A patients, mainly women. Table 3 shows the allocation of clinical features and risk factors to TPBMES subsets. Pain was by far the most frequent symptom. Subchondral fractures were detected in TOH and TOH of pregnancy. Overweight and vitamin D deficiency have been suggested as additional risk factors. Table 4 depicts the treatment and follow-up of TPBMES patients. Bisphosphonates have been recommended for TOH and "migratory" osteoporosis patients. Tables 5 and 6 demonstrate the interaction between TPBMES and systemic osteoporosis and with migratory osteoporosis, highlighting the common self-limited nature of TPBMES, as well as the frequently extended course of this combined occurrence.

Limitations: See Fig. 1.

Conclusions: The different subsets in the TPBMES classification have several features in common, notably an MRI-based diagnosis and a self-limited outcome, even in the absence of modern therapy. Thus, they should be considered as belonging to a single disease entity, with some variable traits. Of note, a tendency for TPBMES to be associated with systemic osteoporosis, sometimes in addition to a "migratory" pattern, has been reported in conjunction with an abnormally extended course of the disease. These are the patients who raised our concern and who evoked the necessity for a therapeutic intervention to limit their suffering (see suggested management protocol, Fig. 2).

Author(s) Details:

Nissim Ohana,
Department of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.


Dimitri Sheinis
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.


Daniel Benharroch
Department of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/115

Hormonal and Histological Effects of Star Fruit, Averrhoea carambola Fruit Extract on Female Reproduction of Wistar Rat, Rattus Norvegicus| Chapter 1 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 

The present study investigates the effect of Averrhoa carambola ethanolic fruit extract on gonadal function and structure in female Wistar rats. Plant products with higher medicinal properties have been connected to a substantial impact on the development of novel medications. Averrhoa carambola is a well-known medicinal plant with significant antioxidant properties that is frequently used as a reproductive plant by herbalists without scientific support. A total of 15 Wistar rats weighing 100 to 143g were divided into three groups of five rats each. Food and distilled water were given to Group A, 500 mg/kg of ethanolic fruit extract of A. carambola was given to Group B, and 1000 mg/kg of ethanolic fruit extract of A. carambola was given to Group C every day for 21 days there was a substantial rise in ovarian and uterine weight in groups B and C after receiving the Averrhoa carambola fruit extract when compared to the control group. However, when compared to the control group, LH increased (p>0.0) while progesterone declined significantly. According to the findings, the extract's structural effects on the gonads of female rats were shown to be adverse. In conclusion, Averrhoa carambola fruit extract may be more beneficial as a contraceptive than a pro-fertility agent, as traditional medicine practitioners claim. The finding of this study showed that Averrhoa carambola fruit extract may have a beneficial effect on body weight, relative ovary and uterine weight, and FSH and LH activities.

Author(s) Details:

Ifedi I. Charles,
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.

Emeka Ugwuishi
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Enugu State University College of Medicine, Parklane, Nigeria.

Ifedi O. Blessing
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.


Nwafor C. Charles
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Enugu State University College of Medicine, Parklane, Nigeria.

Okeke C. Jennifer
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.


Okoye O. Fidelis
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.

Ihezuruoha S. Chinyere
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/3684G

Advancements in Simulation Based Learning: Enhancing Clinical Competencies in Medical Education| Chapter 8 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

By providing a risk-free environment in which students may acquire essential clinical abilities, Simulation-Based Learning (SBL) is quickly revolutionizing the teaching of medicine. This development incorporates not just technical abilities but also the ability to communicate, work in a team, and make decisions in real-life situations. Virtual reality (VR) and high-fidelity models provide for fully immersive events, and focused learning enables the development of skills on an individual basis. Additional ways to improve learning include debriefing sessions and immediate feedback. All graduates must meet the specified skill level, and standardized examinations make sure of it. By giving trainees more practice with dummy patients before they treat actual ones, these innovations increase patient safety. In addition, by encouraging a development mindset in a supportive setting, SBL helps students gain self-assurance. Research shows that medical personnel who get SBL training have superior clinical abilities, make better decisions, and communicate more effectively. Emergencies in simulation-based learning are reshaping the near future of medical education by enabling the creation of highly skilled and well-rounded healthcare workers. This is despite the fact that difficulties like cost and faculty development are still present.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Sujata Singh,
Department of Pathology, Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Dr. Akash Bharadwaj
Department of Physiology, Nalanda Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India.

Dr. Sylvester Noeldoss Lazarus
Department of Pathology, American University of Barbados, Bridgetown, Barbados.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/305

A Rare Presentation of Isolated Cleft of the Ala Nasi | Chapter 9 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 

The nose is the most prominent feature on the face, any asymmetry or irregularity in the nasal contour assumes a great significance. Craniofacial clefts other than cleft lip & palate are reported to be 1.4 to 4.9 per 100,000 live births. Of these, clefts of the nose are usually associated with other clefts. Isolated cleft of Ala is rare, 0.7% of all clefts reported by Monasterio. In an analysis of photographic records of 3,500 consecutive patients with craniofacial clefts including cleft lip & palate registered with us between 1985-2012 which were accessed through our database, 13 patients with nasal clefts were identified, seven out of which had Isolated cleft of Ala.  All the patients were treated by the same technique of a posteriorly based full-thickness flap of the ala rotated into the defect and a Z plasty. Six of the seven patients healed without incident. One had a minor wound dehiscence which was managed conservatively. The study has emphasized how uncommon the ailment is and has provided a straightforward surgical method for its treatment. The authors believe that this relatively easy treatment, which even a junior surgeon can do, has good long-term results in the management of cleft Ala.

Author(s) Details:

J. Rajesh Jinka
Department of Plastic Surgery, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.

Harikiran Chekuri
Department of Plastic Surgery, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Gopalakrishna Annavarapu,
Department of Plastic Surgery, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/12522F

Analysis of Color Changes in Dental Enamel Following Exposure to Herbal Bleaching Agents: A Spectrophotometric In-vitro Study | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the color change in enamel bleached with herbal bleaching agents using a spectrophotometer.

Introduction: Tooth discoloration is a common concern affecting individuals' aesthetics, leading to an increased demand for tooth whitening procedures. Herbal bleaching agents have gained attention due to their perceived safety and efficacy. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Musa sapientum, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus limon in tooth whitening compared to hydrogen peroxide.

Materials and Methods: Forty artificially stained premolars were randomly selected, and baseline color values were obtained using a spectrophotometer. The specimens were divided into four groups: Group 1 (n=10) treated with Musa sapientum, Group 2 with Citrus sinensis, Group 3 with Citrus limon, and Group 4 served as the control and treated with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Color difference (∆E) was examined using a spectrophotometer.

Results: All tested agents induced a significant color change (∆E > 3.3). Musa sapientum demonstrated the most significant whitening effect compared to the citrus groups.

Discussion: The findings suggest that herbal bleaching agents, particularly Musa sapientum, can effectively whiten teeth. However, further studies are needed to explore their long-term effects and safety profile.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Musa sapientum exhibited superior tooth whitening efficacy compared to Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon but was inferior to hydrogen peroxide.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Jyothi Lekshmi B.
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

Dr. Saranya S. Nair
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v8/12766F

Pre-Articular and Explosive form of Rheumetoid Arthritis in a Mongel Dog | Chapter 10 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

A case of an active-explosive form of Rheumatoid arthritis with poly-arthritis was presented in a mongrel male dog. The same was brought six months back with a pre-articular/ subclinical form with predominate signs of anemia but no lameness. On the basis of its past and present history, clinical examination and hematology, it was diagnosed as a case of flare of active and explosive form of Rheumatoid arthritis. Its etiology, pathology, management and treatment with DMARDs and corticosteroids were discussed.

Author(s) Details:

Arvind Sharma,
Animal Husbandry, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India.

Kiran Preet Kaur
Veterinary Polyclinic, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India.

Sham Singh
Animal Husbandry, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14454

Taqman-based Reverse Transcription and Real-time PCR for Diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) /Small Ruminant Morbilli (SRM) Virus from Clinically Affected Animal Samples Collected in Thrissur District, Kerala State and Molecular Epidemiology of Recovered Isolates | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus and species Morbillivirus caprinae or small ruminant Morbilli virus. PPR also known as ovine rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious, World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease affecting primarily sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality. Camels and wild small ruminants can also be affected by PPRV.  PPR is considered as one of the main constraints in augmenting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries and severely affects poor farmer’s economies. The disease is clinically manifested by pyrexia, occulo-nasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, bronchopneumonia and can be diagnosed from classic clinical signs, pathological lesions, and specific detection of virus antigen-surface proteins/antibodies/viral RNA in the clinical samples by various immune chromatographic/serological tests and molecular assays. The current diagnostic strategy for PPR used in network laboratories of AHD Kerala is mainly based on serological assays.  The present study aimed to standardize Taqman-based reverse transcription Real-Time PCR (RT PCR) protocols for the detection of PPR virus in samples like EDTA blood collected during viraemic/febrile phase and tissue samples after post-mortem from clinically affected animals- and to study the molecular epidemiology of isolates recovered targeting Fusion protein (F) gene.

Author(s) Details:

Sunitha Karunakaran,
Animal Disease Control Project, Thrissur, India and Veterinary Dispensary, Koorkanchery, Thrissur, India.

Beena. P. S
Omicsgen Life Sciences Limited, North Kalamassery, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Gopika Thattat Gopinathan
Department of Animal Husbandry, Clinical Laboratory, Animal Disease Control Project, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

Hareesh Sasidharan
Animal Disease Control Project, Thrissur, India and Veterinary Dispensary, Koorkanchery, Thrissur, India.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14398

Algae as Bioindicators of Environmental Health in Protected Areas | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

In the face of an ever-expanding human footprint, the delicate weave of natural ecosystems faces unprecedented infringement. The need for effective tools to assess and manage the health of these environments, especially protected areas, is paramount. Among the various strategies employed for this purpose, the use of bioindicators stands out for its efficiency and ecological relevance. Bioindicators encompass organisms or biological responses that offer valuable insights into the health and resilience of ecosystems, allowing us to comprehend the cumulative impacts of environmental changes. The chapter highlights the value of algae as bioindicators for evaluating the health of ecosystems, particularly in protected areas, and emphasizes their function in efficient management.

Author(s) Details:

Himamani Kalita,
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India..

Partha Pratim Baruah
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14397

A Comprehensive Review on the Progression of N6-methyladenosine Study and Its Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders | Chapter 7 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Epigenetic modification refers to the reversible and heritable changes in gene function under the condition of an unchanged gene sequence, which primarily includes DNA methylation and histone modification. In this review, we summarize the research progress of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification regulation mechanism in the central nervous system and discuss the effects of gene expression regulation mediated by m6A modification on the biological functions of neuropsychiatric disorders, thereby providing some insight into new research targets and treatment directions for human diseases. Epitranscriptomic modifications can affect every aspect of RNA biology, including stability, transport, splicing, and translation, and participate in global intracellular mRNA metabolism and regulation of gene expression and various biological processes. M6A is the most prevalent RNA modification contributing to normal embryonic brain development and memory formation. The m6A modification is involved in the biological process of the central nervous system by regulating neural-related mRNA expression. However, changes in the level of m6A modification and the expression of its related proteins can cause abnormal nervous system functions, including brain development retardation, axon regeneration disorders, memory changes, and neural stem cell renewal and differentiation disorders. Recent studies have revealed that m6A modification and its related proteins play key roles in the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Disruption of m6A modification in the brain can lead to brain developmental delay and neuronal dysfunction.  Future studies are needed to examine the overall modification of m6A methylation and the joint effect of m6A methylation and other transcriptomic factors.

Author(s) Details:

Qingzhong Wang,
Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.

Yogesh Dwivedi
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14396

Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used in West Java Indonesia | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

The ethnobotanical study in this report focuses on traditional therapeutic plants utilized by local societies in the treatment of human infections. There is a need to conduct a study to record the medicinal plants associated with indigenous knowledge in Urug village, Indonesia. The reason for this research was to provide and protect the predecessors’ knowledge connected to therapeutic plant use within the community. A variety of vegetation has made substantial contributions and remained an essential part of humanity across history. This research was performed from January to February 2018 in Urug indigenous village, Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia. The main goal of this study was to document the medicinal plants that are used in the research area to cure various illnesses. This ethnobotanical knowledge was gathered with the use of semi-structural interviews, guided field walks and observations with informants. Several species were examined using the species Use value and Fidelity Level. Furthermore, 102 therapeutic plants, including 96 genera and 48 families were compiled and identified. However, Zingiberaceae (9,8%) family had the highest therapeutic plant use for several therapies in this region. The highest proportion of medicinal plants comprises herbs (40.2%) while leaves (69%) were the most often used parts in the formulation of traditional drugs. Meanwhile, decoctions (47,8%) were commonly utilized as a traditional medicine preparation method. The frequently applied ethnomedicinal plant types were Centella asiatica (1.0) while the highest Fidelity Level value for the management of sprue was Pterocarpus indicus. Also, indigenes in this survey community have traditional wisdom in the treatment of human diseases using these plants. Youth apathy poses a serious threat to these herbs, so it is important to increase awareness in the local communities with an emphasis on the sustainable use and maintenance of traditional knowledge and medicinal plants.

Author(s) Details:

Sri Endarti Rahayu,
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional. Jl. Sawo Manila No. 61, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12520, Indonesia.

Rosalia Purba
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional. Jl. Sawo Manila No. 61, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12520, Indonesia.

Ikhsan Matondang
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional. Jl. Sawo Manila No. 61, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12520, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14395

Snakes of Sudan: New Locality Records and an Update | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Snakes of Sudan comprise 77 species, 36 genera and 12 families. Tricheilostomadissimilis and Telescopusgezirae (2.3%) are endemic and Myriopholismacrohyncha, Caususresimus, T. dissimilis, Eirenis africanus, Elapsoidealaticincta, Psammophissudanensisand T. geziraeare type locality (9.1%). The study added 36 new locality records and confirmed 33 collection sites. Eleven species are poisonous to man. The affinities of snakes of Sudan with the neighboring countries were quantified. Python regius and Python sebae are near threatened while the rest are at least concern. Poaching in the skin of Python spp. justifies their conservation.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammed A. A. Abdelhameed,
Natural History Museum, University of Kordofan, Sudan.

Ismail E. Ahmed
Wildlife Life Research Center, Khartoum North, Sudan.

Zuheir N. Mahmoud
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14394

Status of Flora and Faunal Diversity on Trans Sumatra Railway Project Development Plan in Indonesia| Chapter 4 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Background and Objectives: The biodiversity of Aceh is not limited to the four wildlife, more widely encompassing the diversity of animals fauna and flora. Distribution of high biodiversity is found in mountainous areas, especially mountain slopes and foothills, and in coastal areas of the region with swamp ecosystems on the west coast such as Rawa Singkil-Trumon and Tripa Swamp. Plans to build and operate a trans-urban railway line through Aceh and northern Sumatra between Sigli - Bireun - Lhokseumawe - Langsa - Besitang, allowing impacts on flora and fauna habitat conditions on the project. Site. This research was conducted to find the biodiversity around the Project Site.

Methodology: Using the Quadrat Nest Plot approach, which was set on the transect line and involved field surveys, interviews, and literature reviews, data on species and plant counts were gathered. The results include endemic species found in Indonesia and are categorized under protected and endangered species.

Results: The construction of the railway line does not have a significant impact on the flora and fauna around the project footprint. There are 3 primate species that utilize the habitat around the project site that is long-tailed monkey (Macaca fasicularis), Lampung monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).  Javanese langur (Trachypithecus auratus) and includes endemic fauna protected by the Government of Indonesia and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUNC). But the location of the project is just an area for feeding.

Conclusions: An assessment of flora and fauna aspects related to prediction and impact evaluation. Activity plans do not affect or interfere with ecological entities. Based on the IUCN extinction status all wildlife belongs to the IUCN least concern category, except for grasshoppers whose extinction status has not been categorized by the IUCN, in addition based on observations and interviews, no endemic and endangered animal.

Author(s) Details:

Slamet Isworo,
Department of Health, Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

Poerna Sri Oetari
Department of Health, Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang, Indonesia and Mitra Adi Pranata Company, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Consultants, Semarang, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14393

Endothermy in Birds and Mammals: How the Relationships between Body Weight and Metabolic Rate, Body Temperature, Sleep and Activity Duration Developed in the History of Formation of Endothermic Vertebrates | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Here we present a meta-analysis of literature sources and original data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) in birds and mammals based on 1817 measurements (817 data points from mammals and 1000 from birds). We used these data to estimate scaling coefficients and intercept for all endothermic animals pooled and for birds and mammals separately to study the difference between these classes, and also for the main groups of lower taxonomic status. We considered BMR variation and the duration of activity in three mammalian subclasses: monotremes, marsupials and eutherians, and in three groups of birds: palaeognaths, neognaths non-passerine and passerines, depending on the evolutionary age of these groups. In all groups BMR varies with body size with the different scaling coefficient which is statistically indistinguishable from ¾ in mammals and 2/3 un birds, but with significantly different intercepts. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent for six allometric equations between the BMR and body weight was established b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae - Passeriformes - 1.00, Neognathae - Non-Passeriformes - 0.75, Palaeognathae - 0.53, Eutheria - 0.57, Marsupialia - 0.44, and Monotremata - 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present.

Activity duration varies between the main groups of endotherms. Overall sleep duration is a parameter inversely related to the overall activity. A high level of activity is related to high BMR. Placentals and paleognaths have similar BMR, i.e. terrestrial lifestyle without flight is based on nearly equal BMR.

We calculated sleep duration in the main groups of endotherms on the basis of literature data. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is activity period. BMR of eutherians and flightless paleognaths is similar, and these groups evolved at practically the same time. We suggest that each group formed its taxon-specific BMR depending on the ability to maintain thermal homeostasis under the environmental conditions that prevailed during its emergence. Monotremes were the first to branch off from the basal mammals and have the lowest BMR among the endotherms we consider. This level is minimally sufficient for maintaining homeostatic body temperature under a very limited range of environmental conditions. The next level is typical of marsupials and allows them to maintain thermal homeostasis under a broader range of conditions and have a more protracted period of activity. Finally, the metabolic rate typical of placentals and paleognaths formed in the mid-Cretaceous and allowed these groups to occupy a broader range of terrestrial niches. Immediately when the development of blood circulation and respiratory systems made it possible to reach the BMR that allowed maintaining a body temperature of 37ºС, the explosive radiation of mammals and birds started. In the mid and late Cretaceous birds and mammals started to occupy the leading positions in the ecosystems. And at last, some 50 mya passerines that have the highest BMR (nearly 50% higher than eutherians and paleognath birds) adapted to the forest habitats and gained body temperature of ca. 40ºС, which is at the upper physiological limit. The duration of activity and body temperature increased in parallel to the BMR. Ecological expansion of birds and mammals resulted in their worldwide geographic distribution. A relatively similar energetic analogue of passerines in mammals are humans, who have BMR ca. 35% higher than predicted by the scaling equation for mammals, have amazing reproductive potential, large brains and longevity much exceeding the live duration which is typical for their body-mass specific mean. Sleep duration in humans is 30% shorter than the mammals-specific mean, and it is one of the evolutionary youngest species. At the moment the global population of humans exceeds 8 billion people.

Author(s) Details:

Valery M. Gavrilov,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14392

Valuation of Two Serological Tests in the Estimation of Rabies Virus Antibodies among Free-Ranging Vaccinated Dogs in Bengaluru, India | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by an RNA virus in the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. The disease is endemic in most African and Asian countries. Globally, rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually, and domestic dogs transmit most (99%) cases. Vaccination is the practical solution for the prevention of rabies in dogs. Assessment of the immunogenicity of vaccination includes estimation of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in the target species.

We undertook a study to estimate the levels of VNA in free-roaming dogs with a history of rabies vaccination in Bengaluru city, India. We compared the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an in-house quantitative indirect ELISA (iELISA). The effectiveness of iELISA was evaluated using a two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis by comparing it with RFFIT. The study area comprised the jurisdiction of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the Bengaluru civic body. The BBMP, along with several non-government organizations (NGOs), were was conducting a trap-neuter-vaccinate-release program for the prevention of dog rabies. Serum samples were collected from 250 free-roaming dogs from representative regions of BBMP, of which 125 had a VNA titre of 0.5 IU or more by the RFFIT. Furthermore, 126 dogs showed percent positivity values (PP values) more than the cut-off PP value of 57.1 by the iELISA, accounting for 50.4% of satisfactory post-vaccinal serum conversion. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 94.4% and 95.2%, respectively. Based on these data, a quantitative ELISA may be a complementary tool for sero-monitoring immune responses of free-ranging animals after rabies vaccination. The study also recommends the need for enhanced rabies surveillance for the detection of rabies occurrence as a part of the National Action Plan for Rabies Elimination (NAPRE).

Author(s) Details:

Lekshmi J. Das,
KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14391

Challenges and Conservation: Parrot Inventories in the Heart of the Congo Basin | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

The aim of this study is to contribute to better management of the avian fauna in the Congo Basin, and in particular in the greater Mbam area of Cameroon. Biodiversity is the wealth constituted by all forms of life on earth. It can be considered at three interdependent levels: genetic, specific and ecosystemic. To inventory parrots, determine their relationship with vegetation and the threats they face, 10 transects in parallel lines measuring 2 km long and spaced 30 km apart were randomly selected in the study area (4°10 - 5°20 N; 10°30 - 11°50 E), consisting of the Mbam and Inoubou site, which is predominantly savannah, and the Mbam and Kim site, which is predominantly forest. The transects were walked simultaneously on 02 / 02 / 2011 (dry season) between 6.30 a.m and 8.30 a.m, then on 20 / 08 / 2011 (rainy season) at the same time, by 10 teams of 3 people equipped with binoculars. 500 people were interviewed to obtain additional information on the parrots' activities and uses. In the rainy season, Grey Red-tailed Parrots (GRTP) identified in the forests and savannahs of the Mbam and Inoubou site with a relative abundance (RA) of 3.97x103 and in the forests of the Mbam and Kim site (RA = 5.00x103), are less numerous than Red-headed Lovebirds (RHL) observed only in the savannahs of the Mbam and Inoubou site (RA = 1.94x104), and more abundant than Senegal Green Parrots (SGP) which colonise both the forests and savannahs of the Mbam and Kim site (RA = 3.78x103). All these parrots (AR = 3.21x104) migrate during the dry season. The absence of parrots in the study area during the long dry season is due to the fact that the food resources available are insufficient in quantity and nutritional quality to maintain their populations during this arid period, forcing them to migrate in order to survive. The parrots use 26 plant species belonging to 20 families. The Mbam and Inoubou site uses a higher biodiversity of plants. In the Mbam et Kim site, Melicia excelsa and Terminalia superba are heavily utilized by GRTP and SGP for perching, roosting, and breeding. However, at the same time, logging is heavily deforesting these species, endangering their habitats. Poaching is another hazard to the GRTP.

Author(s) Details:

Levis Gapessie Ntiendjui,
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Simon Awafor Tamungang
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Ghislain Noé Kougoum Piebeng
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O. Box .814, Maroua, Cameroon.

Gilbert Ateufack
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box. 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Josué Pone Wabo
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.


Omer Bébé Ngouateu
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O.Box .812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Joseph Tchoumboue
Department of Animal productions, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of physiology, University of Dschang, B.P.222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14390

Life and Oscillatory Reaction | Book Publisher International

 

In addition to the well-known chemical vibrational reactions, an enzyme oscillatory reaction using a semipermeable membrane has been discovered. It was found that the slow membrane permeation of the substrate caused the oscillatory reaction of the enzyme. Oscillatory reactions are thought to occur in actual biological membranes, and NADH and ATP were found to oscillate even in mitochondria. It was suggested that oscillatory reactions occur everywhere within the body. On the other hand, calcium oscillation was discovered in the interaction between calcium and phospholipids, and then calcium oscillation was discovered in reactions with various substances.

It was also discovered that oscillatory reaction of other neurotransmitters occurs, suggesting that these oscillations serve as information for information transmission.

Author(s) Details:

Taketoshi Hideshima,
J. F. Oberlin University, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/LOR/article/view/14346

Impact of Formulation Variables on 32 kg/m3 Flexible Polyurethane Foam | Chapter 9 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 9

 

Polyurethanes are polymers made up of urethane linkages, which are generated by exothermic reactions between isocyanates containing more than one reactive isocyanate group (-NCO) per molecule and alcohols having two or more reactive hydroxyl (-OH) groups per molecule (diols, triols, and polyols). Polyurethane foams are further classified as rigid, semi-rigid, and flexible foams. The comfort, breathability, flexibility, and robustness of flexible polyurethane foams (FPU) make them especially desirable in the mattress, automotive, and upholstery sectors. This study investigates the effect of various formulation variables on flexible polyurethane foam (FPU) of a density of 32 kg/m3. A detailed observatory analysis is performed to figure out the impacts of toluene di-isocyanate (TDI), water, surfactant, stannous octoate, and amine on unfilled 32-density FPU foam. The concentration of each component was manipulated to study its influence on the conduct and quality of the PU foam. All other factors that affect the final foam's quality, such as chemical temperature, mixing speed, ambient temperature, and humidity, were controlled to minimize their influence and precisely monitor the effects triggered solely by varying chemical concentrations in the FPU foams. For comparative purposes, an ideal foam with the correct amount of chemicals was developed. Comparative findings indicated that amine influences the porous nature of the resultant material, silicone plays a crucial role in delivering strength and stability to the cells and cell struts, stannous octoate provides the foam the strength required to sustain its structural integrity, and TDI has a significant impact on the hardness of the foam. Water additionally functions as a blowing agent which is essential to initiate the foam to rise from liquid components to a compressible solid. Each ingredient has a considerable impact on the chemistry, foaming procedure, and physical characteristics of the finished material. In this study, we discussed some of the more prevalent issues that arise due to insufficient or excessive concentration of chemicals on the development, and quality of the resultant polyurethane foam and offered an understanding of the chemistry and underlying reasons for these problems. This chapter delivers an insightful comprehensive description to the novices in the PU field, researchers and industrial professionals about the correlations between the FPU's structure, physical characteristics, formulation compositions, and chemical mechanisms.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Jaya Maitra,
Department of Applied Chemistry, USoVSAS, Gautam Buddha University, India..

Harshi Jaiswal
Department of Applied Chemistry, USoVSAS, Gautam Buddha University, India.

 

Mahesh N. Gopalasamudram
Chief Operating Officer, Sheela Foam Ltd., India.

Mukesh Sharma
Team Manager Foaming Department, Sheela Foam Ltd., India.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V9/article/view/14340

Optimizing Quinoline Derivatives for ABCB1 Inhibition: A Machine Learning Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Cancer | Chapter 10 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 9

 

A vast array of human tumors contain multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins linked to the ATP-binding cassette family, which lead to treatment failure. One of the mechanisms of multiple drug resistance is the overexpression of efflux pumps, like ABCB1. In order to predict the inhibitory biological activity towards ABCB1, the goal of this paper is to develop a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that best describes the correlation between the activity and the molecular structures. Using various linear and non-linear machine learning (ML) regression techniques, such as k-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision trees (DT), back propagation neural networks (BPNN), and gradient boosting-based (GB) methods, a series of quinoline derivatives of eighteen compounds were examined in this regard. Their goal is to identify the source of these compounds' activity in order to create new quinoline derivatives that have a stronger effect on ABCB1. A total of sixteen machine learning (ML) predictive models were created using varying numbers of 2D and 3D descriptors. The statistical metrics root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to assess the models. With one descriptor, represented by R2 and RMSE of 95% and 0.283, respectively, a GB-based model, specifically catboost, achieved the highest predictive quality among all developed models. The outward-facing p-glycoprotein (6C0V) was the target crystal structure for molecular docking studies, and the results showed strong binding affinities via both hydrophobic and H-bond interactions with the relevant compounds. At -9.22 kcal/mol, the 17 has the highest binding energy. As a result, it is possible that structure 17 will prove to be a useful potential lead structure for the synthesis and design of more effective P-glycoprotein inhibitors that can be combined with anti-cancer medications to manage cancer multidrug resistance.

 

Author(s) Details:

Mouad Lahyaoui,
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, USMBA, P.O. Box 2626, Fez, Morocco.

Riham Sghyar
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, USMBA, P.O. Box 2626, Fez, Morocco.

 

Yousra Seqqat
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, USMBA, P.O. Box 2626, Fez, Morocco.

Fouad Ouazzani Chahdi
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, USMBA, P.O. Box 2626, Fez, Morocco.

Ahmed Mazzah
University of Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturization for Synthesis, Analysis and Proteomics, Lille, France.


Amal Haoudi
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, USMBA, P.O. Box 2626, Fez, Morocco.

Taoufiq Saffaj
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, USMBA, P.O. Box 2626, Fez, Morocco.

Youssef Kandri Rodi
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, USMBA, P.O. Box 2626, Fez, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V9/article/view/14341

Design and Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-Acetaminophen Hybrids from Expired Commercial Acetaminophen Tablets and their In-silico ADME-Tox Properties | Chapter 8 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 9

 

A combination of two promising pharmacophore cores like 1,2,3-triazole (TA) and acetaminophen (APAP) in a single molecular entity could be useful in the lead optimization step of drug research. Therefore, designing and preparing new conjugated TA-APAP molecules is an important and actual task. This book chapter describes an impressively efficient catalyzed Huisgen reaction-based method for preparing a series of new 1-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-acetaminophen hybrids. The developed method, which does not require chromatography column separation, is a practical and efficient solution. It consists of the initial efficient O-propargylation reaction of APAP and subsequent CuBr(PPh3)3-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between O-propargylated APAP and diverse organoazides (R-N3) in the presence of tert-BuOH: H2O (1:1) system. APAP was easily obtained from expired commercial tablets using solid-liquid extraction as a starting material. An interesting nitric oxide-releasing 1,2,3-triazole hybrid of APAP was also obtained straightforwardly employing the developed method. These new drug hybrids were obtained with good yields (64–93%). According to the in-silico ADME-Tox assessment studies performed in this work and literature analysis, these hybrids could be interesting models in search of new pharmacological nontoxic agents endowed with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.

Author(s) Details:

Daniela Calderón Lamus,
Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 680002, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Prof. Dr. Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 680002, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V9/article/view/14339

Iodination of Aromatic Acetamides Derivatives Using Iodine and Iodic Acid under Both Conventional Method and Microwave Irradiation Technique| Chapter 4 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 9

 

The aromatic iodination reaction is an important electrophilic substitution reaction and the resultant Iodo products are useful intermediate in organic synthesis. Iodoacetamides were synthesized by iodination using iodine and iodic acid as an iodinating reagent in ethanol under conventional methods as well as microwave irradiation. Microwave technique has several advantages over conventional technique in terms of simple reaction procedure, easy work up and yields of product. The study findings revealed that both conventional and microwave-assisted procedures resulted in the corresponding iodinated compounds with excellent yields and high regioselectivity at the para position. The synthesized Iodo compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, Mass, and halogen analysis.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Arvind Patil,
Department of Chemistry, SNJB's K.K.H.A. Arts, S.M.G.L. Commerce & S.P.H.J. Science College, Chandwad. Dist. Nashik. 423101. (M.S.) India.

Sainath Zangade
P.G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Organic Research Laboratory, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded- 431602 (M.S.), India.

Archana Vibhute
P.G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Organic Research Laboratory, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded- 431602 (M.S.), India.

Sarla Kalyankar
P.G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Organic Research Laboratory, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded- 431602 (M.S.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V9/article/view/14335