Valuation of Two Serological Tests in the Estimation of Rabies Virus Antibodies among Free-Ranging Vaccinated Dogs in Bengaluru, India | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by an RNA virus in the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. The disease is endemic in most African and Asian countries. Globally, rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually, and domestic dogs transmit most (99%) cases. Vaccination is the practical solution for the prevention of rabies in dogs. Assessment of the immunogenicity of vaccination includes estimation of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in the target species.

 

We undertook a study to estimate the levels of VNA in free-roaming dogs with a history of rabies vaccination in Bengaluru city, India. We compared the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an in-house quantitative indirect ELISA (iELISA). The effectiveness of iELISA was evaluated using a two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis by comparing it with RFFIT. The study area comprised the jurisdiction of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the Bengaluru civic body. The BBMP, along with several non-government organizations (NGOs), was conducting a trap-neuter-vaccinate-release program for the prevention of dog rabies. Serum samples were collected from 250 free-roaming dogs from representative regions of BBMP, of which 125 had a VNA titre of 0.5 IU or more by the RFFIT. Furthermore, 126 dogs showed percent positivity values (PP values) more than the cut-off PP value of 57.1 by the iELISA, accounting for 50.4% of satisfactory post-vaccinal serum conversion. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 94.4% and 95.2%, respectively. Based on these data, a quantitative ELISA may be a complementary tool for sero-monitoring immune responses of free-ranging animals after rabies vaccination. The study also recommends the need for enhanced rabies surveillance for the detection of rabies occurrence as a part of the National Action Plan for Rabies Elimination (NAPRE).

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Lekshmi J. Das
KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v4/7568B

Evaluation of Public Health Veterinary Services' Availability for Rabies in Namibia (2010-2020) | Chapter 9 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic viral disease that occurs worldwide except in Antarctica. It spreads to humans through the saliva of infected animals. The virus is usually transmitted through bite, which is the common cause of rabies worldwide. Rabies is endemic throughout the world and they mostly affect poor and vulnerable populations who live in remote areas. Death is rarely reported and human vaccines and immunoglobulins exist for rabies, however, they are not accessible to needy people. About 60,000 people die per year mostly in Africa. Domestic animals especially dogs are responsible for the transmission of the virus through bites, scratches or saliva. Clinical symptoms may include unexplained tingling, fever, headache, and confusion. As the virus spreads to the central nervous system fatal inflammation of the spinal cord and brain develops.

 

Aim: The aim of the study is to review the availability of Public Health Veterinary Services for Rabies prevention in Namibia.

 

Methods: A scoping review was conducted, and data were collected from five databases namely PubMed Central, Biomedical Central, HINARI, Google Scholar and EBS Cohost. The articles published between 2010 and 2020 were only included, and a total of ten articles met the study's objectives.

 

Results: The studies conducted revealed that more effort was put into delivering vaccines to the communities, and the educational campaigns were done accordingly. Although educational programs were provided and other public health services it was discovered that 74% of dog owners expressed their knowledge and 24% had never heard about rabies and had never taken their dogs for vaccine. Most of the public health services are available, especially the vaccine and campaign, people are ignorant and fewer of them do not understand.

 

Conclusion: Vaccine is the most effective way of eliminating rabies. Educational programs and campaigns are mostly done when they start doing outreach points for vaccines. Countries like Ghana indicated that health promotion and campaigns were the main targets in the years 2015-2017 in order to fight against the rabies virus. Local vaccination campaigns should make an effort to eliminate the spread of rabies between dogs and humans, dog to dog. Awareness campaigns and educational programs should focus more on providing the right and updated information in order to reduce the spread of rabies in humans and dogs. In view of the Public Health importance of rabies, the government, NGOs and community people need to put more effort into the prevention and controlling rabies by making sure dogs are vaccinated against rabies, and dog owners are given all the information on rabies so that they can help meet the government halfway on fighting rabies.

 

Author (s) Details

Efraim LN
School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Namibia.

 

Sheehama J
School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Namibia.

 

Haufiku D
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Namibia, Namibia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4986

Valuation of Two Serological Tests in the Estimation of Rabies Virus Antibodies among Free-Ranging Vaccinated Dogs in Bengaluru, India | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by an RNA virus in the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. The disease is endemic in most African and Asian countries. Globally, rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually, and domestic dogs transmit most (99%) cases. Vaccination is the practical solution for the prevention of rabies in dogs. Assessment of the immunogenicity of vaccination includes estimation of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in the target species.

We undertook a study to estimate the levels of VNA in free-roaming dogs with a history of rabies vaccination in Bengaluru city, India. We compared the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an in-house quantitative indirect ELISA (iELISA). The effectiveness of iELISA was evaluated using a two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis by comparing it with RFFIT. The study area comprised the jurisdiction of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the Bengaluru civic body. The BBMP, along with several non-government organizations (NGOs), were was conducting a trap-neuter-vaccinate-release program for the prevention of dog rabies. Serum samples were collected from 250 free-roaming dogs from representative regions of BBMP, of which 125 had a VNA titre of 0.5 IU or more by the RFFIT. Furthermore, 126 dogs showed percent positivity values (PP values) more than the cut-off PP value of 57.1 by the iELISA, accounting for 50.4% of satisfactory post-vaccinal serum conversion. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 94.4% and 95.2%, respectively. Based on these data, a quantitative ELISA may be a complementary tool for sero-monitoring immune responses of free-ranging animals after rabies vaccination. The study also recommends the need for enhanced rabies surveillance for the detection of rabies occurrence as a part of the National Action Plan for Rabies Elimination (NAPRE).

Author(s) Details:

Lekshmi J. Das,
KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14391

Cases of Pet Bites and Rabies during 2005-2015: An Epidemiological Study from Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Chapter 1 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

 This affiliate highlights to draw an epidemiological sketch, to col- lect data inclined support the arguments in favor of the invention of a program of control against rabies, to formulate pieces of advice for close monitoring concerning this zoonosis in Lubumbashi. Rabies is lethal type of encephalitis induced by neurotropic viruses to RNA belonging to the Rhabdoviridae classification and to the Lyssa virus type. This cross-sectional explanatory study took into report data included from all bite sufferers received at the rabies center from January 2005 to December 2015. People over the age of 15 are the main fatalities of canine bites (62.1%), most of the victims are male (55.9%); dogs show the majority of sharp animals (96.4%) of which about 3/4 are unvaccinated (71.37%). Two municipalities are more affected: Lubumbashi (predominance 83.35/100,000 and Kampemba (Prevalence 51.74/100,000). LBite peaks were observed from July to October (p = 0.01). Rabies is most ordinary in children under the age of 15 in average, 40% of post-uncovering vaccinations are given to children old 5 to 14 and the majority of immunized individuals are guys. For the 34 people visualized with dispassionate signs of rabies encephalitis (confirmed case of rabies), the case death rate was 100%. Rabies is a major question in Lubumbashi but its old tent is various depending on the municipality. The experts must immediately enact a rabies control programme, educate the people and support partners, create canine vaccination required, and make rabies cure available to bite casualties in order to destroy rabies. Regarding the vaccination inclusion of dogs, it remains incredibly reduced.

Author(s) Details:

Nathalie Nseya,
Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Prevention, Vaccinogenic Office of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

André Ngombe Kaseba,
School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Charles Muhadila,
Higher Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Studies of Sandoa, Kolwezi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Jean Claude Mbang,
Higher Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Studies of Sandoa, Kolwezi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Claude Yav,
Higher Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Studies of Sandoa, Kolwezi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Ghislain Kikunda,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Augustin Mutombo Mulangu,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Philippe Mulenga Cilundika,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Oscar Luboya Numbi,

School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

 Eric Mukomena Sompwe,

School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V2/article/view/11189

Implementing One Health Concept in Rural Communities of Sierra Leone | Chapter 10 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 The study's goal is to bring rural residents together to combat rabies in their communities. In most rural areas of developing countries, where health care delivery is still a mirage, one health issue must be embraced and adequately implemented. The problems and approaches of implementing one health concept in Sierra Leone's rural communities are examined in this study. Invitees, Non-Governmental Organizations operating in communities, direct and indirect beneficiaries in and around the project area, including officials from the government, were surveyed using a rapid and participatory rural assessment method. District Council members, councillors, ward representatives, Paramount Chiefs, community leaders, health workers, International and National Non-Governmental Organizations, Traders, Animal Owners, and Ministry of Health and Agriculture officials Due to a multitude of factors, including a shortage of qualified available workers, insufficient infrastructure, and a weak health system in the animal and human sectors, adopting One Health in this type of rural community has proven problematic. as well as financial mismanagement and a lack of well-organized organisations. It also emphasised the importance of one-health needs and relevant zoonotic illnesses as a starting point for putting the one-health concept into action. Rabies is one of the zoonoses discovered, and it has been identified as a factor that must be improved in order to achieve rabies control in rural regions.

Author (S) Details

Dr. R. Suluku
Animal Science Serology and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

A. T. Jalloh
Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone.

Prof. B. O. Emikpe
Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V10/article/view/2551