The History and Prevalence of Cystic Hydatidosis (Hydatid Disease) in Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Camels in Libya: A Review | Chapter 7 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 3

Cystic hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a cestode parasite. Hydatid cysts are one of the most common parasitic infections in Libya, causing a variety of health problems in humans and financial losses due to the condemnation of infected viscera from slaughtered animals, as well as a reduction in the quality and quantity of other livestock products like milk, wool, and meat. The parasite's adult stage is about 3-7 mm long, with three segments on average, as well as other morphological and morphological features that aid in species identification. According to many abattoir examinations in Libya, cystic hydatidosis is a disease that affects a variety of animal species with varying rates of infection, including sheep (1.6 to 40%), goats (5.6 to 70%), cattle (2.7 to 56%), and camels (2.7 to 48%). (2.7 to 48 percent ). Based on available abattoir data, cystic echinococcosis in cattle can be classified as highly endemic across the country, with infection rates of about 50% or more in all animal species, meeting WHO requirements. Because all abattoirs lack reliable and up-to-date government records, determining the exact financial losses caused by cystic hydatidosis in livestock is challenging. The diagnosis of the parasite larval stage (hydatid disease) in living intermediate hosts (ante mortem) is primarily based on imaging and serological methods, whereas the post mortem examination of hydatid cysts can be based on inspection of several expected infected organs, primarily the liver and lungs, but also the spleen, kidneys, heart, brain, and bones of the animal. Veterinary efforts on reducing the extent and intensity of echinococcosis in definitive host populations, which may indirectly lead to control of hydatid disease prevalence in intermediate host species, are the mainstays of cystic hydatid disease prevention. Animals with cystic hydatidosis can be treated with anti-helminthic drugs, though this is currently being researched. In order to limit the level of infection and egg emission, regular treatment, extreme caution when handling pets or dealing with animal flesh, and immunisation of ruminant intermediate hosts are all being examined.

Author(S) Details

Mohamed M. Rhagem
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zawia, P.O.Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Wafa M. Ibrahem
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zawia, P.O.Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Kawther M. Ibrahem
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zawia, P.O.Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

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Implementing One Health Concept in Rural Communities of Sierra Leone | Chapter 10 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 The study's goal is to bring rural residents together to combat rabies in their communities. In most rural areas of developing countries, where health care delivery is still a mirage, one health issue must be embraced and adequately implemented. The problems and approaches of implementing one health concept in Sierra Leone's rural communities are examined in this study. Invitees, Non-Governmental Organizations operating in communities, direct and indirect beneficiaries in and around the project area, including officials from the government, were surveyed using a rapid and participatory rural assessment method. District Council members, councillors, ward representatives, Paramount Chiefs, community leaders, health workers, International and National Non-Governmental Organizations, Traders, Animal Owners, and Ministry of Health and Agriculture officials Due to a multitude of factors, including a shortage of qualified available workers, insufficient infrastructure, and a weak health system in the animal and human sectors, adopting One Health in this type of rural community has proven problematic. as well as financial mismanagement and a lack of well-organized organisations. It also emphasised the importance of one-health needs and relevant zoonotic illnesses as a starting point for putting the one-health concept into action. Rabies is one of the zoonoses discovered, and it has been identified as a factor that must be improved in order to achieve rabies control in rural regions.

Author (S) Details

Dr. R. Suluku
Animal Science Serology and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

A. T. Jalloh
Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone.

Prof. B. O. Emikpe
Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

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The Lifespan Hormesis Phenomenon in a Population does not Make It's Healthier | Chapter 9 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

Radiation hormesis, when total-body irradiation (TBI) is administered at a cumulative dose of 1.5 Gy at around 0.1 Gy/day, has recently been considered a type of useful cancer therapy. Many studies have linked hormesis to immune system potentiation. The aim of this research was to examine the impact of natural variation on the signs of hormesis in the regenerative state of dog tissues, which are visible across the life span following complete body exposure to low daily doses of external gamma radiation. Ninety beagle dogs of both sexes, from 1 year after birth to death, were irradiated with cobalt 60 at 0.003 Gy/day. Control (n = 169) and irradiated animals underwent clinical examination and autopsy during their entire life and were then retrospectively divided into two subgroups with (W) or without benign tumors or tumors of unknown nature (WO) that were clinically reported throughout the entire lifespan on a single day. Radiation hormesis was observed only in subgroup WO, which in the absence of radiation had a life span (LS) of 10.7 years. In the WO subgroup (p<0.05), the radiogenic prolongation of life to 11.8 years was close to that in the W control and irradiated W subgroups (11.8 and 11.5 years, respectively). The number of solid malignancies found in the control WO subgroup upon autopsy was smaller (39.5%) than that evident in the control W subgroup (60 percent ). The irradiation of the WO subgroup was followed by a small increase (1.14-fold) in the amount of solid malignancies visible during autopsy and in the clinical signs of tissue atrophy and body weight loss (2.4-fold and 2.4-fold respectively) relative to the irradiated W subgroup, but was accompanied by a sharp decrease in the degree of anemia and hematoblastosis (>10-fold for both). The data exclude the notion that radiation is associated with recovery, but suggest that only in poorer animals can such pathologies (e.g., hematoblastosis) be replaced with other less severe somatic diseases. It implies that, at least in mammals, the notion of radiobiological "stimulation" is unacceptable.

Author(s) Details

Aleksey N. Shoutko
Laboratory for Improvement of the Radiation Treatment Methods, Granov’ Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 197758, 70, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Ludmila P. Ekimova
Laboratory for Improvement of the Radiation Treatment Methods, Granov’ Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 197758, 70, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, St. Petersburg, Russia.

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The Prevalence and History of Echinococcus granulosus Infection in Dogs in Libya and the Potential Role of Dogs in Transmission of Cystic Echinococcosis | Chapter 1 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1

 

Libya is a country situated in North Africa, south to the Mediterranean with an area of 1 759 540 km²,
and border line of 4348 km, this makes the country fourth largest in Africa and the seventeenth largest
in the world. Sheep, goats, cattle and camels are the most numerous grazing animals in Libya, and
are important intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus which is the causative parasite of cystic hydatid disease condition. E. Granulosus is a tiny tapeworm that parasitizes the small intestine of canids, mainly dogs, which act as definitive hosts for the parasite. Infected dogs are the main source of infection to humans and livestock. The parasite is widely distributed in many parts of the world and is very common in North African countries. In Libya, the rate of infection with echinococcosis in dogs was reported to be lower than 7% to 80% in stray dogs, 34.8% to 60% in sheep/guard dogs and 7.7% to 21.6% in farm/house dogs. This data fulfills the WHO criteria and suggests that the incidence of infection with echinococcosis/ hydatidosis in some parts of the country can be reaching the level of hyper endemic. Diagnosis of echinococcosis in infected dogs can be performed by isolating the parasite from their faeces or from the contents of their small intestine after necropsy. Recent developments in immunodiagnostic assays for echinococcosis in dogs have been described. Public health and risk factors as well as ways of hydatid disease treatment and various control strategies, including the use of veterinary vaccines, have also been discussed.

Author (s) Details

Mohamed M. Ibrahem
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zawia, P. O. Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Wafa M. Ibrahem
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zawia, P. O. Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Badereddin B. Annajar
National Centre for Disease Control, Ain Zara, P. O. Box 71171, Tripoli, Libya.

Kawther M. Ibrahem
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zawia, P. O. Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Badereddin B. Annajar
National Centre for Disease Control, Ain Zara, P. O. Box 71171, Tripoli, Libya.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/267

The Prevalence and History of Echinococcus granulosus Infection in Dogs in Libya and the Potential Role of Dogs in Transmission of Cystic Echinococcosis | Chapter 1 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1

 Libya is a country situated in North Africa, south to the Mediterranean with an area of 1 759 540 km² and border line of 4348 km, this makes the country fourth largest in Africa and the seventeenth largest in the world. Sheep, goats, cattle and camels are the most numerous grazing animals in Libya, and are important intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus which is the causative parasite of cystic hydatid disease condition. E. Granulosus is a tiny tapeworm that parasitizes the small intestine of canids, mainly dogs, which act as definitive hosts for the parasite. Infected dogs are the main source of infection to humans and livestock. The parasite is widely distributed in many parts of the world and is very common in North African countries. In Libya, the rate of infection with echinococcosis in dogs was reported to be lower than 7% to 80% in stray dogs, 34.8% to 60% in sheep/guard dogs and 7.7% to 21.6% in farm/house dogs. This data fulfills the WHO criteria and suggests that the incidence of infection with echinococcosis/ hydatidosis in some parts of the country can be reaching the level of hyper endemic. Diagnosis of echinococcosis in infected dogs can be performed by isolating the parasite from their faeces or from the contents of their small intestine after necropsy. Recent developments in immunodiagnostic assays for echinococcosis in dogs have been described. Public health and risk factors as well as ways of hydatid disease treatment and various control strategies, including the use of veterinary vaccines, have also been discussed.

Author (s) Details 

Mohamed M. Ibrahem

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zawia, P. O. Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Wafa M. Ibrahem

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zawia, P. O. Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Badereddin B. Annajar

National Centre for Disease Control, Ain Zara, P. O. Box 71171, Tripoli, Libya.

Kawther M. Ibrahem

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zawia, P. O. Box 16418, Zawia, Libya.

Badereddin B. Annajar

National Centre for Disease Control, Ain Zara, P. O. Box 71171, Tripoli, Libya.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/267