Valuation of Two Serological Tests in the Estimation of Rabies Virus Antibodies among Free-Ranging Vaccinated Dogs in Bengaluru, India | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by an RNA virus in the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. The disease is endemic in most African and Asian countries. Globally, rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually, and domestic dogs transmit most (99%) cases. Vaccination is the practical solution for the prevention of rabies in dogs. Assessment of the immunogenicity of vaccination includes estimation of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in the target species.

 

We undertook a study to estimate the levels of VNA in free-roaming dogs with a history of rabies vaccination in Bengaluru city, India. We compared the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an in-house quantitative indirect ELISA (iELISA). The effectiveness of iELISA was evaluated using a two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis by comparing it with RFFIT. The study area comprised the jurisdiction of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the Bengaluru civic body. The BBMP, along with several non-government organizations (NGOs), was conducting a trap-neuter-vaccinate-release program for the prevention of dog rabies. Serum samples were collected from 250 free-roaming dogs from representative regions of BBMP, of which 125 had a VNA titre of 0.5 IU or more by the RFFIT. Furthermore, 126 dogs showed percent positivity values (PP values) more than the cut-off PP value of 57.1 by the iELISA, accounting for 50.4% of satisfactory post-vaccinal serum conversion. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 94.4% and 95.2%, respectively. Based on these data, a quantitative ELISA may be a complementary tool for sero-monitoring immune responses of free-ranging animals after rabies vaccination. The study also recommends the need for enhanced rabies surveillance for the detection of rabies occurrence as a part of the National Action Plan for Rabies Elimination (NAPRE).

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Lekshmi J. Das
KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v4/7568B

Valuation of Two Serological Tests in the Estimation of Rabies Virus Antibodies among Free-Ranging Vaccinated Dogs in Bengaluru, India | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by an RNA virus in the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. The disease is endemic in most African and Asian countries. Globally, rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually, and domestic dogs transmit most (99%) cases. Vaccination is the practical solution for the prevention of rabies in dogs. Assessment of the immunogenicity of vaccination includes estimation of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in the target species.

We undertook a study to estimate the levels of VNA in free-roaming dogs with a history of rabies vaccination in Bengaluru city, India. We compared the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an in-house quantitative indirect ELISA (iELISA). The effectiveness of iELISA was evaluated using a two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis by comparing it with RFFIT. The study area comprised the jurisdiction of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the Bengaluru civic body. The BBMP, along with several non-government organizations (NGOs), were was conducting a trap-neuter-vaccinate-release program for the prevention of dog rabies. Serum samples were collected from 250 free-roaming dogs from representative regions of BBMP, of which 125 had a VNA titre of 0.5 IU or more by the RFFIT. Furthermore, 126 dogs showed percent positivity values (PP values) more than the cut-off PP value of 57.1 by the iELISA, accounting for 50.4% of satisfactory post-vaccinal serum conversion. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 94.4% and 95.2%, respectively. Based on these data, a quantitative ELISA may be a complementary tool for sero-monitoring immune responses of free-ranging animals after rabies vaccination. The study also recommends the need for enhanced rabies surveillance for the detection of rabies occurrence as a part of the National Action Plan for Rabies Elimination (NAPRE).

Author(s) Details:

Lekshmi J. Das,
KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14391

Research Perspectives on Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria | Chapter 15 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 This phase explores the various aspects of research in malaria containing risk factors, disease, treatment, microscopic and functional studies, mainly attracting on publications from the last five age. Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria bloodsucker that has gained growing medical interest over the past two decades. This zoonotic parasitical infection is superior in Southeast Asia and causes many cases with dangerous pathology.In almost all of Southeast Asia's nations, as well as with visitors replying from these nations, human instances of human knowlesi have been written since the 2004 disclosure of a significant aggregation of cases in Sarawak. There are several factors superior to the increase of reported P. knowlesi cases. These involve better diagnostic ability, decreasing human malaria cases that in turn reduces relative exemption, increased knowledge to P. knowlesi and close proximity of persons with natural repository hosts or infected headings due to changes cruel land use. Microscopy is the gold standard for malaria disease but has its restraints as ring forms of P. knowlesi resemble P. falciparum and trophozoites and schizonts feature those of P. malariae, and hence cannot be reliably changed. In-depth population historical studies for both human and anthropoid isolates are needed to shed light on likely human-to-human transmission of P. knowlesi and more basically for us to understand the ailment epidemiology and to guide knowlesi infection control.

Author(s) Details:

Amirah Amir,
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fei Wen Cheong,
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Meng Yee Lai,
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Wen-Chyau Lee,
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Jeremy Ryan de Silva,
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Jonathan Wee Kent Liew,
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Yee Ling Lau,
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V4/article/view/12484

Wild Mammal Translocations and Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: A Potential Pandemic Risk? | Chapter 12 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

A number of improvements have been made in conservative initiatives involving the transfer of wildlife and the estimation of the danger of disease transmission. Other factors have increased the chance of zoonosis spreading, emerging, or reemerging, including the large number of species received at screening facilities from various locations, rescued after being hit by cars, collected by the public, or confiscated by authorities from illegal commerce. Beyond the well-known need to enhance wildlife management procedures, knowing as much as possible about the prevalence of harmful diseases across various species can be a highly helpful tool for lowering disease risk. This work demonstrated the development of techniques for translocations of animals, particularly those involving mammals. Finally, numerous tables were displayed identifying a range of mammals hosts and related parasite protozoa. We also looked at some characteristics of sylvatic animals as reservoir hosts of zoon-osis.

Author(s) Details:

João Carlos Araujo Carreira,
IOC/Fiocruz, Brazil.

Cecilia Bueno,
Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Brazil.

Alba Valeria Machado da Silva,
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V4/article/view/7595