Endothermy in Birds and Mammals: How the Relationships between Body Weight and Metabolic Rate, Body Temperature, Sleep and Activity Duration Developed in the History of Formation of Endothermic Vertebrates | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Here we present a meta-analysis of literature sources and original data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) in birds and mammals based on 1817 measurements (817 data points from mammals and 1000 from birds). We used these data to estimate scaling coefficients and intercept for all endothermic animals pooled and for birds and mammals separately to study the difference between these classes, and also for the main groups of lower taxonomic status. We considered BMR variation and the duration of activity in three mammalian subclasses: monotremes, marsupials and eutherians, and in three groups of birds: palaeognaths, neognaths non-passerine and passerines, depending on the evolutionary age of these groups. In all groups BMR varies with body size with the different scaling coefficient which is statistically indistinguishable from ¾ in mammals and 2/3 un birds, but with significantly different intercepts. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent for six allometric equations between the BMR and body weight was established b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae - Passeriformes - 1.00, Neognathae - Non-Passeriformes - 0.75, Palaeognathae - 0.53, Eutheria - 0.57, Marsupialia - 0.44, and Monotremata - 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present.

 

Activity duration varies between the main groups of endotherms. Overall sleep duration is a parameter inversely related to the overall activity. A high level of activity is related to high BMR. Placentals and paleognaths have similar BMR, i.e. terrestrial lifestyle without flight is based on nearly equal BMR.

 

We calculated sleep duration in the main groups of endotherms on the basis of literature data. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is activity period. BMR of eutherians and flightless paleognaths is similar, and these groups evolved at practically the same time. We suggest that each group formed its taxon-specific BMR depending on the ability to maintain thermal homeostasis under the environmental conditions that prevailed during its emergence. Monotremes were the first to branch off from the basal mammals and have the lowest BMR among the endotherms we consider. This level is minimally sufficient for maintaining homeostatic body temperature under a very limited range of environmental conditions. The next level is typical of marsupials and allows them to maintain thermal homeostasis under a broader range of conditions and have a more protracted period of activity. Finally, the metabolic rate typical of placentals and paleognaths formed in the mid-Cretaceous and allowed these groups to occupy a broader range of terrestrial niches. Immediately when the development of blood circulation and respiratory systems made it possible to reach the BMR that allowed maintaining a body temperature of 37 oC, the explosive radiation of mammals and birds started. In the mid and late Cretaceous birds and mammals started to occupy the leading positions in the ecosystems. And at last, some 50 mya passerines that have the highest BMR (nearly 50% higher than eutherians and paleognath birds) adapted to the forest habitats and gained body temperature of ca. 40oC, which is at the upper physiological limit. The duration of activity and body temperature increased in parallel to the BMR. Ecological expansion of birds and mammals resulted in their worldwide geographic distribution. A relatively similar energetic analogue of passerines in mammals are humans, who have BMR ca. 35% higher than predicted by the scaling equation for mammals, have amazing reproductive potential, large brains and longevity much exceeding the live duration which is typical for their body-mass specific mean. Sleep duration in humans is 30% shorter than the mammals-specific mean, and it is one of the evolutionary youngest species. At the moment the global population of humans exceeds 8 billion people.

 

Author(s) Details

Valery M. Gavrilov

Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v4/3716G

Antipyretic Activity Test of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Seed in White Male Mice (Mus musculus) |Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 5

 

The rambutan plant (Nephelium lappaceum L.) empirically contains flavonoids. Flavonoid has many kinds of bioactivity which function as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects and can help reduce fevers. There have not been many studies conducted on rambutan seeds as a pain and fever reliever. Fever is a sign that the body is fighting infection or bacteria in the body, usually, the body temperature has increased greater than normal body temperature (> 37.2oC). The purpose of this study was to prove the antipyretic activity of rambutan seed extract against white male mice induced by the DPT-HB-Hib vaccine. This study used an experimental method which was divided into 5 treatment groups, namely, negative control of 1% Na CMC, positive control of paracetamol 1.3 mg/20 g BW of mice, and three groups of rambutan seed extract doses of 37.5 mg, 75 mg, and 150 mg/20 g BW mice. Fresh rambutan fruit was taken from Cikalang Tengah village, Tawang sub-district, Tasikmalaya City. Temperature measurements were carried out for 180 minutes with 30-minute intervals. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA test and LSD test. ANOVA test results for 180 minutes obtained p-value = 0.035, which means that there is a significant difference in temperature reduction in the five treatment groups, while the LSD test results for 180 minutes, the most effective dose is dose II of 75 mg/20 g BW in mice compared to other doses and did not have a significant difference with the positive control (paracetamol) because it had a comparable effect in reducing fever temperature in mice (Mus musculus). The dose III for 150mg/BW has an effectiveness rate of 98.11%. The highest antipyretic effectiveness falls to dose II for 75 mg/20g BW (98.58%), and the results are statistically significant.

 

Author(s) Details

Nitya Nurul Fadilah
Pharmacy Study Program, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia.

Ali Nofriyaldi
Pharmacy Study Program, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia.

Suna Agustine Junaedi
Pharmacy Study Program, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v5/1305

Endothermy in Birds and Mammals: How the Relationships between Body Weight and Metabolic Rate, Body Temperature, Sleep and Activity Duration Developed in the History of Formation of Endothermic Vertebrates | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Here we present a meta-analysis of literature sources and original data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) in birds and mammals based on 1817 measurements (817 data points from mammals and 1000 from birds). We used these data to estimate scaling coefficients and intercept for all endothermic animals pooled and for birds and mammals separately to study the difference between these classes, and also for the main groups of lower taxonomic status. We considered BMR variation and the duration of activity in three mammalian subclasses: monotremes, marsupials and eutherians, and in three groups of birds: palaeognaths, neognaths non-passerine and passerines, depending on the evolutionary age of these groups. In all groups BMR varies with body size with the different scaling coefficient which is statistically indistinguishable from ¾ in mammals and 2/3 un birds, but with significantly different intercepts. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent for six allometric equations between the BMR and body weight was established b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae - Passeriformes - 1.00, Neognathae - Non-Passeriformes - 0.75, Palaeognathae - 0.53, Eutheria - 0.57, Marsupialia - 0.44, and Monotremata - 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present.

Activity duration varies between the main groups of endotherms. Overall sleep duration is a parameter inversely related to the overall activity. A high level of activity is related to high BMR. Placentals and paleognaths have similar BMR, i.e. terrestrial lifestyle without flight is based on nearly equal BMR.

We calculated sleep duration in the main groups of endotherms on the basis of literature data. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is activity period. BMR of eutherians and flightless paleognaths is similar, and these groups evolved at practically the same time. We suggest that each group formed its taxon-specific BMR depending on the ability to maintain thermal homeostasis under the environmental conditions that prevailed during its emergence. Monotremes were the first to branch off from the basal mammals and have the lowest BMR among the endotherms we consider. This level is minimally sufficient for maintaining homeostatic body temperature under a very limited range of environmental conditions. The next level is typical of marsupials and allows them to maintain thermal homeostasis under a broader range of conditions and have a more protracted period of activity. Finally, the metabolic rate typical of placentals and paleognaths formed in the mid-Cretaceous and allowed these groups to occupy a broader range of terrestrial niches. Immediately when the development of blood circulation and respiratory systems made it possible to reach the BMR that allowed maintaining a body temperature of 37ºС, the explosive radiation of mammals and birds started. In the mid and late Cretaceous birds and mammals started to occupy the leading positions in the ecosystems. And at last, some 50 mya passerines that have the highest BMR (nearly 50% higher than eutherians and paleognath birds) adapted to the forest habitats and gained body temperature of ca. 40ºС, which is at the upper physiological limit. The duration of activity and body temperature increased in parallel to the BMR. Ecological expansion of birds and mammals resulted in their worldwide geographic distribution. A relatively similar energetic analogue of passerines in mammals are humans, who have BMR ca. 35% higher than predicted by the scaling equation for mammals, have amazing reproductive potential, large brains and longevity much exceeding the live duration which is typical for their body-mass specific mean. Sleep duration in humans is 30% shorter than the mammals-specific mean, and it is one of the evolutionary youngest species. At the moment the global population of humans exceeds 8 billion people.

Author(s) Details:

Valery M. Gavrilov,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14392

Threshold for Defining Fever Varies with Age Especially in Children and can be Further Improved Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques: A Multi-site Diagnostic Accuracy Study | Chapter 15 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 Fever is a key prognostic indicator of disease. It is a symptom of viral infections, but it can also be a symptom of bacterial infections that can be treated with medicines. In general, the risk of infection rises with the severity of the fever, although infection is the root cause of fever and the most dangerous aspect of disease. As a result, while determining a fever threshold, the optimal fever threshold should be based on a comparison of the temperature measurement to "real disease or infection as determined by diagnostic tests and a thorough patient examination by a physician or health care professional."

Fever is defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the European Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine as a temperature of more than 38.0°C in people of all ages. While the AAP and ECPA recommend a stable temperature of 100.4°F (38.0°C) as a guideline, it delivers a poor prognosis for infections and illness. Herzog et al [1] adopted a different approach, doing an exhaustive examination of the literature to investigate the various cutoff points and determine the lower limit of "fever" and "severe fever" based on the age of the patient.

Design: A multi-site diagnostic accuracy research was undertaken on a total of 894 individuals, 373 of whom were sick, to compare a 'age-based' threshold model with a 'fixed' threshold over 38.0°C.

Methods: A clinical categorization ("healthy" or "sick") completed by a doctor through a comprehensive examination was compared to the 'age-based' and 'fixed' threshold fever determinations.

Results: In all ages, the sensitivity and accuracy of age-based thresholds were found to be superior to set thresholds. Using an ensemble decision tree based Artificial Intelligence system with age and numerous other parameters, the sensitivity and accuracy were shown to improve even more.

Conclusion: Our findings showed that the empirical model proposed by Herzog et al [1] for age-based fever thresholds showed a closer agreement (in terms of sensitivity and accuracy) between fever due to elevated temperatures and illness as identified by a clinical impression from a Health Care Professional. This agreement was also improved by the AI model utilising a decision tree ensemble approach.

Clinical Importance: The framework given by this study will help parents and caregivers make better decisions about whether or not to seek medical help [2]. It will also enable for the treatment of fevers at home rather than having to go to the doctor. As a result, parents' medical bills will be lower, and medical resources will be used more efficiently. Other authors [3], for example, have showed a large cost savings as a result of precise prognosis of newborns with illness or infection.

Author(S) Details

Rajesh S. Kasbekar
Helen of Troy, Inc., Regulatory and Clinical Affairs Department, 400 Donald Lynch Boulevard, Suite 300, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V7/article/view/6602

Design of a Low Cost Biomedical Parameter Monitoring System | Chapter 1 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 4

 We created a biological parameter monitoring system using the Node MCU to track body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen saturation level (SpO2) data in this paper. The sensors that detect these signals are called sensors. We created the requisite signal conditioning circuits in our lab using off-the-shelf electronic components. The ESP 32 Node MCU-based data collecting system was created to collect relevant biological parameters. The prototype produced is a low-cost alternative to commercially available biological parameter monitoring devices. The necessary processing code is written in C and uploaded to the Node MCU using the Arduino IDE. On the OLED display module, all of the gathered parameters were presented. The devised technology was put to the test on 50 people of various ages and genders. The collected results were subjected to an error analysis. The prototype reveals that the system's accuracy for measured parameters is 98 percent. The system is designed for portability, high functionality, and low cost, making it an easily accessible tool for the general public, clinical environments, and other medical applications.

Author(S) Details

R. K. Parate
S. K. Porwal College Kamptee, India.

S. J. Sharma
Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V4/article/view/5101