Threshold for Defining Fever Varies with Age Especially in Children and can be Further Improved Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques: A Multi-site Diagnostic Accuracy Study | Chapter 15 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 Fever is a key prognostic indicator of disease. It is a symptom of viral infections, but it can also be a symptom of bacterial infections that can be treated with medicines. In general, the risk of infection rises with the severity of the fever, although infection is the root cause of fever and the most dangerous aspect of disease. As a result, while determining a fever threshold, the optimal fever threshold should be based on a comparison of the temperature measurement to "real disease or infection as determined by diagnostic tests and a thorough patient examination by a physician or health care professional."

Fever is defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the European Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine as a temperature of more than 38.0°C in people of all ages. While the AAP and ECPA recommend a stable temperature of 100.4°F (38.0°C) as a guideline, it delivers a poor prognosis for infections and illness. Herzog et al [1] adopted a different approach, doing an exhaustive examination of the literature to investigate the various cutoff points and determine the lower limit of "fever" and "severe fever" based on the age of the patient.

Design: A multi-site diagnostic accuracy research was undertaken on a total of 894 individuals, 373 of whom were sick, to compare a 'age-based' threshold model with a 'fixed' threshold over 38.0°C.

Methods: A clinical categorization ("healthy" or "sick") completed by a doctor through a comprehensive examination was compared to the 'age-based' and 'fixed' threshold fever determinations.

Results: In all ages, the sensitivity and accuracy of age-based thresholds were found to be superior to set thresholds. Using an ensemble decision tree based Artificial Intelligence system with age and numerous other parameters, the sensitivity and accuracy were shown to improve even more.

Conclusion: Our findings showed that the empirical model proposed by Herzog et al [1] for age-based fever thresholds showed a closer agreement (in terms of sensitivity and accuracy) between fever due to elevated temperatures and illness as identified by a clinical impression from a Health Care Professional. This agreement was also improved by the AI model utilising a decision tree ensemble approach.

Clinical Importance: The framework given by this study will help parents and caregivers make better decisions about whether or not to seek medical help [2]. It will also enable for the treatment of fevers at home rather than having to go to the doctor. As a result, parents' medical bills will be lower, and medical resources will be used more efficiently. Other authors [3], for example, have showed a large cost savings as a result of precise prognosis of newborns with illness or infection.

Author(S) Details

Rajesh S. Kasbekar
Helen of Troy, Inc., Regulatory and Clinical Affairs Department, 400 Donald Lynch Boulevard, Suite 300, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA.

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Infant Feeding in Rural Areas of Koro, North Cote D’Ivoire: A Community Solution Perspective| Chapter 9 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 3

 In the rural parts of Koro, this article attempts to establish a community diagnostic and design implementation strategies for the control and improvement of newborn feeding and infant health. In Côte d'Ivoire, infant feeding is a serious child health issue. As a result of this predicament, a participatory community health method was implemented in Koro's rural area. It was a qualitative study with the Koro community as the focus group. Social mobilisation, community diagnosis, and the reparation workshop are the three components of the study. As a result, the most pressing issues surrounding newborn feeding in the United States have been addressed. The problems in the community, as well as their remedies, were recognised, and an action plan for healthy infant feeding was created. The rejection of colostrum, non-observance of exclusive breastfeeding, incorrect introduction of supplemental foods, the burden of fieldwork demand on mothers, and early discontinuation of breastfeeding are among the most pressing issues. The key remedies evaluated based on the replies received include: teaching the community's mothers to change their ways. Supporting mothers in the process of dietary diversification and quitting breastfeeding by changing their perceptions about colostrum. In order to improve newborn feeding, an implementation action plan based on a dynamic and community collaborative structure was created. It looks to be useful as a health monitoring tool for the Koro rural community.

Author (s) Details

Adou Serge Judicaël Anoua
Alassane Ouattara University, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.

Mohamed Sow
Alassane Ouattara University, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.

Gondo Cesaire Goue
Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ivory Coast.


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A Case Report of U-Shaped Metallic Foreign Body in the Nasopharynx of an Infant | Chapter 2 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 Foreign bodies in the nasopharynx, in contrast to foreign bodies in the ear and nose, are uncommon in Ear, Nose, and ENT clinics. It's possible that it will initially go unnoticed. A high level of suspicion is required for the diagnosis [1]. A U-shaped metallic foreign substance lodged in an infant's nasopharynx. The foreign body was diagnosed using plain radiography skull images, which included the nasopharynx. It was safely removed under general anaesthesia and without difficulties using the oral route.

Author (s) Details

Chijioke C. Anekpo
Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria.

Anthony J. Edeh
Department of Surgery, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria.

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A Descriptive Study on Growth Profile of 100 Breastfeeding Children with Early Introduction of Infant Formulas in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 The aim of this study was to explain the growth profile of breastfeeding babies after the early introduction of infant formulas in order to improve the young infant's feeding pattern. Uncontrolled feeding of newborns during the first 1000 days of life raises the risk of malnutrition, which increases the risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure in adulthood.

Methodology: A longitudinal descriptive study on 100 stable newborn babies with the introduction of infant formulas before 6 months of life was performed in two medical clinics in Abidjan from 11 June 2013 to 15 December 2016. The anthropometric parameters were compared to those recommended by the World Health Organization.

The percentage of women who exclusively breastfed was 5%. In 95% of cases, ablactation occurred within 12 months. At 3 and 9 months, both infants had doubled and tripled their birth weight. At 12 months, the height and head circumference measured at birth had grown by 50% and 37%, respectively. As compared to WHO growth maps, girls gained 12.4 percent more weight at 3 months and boys gained 7.3 percent more at 6 months. Stature gain at 12 months, on the other hand, was 50% lower than WHO standards, while head circumference was 37.8% and 45.5 percent higher than WHO standards in boys and girls, respectively.

Stunting was found in 26.1 percent of boys and 13.3 percent of girls at three months. Finally, after a year, the BMI revealed that 10% of people were overweight and 19% were obese.

Conclusion: Breastfeeding combined with the early adoption of baby formulas raises the likelihood of young infant malnutrition. We suggest avoiding it and exclusively breastfeeding instead.

Author (s) Details

Richard Azagoh-Kouadio
Paediatric Ward of University and Teaching Hospital of Angré, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Kouadio Vincent Asse
Paediatric Ward of University and Teaching Hospital of Bouake, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

Jean-Jacques Yao Atteby
Paediatric Ward of Hospital Mother-Child of Bingerville, Bingerville, Côte d’Ivoire

Lassina Cisse
Paediatric Ward of University and Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Jacob Slanziahuelie Enoh
Paediatric Ward of University and Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Ehouman Mocket Adolphe
University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa

Stéphane Koffi-Djadan
Paediatric Ward of University and Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Soumahoro Oulai
Paediatric Ward of University and Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

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