Endothermy in Birds and Mammals: How the Relationships between Body Weight and Metabolic Rate, Body Temperature, Sleep and Activity Duration Developed in the History of Formation of Endothermic Vertebrates | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Here we present a meta-analysis of literature sources and original data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) in birds and mammals based on 1817 measurements (817 data points from mammals and 1000 from birds). We used these data to estimate scaling coefficients and intercept for all endothermic animals pooled and for birds and mammals separately to study the difference between these classes, and also for the main groups of lower taxonomic status. We considered BMR variation and the duration of activity in three mammalian subclasses: monotremes, marsupials and eutherians, and in three groups of birds: palaeognaths, neognaths non-passerine and passerines, depending on the evolutionary age of these groups. In all groups BMR varies with body size with the different scaling coefficient which is statistically indistinguishable from ¾ in mammals and 2/3 un birds, but with significantly different intercepts. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent for six allometric equations between the BMR and body weight was established b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae - Passeriformes - 1.00, Neognathae - Non-Passeriformes - 0.75, Palaeognathae - 0.53, Eutheria - 0.57, Marsupialia - 0.44, and Monotremata - 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present.

 

Activity duration varies between the main groups of endotherms. Overall sleep duration is a parameter inversely related to the overall activity. A high level of activity is related to high BMR. Placentals and paleognaths have similar BMR, i.e. terrestrial lifestyle without flight is based on nearly equal BMR.

 

We calculated sleep duration in the main groups of endotherms on the basis of literature data. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is activity period. BMR of eutherians and flightless paleognaths is similar, and these groups evolved at practically the same time. We suggest that each group formed its taxon-specific BMR depending on the ability to maintain thermal homeostasis under the environmental conditions that prevailed during its emergence. Monotremes were the first to branch off from the basal mammals and have the lowest BMR among the endotherms we consider. This level is minimally sufficient for maintaining homeostatic body temperature under a very limited range of environmental conditions. The next level is typical of marsupials and allows them to maintain thermal homeostasis under a broader range of conditions and have a more protracted period of activity. Finally, the metabolic rate typical of placentals and paleognaths formed in the mid-Cretaceous and allowed these groups to occupy a broader range of terrestrial niches. Immediately when the development of blood circulation and respiratory systems made it possible to reach the BMR that allowed maintaining a body temperature of 37 oC, the explosive radiation of mammals and birds started. In the mid and late Cretaceous birds and mammals started to occupy the leading positions in the ecosystems. And at last, some 50 mya passerines that have the highest BMR (nearly 50% higher than eutherians and paleognath birds) adapted to the forest habitats and gained body temperature of ca. 40oC, which is at the upper physiological limit. The duration of activity and body temperature increased in parallel to the BMR. Ecological expansion of birds and mammals resulted in their worldwide geographic distribution. A relatively similar energetic analogue of passerines in mammals are humans, who have BMR ca. 35% higher than predicted by the scaling equation for mammals, have amazing reproductive potential, large brains and longevity much exceeding the live duration which is typical for their body-mass specific mean. Sleep duration in humans is 30% shorter than the mammals-specific mean, and it is one of the evolutionary youngest species. At the moment the global population of humans exceeds 8 billion people.

 

Author(s) Details

Valery M. Gavrilov

Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v4/3716G

Endothermy in Birds and Mammals: How the Relationships between Body Weight and Metabolic Rate, Body Temperature, Sleep and Activity Duration Developed in the History of Formation of Endothermic Vertebrates | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Here we present a meta-analysis of literature sources and original data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) in birds and mammals based on 1817 measurements (817 data points from mammals and 1000 from birds). We used these data to estimate scaling coefficients and intercept for all endothermic animals pooled and for birds and mammals separately to study the difference between these classes, and also for the main groups of lower taxonomic status. We considered BMR variation and the duration of activity in three mammalian subclasses: monotremes, marsupials and eutherians, and in three groups of birds: palaeognaths, neognaths non-passerine and passerines, depending on the evolutionary age of these groups. In all groups BMR varies with body size with the different scaling coefficient which is statistically indistinguishable from ¾ in mammals and 2/3 un birds, but with significantly different intercepts. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent for six allometric equations between the BMR and body weight was established b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae - Passeriformes - 1.00, Neognathae - Non-Passeriformes - 0.75, Palaeognathae - 0.53, Eutheria - 0.57, Marsupialia - 0.44, and Monotremata - 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present.

Activity duration varies between the main groups of endotherms. Overall sleep duration is a parameter inversely related to the overall activity. A high level of activity is related to high BMR. Placentals and paleognaths have similar BMR, i.e. terrestrial lifestyle without flight is based on nearly equal BMR.

We calculated sleep duration in the main groups of endotherms on the basis of literature data. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is activity period. BMR of eutherians and flightless paleognaths is similar, and these groups evolved at practically the same time. We suggest that each group formed its taxon-specific BMR depending on the ability to maintain thermal homeostasis under the environmental conditions that prevailed during its emergence. Monotremes were the first to branch off from the basal mammals and have the lowest BMR among the endotherms we consider. This level is minimally sufficient for maintaining homeostatic body temperature under a very limited range of environmental conditions. The next level is typical of marsupials and allows them to maintain thermal homeostasis under a broader range of conditions and have a more protracted period of activity. Finally, the metabolic rate typical of placentals and paleognaths formed in the mid-Cretaceous and allowed these groups to occupy a broader range of terrestrial niches. Immediately when the development of blood circulation and respiratory systems made it possible to reach the BMR that allowed maintaining a body temperature of 37ºС, the explosive radiation of mammals and birds started. In the mid and late Cretaceous birds and mammals started to occupy the leading positions in the ecosystems. And at last, some 50 mya passerines that have the highest BMR (nearly 50% higher than eutherians and paleognath birds) adapted to the forest habitats and gained body temperature of ca. 40ºС, which is at the upper physiological limit. The duration of activity and body temperature increased in parallel to the BMR. Ecological expansion of birds and mammals resulted in their worldwide geographic distribution. A relatively similar energetic analogue of passerines in mammals are humans, who have BMR ca. 35% higher than predicted by the scaling equation for mammals, have amazing reproductive potential, large brains and longevity much exceeding the live duration which is typical for their body-mass specific mean. Sleep duration in humans is 30% shorter than the mammals-specific mean, and it is one of the evolutionary youngest species. At the moment the global population of humans exceeds 8 billion people.

Author(s) Details:

Valery M. Gavrilov,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14392

Review of the Trikirion of Communication: Symboleracy, Numeracy and Techneracy | Chapter 4 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 7

 The starting point is the phylogeny of communication because the educational topic I am going to address cannot even exist if there is no communication. We have to understand that all Hominins were communicating. Probably all Hominins after Homo Erectus included had some command of some articulated language, but only Homo Sapiens reached the comprehensive and sustainable command of the fully-articulated language, probably around 200,000 BCE. The next great stage is the development of representational and symbolic inscriptions and paintings or engravings on all durable media available, rockface in caves, stone, bone, ivory, and tusks. This symbolic transcription of stories and experience, maybe some spiritual language accompanying some rituals, is the first form of writing seen as symbolic transcription and going back to 300,000 BCE with Homo Naledi, 100,000 BCE with Homo Neanderthalensis, and 50,000 with Homo Sapiens. Syllabic and alphabetical writing only came around 3,500 BCE for Homo Sapiens. There might have been older cases, but archaeology has not yet covered the whole world for all types of symbolic inscriptions that could have led to symbolic phonetic writing. The next stage was the printing press which enabled mass education and mass communication. The next stage is the digital age as the most advanced form of the mechanical development of oral and written communication, the latest development being Generative Artificial Intelligence. In this modern age, education has to shift completely from teacher-centered education to guided self-learning which is based on 1- The self-learner’s desires; 2- The self-learner’s choices; 3- Teamwork; 4- The freedom of expression, tolerance, and discussion, and the freedom of emotional intelligence; 5- Motivation; 6- No disruptive self-learners, only disruptive treatment of self-learners; 7- All tools available to all self-learners with NO restrictions; 8- Flexibility: top self-learners, average midway self-learners, students with special needs and differently-abled students, Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development, Guide-Coach-Teacher’s flexible self-learning; 9- Systematic recap and discussion of achieved self-learning at the end of each phase; 10- Multi-ism and Pluri-ism. This article presents a globalizing vision of about 65 years of experience in education in many countries and many circumstances. The main methodological procedure is to capture the phylogeny of what I am studying, meaning the inner logic and processing that makes all these phenomena sustainable: at every step in the development, the phenomena themselves produce the means and energy that enable the next step to emerge. Language is a self-developing communicational tool, and communication itself is a self-developing behavioral competence.

Author(s) Details:

Jacques Coulardeau,
Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V7/article/view/13937

Comprehensive Assessment of the Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Status of the Celeastralean Plexus | Chapter 5 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 9

The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of the celeastralean plexus is thoroughly evaluated and reported. A synthetic review has been attempted using the data from several disciplines disclosed by previous writers as well as the current author's alliance study. The taxonomic literature indicated that the Celeastrales (sensu lato) are a loose-knit assemblage. The tribal, subfamilial, familial and even ordinal boundaries are uncertain and even criss-cross each other. It appeared that the alliance can be grouped under two taxonomic entities viz., the Celastrales and the Rhamnales which appear evolved convergently.

Author(s) Details:

Shisode S. B.,
Department of Botany, L. V. H. College, Panchavati, Nashik–422003 (M.S.), India.

D. A. Patil,
Post-Graduate Department of Botany, S.S.V.P. Sanstha’s L. K. Dr. P. R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule – 424 005, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V9/article/view/13645

Origin, Adaptations and Evolution of Land Plants | Chapter 1 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 5

 Colonization of plants from sea to land lead to important evolutionary occurrences and a transition from charophytes to ultimate complex angiosperms. It also resulted in various adaptations for duplication, structural support, and stop of water loss. The inception, adaptations, and development of land plants were mainly got from different periods of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. The branch focuses on the evolutionary progresses in the tissue system, fundamental support, morphology, and duplication of land plants. New genome sequencing works to tell more evolutionary evidence of land plants.

Author(s) Details:

Florence Treesa Winnie,
Department of Botany, St. Berchmans College, Changanassery, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V5/article/view/12296

Morphology and Phylogeny of Five New Ganodermataceae (Polyporales) Species for Vietnam | Chapter 2 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

In Asia, members of the Ganodermataceae family are utilised in traditional medicine. Since the fifteenth century, these mushrooms have been utilised in Vietnamese traditional medicine to cure a number of ailments. This study used morphology and 5.8S-ITS rDNA phylogenetic analysis to classify five new Ganodermataceae specimens that were collected from Kon Ka Kinh National Park in Vietnam. These specimens included Ganoderma multiplicatum, Ganoderma sinense, two strains of Ganoderma lingzhi, and Amauroderma subresinosum. A phylogenetic tree and colour photos of macro-micro characteristics were presented and discussed. This is the first report of newly discovered specimens of Amauroderma subresinosum, Ganoderma multiplicatum, Ganoderma sinense, and two strains of Ganoderma lingzhi for Vietnam. This study made a contribution to the geographic distribution, morphological traits, and rDNA sequences of novel Vietnamese Ganodermataceae.

Author(s) Details:

Trang Thi Thu Nguyen,
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Nguyen Van Cu-227, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam and Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City 71308, Vietnam.

Nhung Thi Trang Le,
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Nguyen Van Cu-227, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnama and Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City 71308, Vietnam.

Tan Khanh Nguyen,
Scientific Management Department, Dong A University, 33 Xo Viet Nghe Tinh, Hai Chau District, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam.

Huynh Van Thi Nguyen,
Scientific Management Department, Dong A University, 33 Xo Viet Nghe Tinh, Hai Chau District, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam.

Hoang Duc Nguyen,
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Nguyen Van Cu-227, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam and Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City 71308, Vietnam.

Linh Thuoc Tran,
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Nguyen Van Cu-227, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam and Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City 71308, Vietnam.

Kim Thuong Pham Van,
School of Medicine & Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Hoa Quy, Ngu Hanh Son District, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam.

Manh Hung Tran,
School of Medicine & Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Hoa Quy, Ngu Hanh Son District, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V4/article/view/7585