Endothermy in Birds and Mammals: How the Relationships between Body Weight and Metabolic Rate, Body Temperature, Sleep and Activity Duration Developed in the History of Formation of Endothermic Vertebrates | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Here we present a meta-analysis of literature sources and original data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) in birds and mammals based on 1817 measurements (817 data points from mammals and 1000 from birds). We used these data to estimate scaling coefficients and intercept for all endothermic animals pooled and for birds and mammals separately to study the difference between these classes, and also for the main groups of lower taxonomic status. We considered BMR variation and the duration of activity in three mammalian subclasses: monotremes, marsupials and eutherians, and in three groups of birds: palaeognaths, neognaths non-passerine and passerines, depending on the evolutionary age of these groups. In all groups BMR varies with body size with the different scaling coefficient which is statistically indistinguishable from ¾ in mammals and 2/3 un birds, but with significantly different intercepts. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent for six allometric equations between the BMR and body weight was established b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae - Passeriformes - 1.00, Neognathae - Non-Passeriformes - 0.75, Palaeognathae - 0.53, Eutheria - 0.57, Marsupialia - 0.44, and Monotremata - 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present.

 

Activity duration varies between the main groups of endotherms. Overall sleep duration is a parameter inversely related to the overall activity. A high level of activity is related to high BMR. Placentals and paleognaths have similar BMR, i.e. terrestrial lifestyle without flight is based on nearly equal BMR.

 

We calculated sleep duration in the main groups of endotherms on the basis of literature data. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is activity period. BMR of eutherians and flightless paleognaths is similar, and these groups evolved at practically the same time. We suggest that each group formed its taxon-specific BMR depending on the ability to maintain thermal homeostasis under the environmental conditions that prevailed during its emergence. Monotremes were the first to branch off from the basal mammals and have the lowest BMR among the endotherms we consider. This level is minimally sufficient for maintaining homeostatic body temperature under a very limited range of environmental conditions. The next level is typical of marsupials and allows them to maintain thermal homeostasis under a broader range of conditions and have a more protracted period of activity. Finally, the metabolic rate typical of placentals and paleognaths formed in the mid-Cretaceous and allowed these groups to occupy a broader range of terrestrial niches. Immediately when the development of blood circulation and respiratory systems made it possible to reach the BMR that allowed maintaining a body temperature of 37 oC, the explosive radiation of mammals and birds started. In the mid and late Cretaceous birds and mammals started to occupy the leading positions in the ecosystems. And at last, some 50 mya passerines that have the highest BMR (nearly 50% higher than eutherians and paleognath birds) adapted to the forest habitats and gained body temperature of ca. 40oC, which is at the upper physiological limit. The duration of activity and body temperature increased in parallel to the BMR. Ecological expansion of birds and mammals resulted in their worldwide geographic distribution. A relatively similar energetic analogue of passerines in mammals are humans, who have BMR ca. 35% higher than predicted by the scaling equation for mammals, have amazing reproductive potential, large brains and longevity much exceeding the live duration which is typical for their body-mass specific mean. Sleep duration in humans is 30% shorter than the mammals-specific mean, and it is one of the evolutionary youngest species. At the moment the global population of humans exceeds 8 billion people.

 

Author(s) Details

Valery M. Gavrilov

Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v4/3716G

Endothermy in Birds and Mammals: How the Relationships between Body Weight and Metabolic Rate, Body Temperature, Sleep and Activity Duration Developed in the History of Formation of Endothermic Vertebrates | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

Here we present a meta-analysis of literature sources and original data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) in birds and mammals based on 1817 measurements (817 data points from mammals and 1000 from birds). We used these data to estimate scaling coefficients and intercept for all endothermic animals pooled and for birds and mammals separately to study the difference between these classes, and also for the main groups of lower taxonomic status. We considered BMR variation and the duration of activity in three mammalian subclasses: monotremes, marsupials and eutherians, and in three groups of birds: palaeognaths, neognaths non-passerine and passerines, depending on the evolutionary age of these groups. In all groups BMR varies with body size with the different scaling coefficient which is statistically indistinguishable from ¾ in mammals and 2/3 un birds, but with significantly different intercepts. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent for six allometric equations between the BMR and body weight was established b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae - Passeriformes - 1.00, Neognathae - Non-Passeriformes - 0.75, Palaeognathae - 0.53, Eutheria - 0.57, Marsupialia - 0.44, and Monotremata - 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present.

Activity duration varies between the main groups of endotherms. Overall sleep duration is a parameter inversely related to the overall activity. A high level of activity is related to high BMR. Placentals and paleognaths have similar BMR, i.e. terrestrial lifestyle without flight is based on nearly equal BMR.

We calculated sleep duration in the main groups of endotherms on the basis of literature data. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is activity period. BMR of eutherians and flightless paleognaths is similar, and these groups evolved at practically the same time. We suggest that each group formed its taxon-specific BMR depending on the ability to maintain thermal homeostasis under the environmental conditions that prevailed during its emergence. Monotremes were the first to branch off from the basal mammals and have the lowest BMR among the endotherms we consider. This level is minimally sufficient for maintaining homeostatic body temperature under a very limited range of environmental conditions. The next level is typical of marsupials and allows them to maintain thermal homeostasis under a broader range of conditions and have a more protracted period of activity. Finally, the metabolic rate typical of placentals and paleognaths formed in the mid-Cretaceous and allowed these groups to occupy a broader range of terrestrial niches. Immediately when the development of blood circulation and respiratory systems made it possible to reach the BMR that allowed maintaining a body temperature of 37ºС, the explosive radiation of mammals and birds started. In the mid and late Cretaceous birds and mammals started to occupy the leading positions in the ecosystems. And at last, some 50 mya passerines that have the highest BMR (nearly 50% higher than eutherians and paleognath birds) adapted to the forest habitats and gained body temperature of ca. 40ºС, which is at the upper physiological limit. The duration of activity and body temperature increased in parallel to the BMR. Ecological expansion of birds and mammals resulted in their worldwide geographic distribution. A relatively similar energetic analogue of passerines in mammals are humans, who have BMR ca. 35% higher than predicted by the scaling equation for mammals, have amazing reproductive potential, large brains and longevity much exceeding the live duration which is typical for their body-mass specific mean. Sleep duration in humans is 30% shorter than the mammals-specific mean, and it is one of the evolutionary youngest species. At the moment the global population of humans exceeds 8 billion people.

Author(s) Details:

Valery M. Gavrilov,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14392

Vortex Diffractal in Free Space | Chapter 6 | Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science Vol. 1

 Brief information data on the properties of light beams accompanying a fractal structure (diffractals) are likely. New information about the propagation of diffractals in emptiness was also found. Particular attention was paid to the characteristics of vortex diffractals. The research established two-dimensional Weierstrass functions and specific forms of Gaussian beams was carried out. The acted analysis indicated a extreme information capacity of whirlpool diffractals and explained their opposition to the turbulence in the propagation medium. It was raise that the morphology of their transverse size-phase distribution remnants unchanged all the while the propagation. The obtained results will suffice in the development of ocular information systems established fractal vortex beams.

Author(s) Details:

Korolenko Pavel Vasil'evich,
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.

Zotov Alexei Mikhailovich,
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.

Kubanov Rustam Tatarhanovich,
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.

Pavlov Nikolai Nikolaevich,
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FRAPS-V1/article/view/9975

Application of Corrosion Indices to Unconfined Aquifer Samples of Mahoba District, U.P. State, India for Domestic Purposes | Chapter 4 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol.2

 This research seeks to assess the degree of corrosivity and calcite formation in groundwater sampled from Indian Mk. II handpumps in the Mahoba district of Uttar Pradesh, India, using various indices. The study used metrics such as the Langelier Saturation Index, Ryznar Stability Index, Puckorius Scaling Index, Larson-Skold Index, and Potential to Promote Galvanic Corrosion. Because groundwater is corrosive, elements used in pipe construction will leak into drinking water, which is used for both domestic and drinking purposes. Calcite formation reduces the amount of effort required to manually pump out the required volume of groundwater from the aquifer by limiting the convey potential of pipes. A total of 155 samples were collected from Indian Mk. II handpumps accessing shallow aquifers (up to 35 mbgl) in various places for measurement of basic parameters like pH, TDS, EC, and ions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, and others. Overall, groundwater samples demonstrate a tendency to deposit calcium carbonate within pipes, with chlorides and sulphates not interfering with natural film formation in pipes or the possibility of galvanic corrosion, while a minority of samples show the opposite. Information produced from various corrosion indices can also be used prior to the development of companies that require rigorous water quality parameters for production, and places free of groundwater corrosion potential can be identified for future infrastructure investment.

Author(s) Details:

Tejas Y. Mankikar,
Central Ground Water Board, Northern Region, Lucknow, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V2/article/view/5948

Calibrating Codes Safety Factors for Different Life Cycles - Proposed Simplified Procedure | Chapter 12 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 13

A simpler method for calibrating code safety factors was employed in the updating of the revised Israeli Code specifications for aseismic bridge building due to a 120-year life cycle. Structures are frequently developed with a 50-year life cycle in mind, however unique or vital infrastructure facilities should be developed with a longer life cycle in mind. Aside from difficulties of reliability and maintenance, this also necessitates the requirement to cover the risk of exceeding characteristic design live loads for an extended period while retaining the same agreed-upon risk levels assumed by various codes as adequate enough for a normal 50-year life cycle. Scaling partial safety factors, or an additional "compensating" factor, is required since these structures are developed utilizing design methodologies, formulations, material characteristic strengths, and partial safety factors in compliance with existing regulations. This paper proposes a streamlined approach for determining an appropriate code safety factor calibration based on structural reliability.

 Author (s) Details

Eliezer Shamir
Shamir Posner Brown Consulting Engineering LTD., BneiBrak 5120263, Israel.

View Book : - https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V13/article/view/1171

Experimenting with Design of Low Power Johnson Counter Using Lector Technique Using 50nm Technology | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 6

 In the design of CMOS VLSI circuits, power dissipation is a significant concern. High power consumption, in the case of battery-powered applications, results in a decrease in battery life and affects the cost of durability, packaging and cooling. The scaling down of the threshold voltage levels in turn induces an exponential increase in sub threshold leakage currents, leading to an increase in leakage power, with technology processes progressing towards deep submicron and nano regimes. A five-fold increase in leakage power dissipation is present as each generation of the manufacturing process progresses. When the circuit is idle, leakage currents flow and so power is lost. For deep submicrons and nanometers, successful leakage power reduction techniques have become important.

Circuit loops. A 4-bit Johnson counter is designed using LECTOR technology in this paper and is analysed with various kinds of sleep techniques. For designing, we have used the digital schematic editor (DSCH); Micro wind Layout Editor is used for simulation and layout generation. In this paper, using various sleep methods and LECTOR techniques, the power consumption of the 4-bit Johnson counter is reduced. Unlike other leakage control techniques, no additional control circuitry is needed by LECTOR to track the circuit states.

Author (s) Details

Dr. A. Yasmine Begum
Department of Electrical and Electronics of Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, A. Rangampet, Tirupati, India.

Mr. M. Balaji
Department Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, A. Rangampet, Tirupati, India.

Dr. N. Padmaja
Department Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, A. Rangampet, Tirupati, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/285

Equivalence Relation and Scaling in Solving Engineering Problems of the Magnetic Materials | Chapter 4 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 10

 

New algorithm for optimizing technological parameters of soft magnetic composites has been derived
on the base of topological structure of the power loss characteristics. In optimization magnitudes
obeying scaling, it happens that one has to consider binary relations between the magnitudes having
different dimensions. From mathematical point of view, in general case such a procedure is not
permissible. However, in a case of the system obeying the scaling law it is so. It has been shown that
in such systems, the binary relations of magnitudes of different dimensions is correct and has
mathematical meaning which is important for practical use of scaling in optimization processes. The
derived structure of the set of all power loss characteristics in soft magnetic composite enables us to
derive a formal pseudo-state equation of Soft Magnetic Composites. This equation constitutes a
relation of the hardening temperature, the compaction pressure and a parameter characterizing the
power loss characteristic. Finally, the pseudo-state equation improves the algorithm for designing the
best values of technological parameters.

Author (s) Details

Krzysztof Z. Sokalski
Institute of Computer Sciences, Częstochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland.

Bartosz Jankowski
Tele and Radio Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland.

Barbara Ślusarek
Tele and Radio Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/250