Investigation of the Role of Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-associated Nephropathy | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

The present study investigates the role of oxidative stress-related genetic variants in type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated nephropathy. Type 2 diabetes is thought to be associated with microvascular complications that comprise retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Oxidative stress is a predominant factor involved in the pathogenesis of DN and alters metabolic endeavour and its hemodynamic pathways, which have varied correlations with renal problems, one of which is diabetic nephropathy, which leads to end-stage renal disease. Renal injury in DN occurs primarily through oxidative stress, which disrupts metabolic and hemodynamic pathways. Hyperglycemia is regarded as a hallmark feature of diabetes that increases reactive oxygen species generation, which eventually leads to increased oxidative stress, and this is considered the most essential event in the onset of DN. To prevent tubular injury in DN, antioxidants can be used to combat oxidative stress, which is primarily caused by several pathways. The most significant antioxidative enzymes are superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. As a result, this chapter emphasizes antioxidant gene polymorphisms and hypothesizes that these antioxidant genes may be an essential component of DN pathogenesis. Moreover, this chapter also retorts to the research questions raised by the physicians and illustrates the importance of regional population studies on detecting the SNPs of antioxidant genes and targeting therapeutic approaches aiding to lessen the severity of the disease at its initial stages.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Farhana Begum

Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Karpagavel Lakshmanan

Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/297

Observations on Fecundity of Adult Spirometra tapeworm in Relation to Time of Highest Production of Eggs in Experimentally Infected Cats | Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 6

In the life cycle of Spirometra species, the cat is a definitive host. The adult worm develops in the small intestine and starts to discharge eggs in the faeces of the cat. The faeces can be used as a diagnostic material for the infection of a cat with Spirometra. In this study, five cats were used. Each cat was orally fed with the scolex of Spagana obtained from experimentally infected hamsters. Eggs were observed microscopically in the stool of cats.  Egg count using the McMaster slide was initiated from day one of egg production of eggs. Cats started discharging eggs on days 14, 12, 60, 13 and 10 post-infection. The highest number of eggs produced was on days 40, 65, 89, 33 and 25. The number of eggs per gram of faeces for each cat was 1,550, 1,350, 1,565, 1,300 and 1,050. Eggs per day for each cat were 50,220, 41,840, 41,040, 39,650 and 32,445 for Cats A, B, C, D and E, respectively. This study determined the first day the adult worm started discharging eggs, eggs per gram of faeces, the highest number of eggs produced and eggs produced per day.

 

Author(s) Details

Nicholas J. Kavana
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara, Tanzania

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v6/3836

 

Bartonella henselae: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Workup Challenges in Patient with Fever of Unknown Origin | Chapter 9 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic Gram-negative Bacillus associated with self-limited regional lymphadenopathy caused by close animal contact. In recent decades, a vast spectrum of clinical manifestations has been described, from mild self-limiting lymphadenopathy to disseminated disease involving multiple organs. About 30 species have been identified, and 12 have been linked to human infection, among which three are most commonly encountered clinically- Bartonella bacilliformis, which causes Oroya fever endemic to regions in Peru, Bartonella quintana that causes Trench Fever, and Bartonella henselae that causes Cat scratch disease (CSD). Trench fever was seen in World War I amongst soldiers living in trenches or closed spaces, who developed symptoms of recurrent febrile illness associated with headache, body aches, and rash that were transmitted by lice. More recently, trench fever outbreaks have been seen in densely populated spaces such as in the homeless population and refugee camps. Transmission of B. henselae is associated with cats and cat fleas. Weeks after a scratch or bite, a pustule will form at the inoculation site with associated localized lymphadenopathy. Commonly, this is a self-limiting disease. However, in immunocompromised patients and patients with predisposing factors, patients' lymphadenopathy will progress and become bacteremic, leading to endocarditis as well as aseptic meningitis. Bartonella spp. is the second most common cause of culture-negative endocarditis after Coxiella burnetii. Definitive diagnosis of Bartonella infection is often challenging due to its insidious nature and variable presentation based on the body's immune status.

A clinical diagnostic challenge was encountered when a 25-year-old male presented to our hospital with a Fever of unknown origin (FUO). Initially, there was no clear etiology of the fever until a timely diagnosis of Bartonella infection was made. This case report highlights the importance of considering Bartonella as a potential etiology in patients with prolonged Fever of unknown origin (FUO), especially in endemic regions.

 

Author (s) Details

Neeladri Misra
Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Medical Plaza Dr, Roseville, CA-95661, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2478

Investigation of the Role of Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-associated Nephropathy | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

The present study investigates the role of oxidative stress-related genetic variants in type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated nephropathy. Type 2 diabetes is thought to be associated with microvascular complications that comprise retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Oxidative stress is a predominant factor involved in the pathogenesis of DN and alters metabolic endeavour and its hemodynamic pathways, which have varied correlations with renal problems, one of which is diabetic nephropathy, which leads to end-stage renal disease. Renal injury in DN occurs primarily through oxidative stress, which disrupts metabolic and hemodynamic pathways. Hyperglycemia is regarded as a hallmark feature of diabetes that increases reactive oxygen species generation, which eventually leads to increased oxidative stress, and this is considered the most essential event in the onset of DN. To prevent tubular injury in DN, antioxidants can be used to combat oxidative stress, which is primarily caused by several pathways. The most significant antioxidative enzymes are superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. As a result, this chapter emphasizes antioxidant gene polymorphisms and hypothesizes that these antioxidant genes may be an essential component of DN pathogenesis. Moreover, this chapter also retorts to the research questions raised by the physicians and illustrates the importance of regional population studies on detecting the SNPs of antioxidant genes and targeting therapeutic approaches aiding to lessen the severity of the disease at its initial stages.

Author(s) Details:

Farhana Begum,
Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Dr. Karpagavel Lakshmanan
Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/297

Some Characteristics of Neurons in the Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus | Chapter 6 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 The results concerning this study demonstrate, for the first occasion, that generation of spike potentials of various amplitudes was observed in the venture of the thalamic reticular core neurons. The generation of one operation potential does not interfere accompanying the generation of another, and a pierce potential of smaller size can occur at the ascending or downward phase of the pierce potential of large size. It can be argued that the pierce potentials of lower amplitudes arising in the thalamic troublesome nucleus neuron are of decorated with flowers origin. Given both the calculated position and the functional purpose of the NRT, it maybe assumed that the neurons concerning this structure must each occasion be discharged with pierce potentials in order to complete activity their modulating effect on other fields of the nervous system of the brain outside leakage.

Author(s) Details:

Z. I. Nanobashvili,
Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Tbilisi, Georgia.

I. G. Bilanishvili,
Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Tbilisi, Georgia.

M. G. Barbakadze,
Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Tbilisi, Georgia.

N. A. Khizanishvili,
Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V6/article/view/11478

The Chalactalistcs of Inhalational Anesthesia for Cats | Chapter 11 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1

 While sevoflurane is becoming more often used in veterinary medicine, it can produce dose-dependent hypotension, hypoventilation, decreased cardiac contractility, and hypothermia. To avoid excessive anaesthetic depth, sevoflurane must be carefully titrated and monitored due to these adverse effects. “Produces immobility in 50% of rats exposed to unpleasant stimulus,” according to one anaesthetic depth evaluation employing a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). There is currently limited information on the MAC of sevoflurane required for blunting adrenergic responses (MAC-BAR) in cats. As a result, the MAC and MAC-BAR of sevoflurane required to suppress autonomic reactions and intentional movements in cats were compared in this investigation.

Methods: To assess sevoflurane MAC and MACBAR, six adult healthy domestic short haired cats (1 year old, 3 males and 3 females) were anaesthetized with sevoflurane on two occasions with a minimum 14-day washout period.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference between sevoflurane MAC (2.920.47%) and MAC-BAR (3.240.41%).

Conclusions and Clinical Implications: These findings suggested that in sevoflurane-anaesthetized cats, harmful cardiovascular side effects such as hypotension and decreased cardiac contractility can readily develop.

Author (s) Details

Tadashi Sano
Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V1/article/view/2425