Investigation of the Role of Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-associated Nephropathy | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

The present study investigates the role of oxidative stress-related genetic variants in type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated nephropathy. Type 2 diabetes is thought to be associated with microvascular complications that comprise retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Oxidative stress is a predominant factor involved in the pathogenesis of DN and alters metabolic endeavour and its hemodynamic pathways, which have varied correlations with renal problems, one of which is diabetic nephropathy, which leads to end-stage renal disease. Renal injury in DN occurs primarily through oxidative stress, which disrupts metabolic and hemodynamic pathways. Hyperglycemia is regarded as a hallmark feature of diabetes that increases reactive oxygen species generation, which eventually leads to increased oxidative stress, and this is considered the most essential event in the onset of DN. To prevent tubular injury in DN, antioxidants can be used to combat oxidative stress, which is primarily caused by several pathways. The most significant antioxidative enzymes are superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. As a result, this chapter emphasizes antioxidant gene polymorphisms and hypothesizes that these antioxidant genes may be an essential component of DN pathogenesis. Moreover, this chapter also retorts to the research questions raised by the physicians and illustrates the importance of regional population studies on detecting the SNPs of antioxidant genes and targeting therapeutic approaches aiding to lessen the severity of the disease at its initial stages.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Farhana Begum

Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Karpagavel Lakshmanan

Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/297

Investigation of the Role of Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-associated Nephropathy | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

The present study investigates the role of oxidative stress-related genetic variants in type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated nephropathy. Type 2 diabetes is thought to be associated with microvascular complications that comprise retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Oxidative stress is a predominant factor involved in the pathogenesis of DN and alters metabolic endeavour and its hemodynamic pathways, which have varied correlations with renal problems, one of which is diabetic nephropathy, which leads to end-stage renal disease. Renal injury in DN occurs primarily through oxidative stress, which disrupts metabolic and hemodynamic pathways. Hyperglycemia is regarded as a hallmark feature of diabetes that increases reactive oxygen species generation, which eventually leads to increased oxidative stress, and this is considered the most essential event in the onset of DN. To prevent tubular injury in DN, antioxidants can be used to combat oxidative stress, which is primarily caused by several pathways. The most significant antioxidative enzymes are superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. As a result, this chapter emphasizes antioxidant gene polymorphisms and hypothesizes that these antioxidant genes may be an essential component of DN pathogenesis. Moreover, this chapter also retorts to the research questions raised by the physicians and illustrates the importance of regional population studies on detecting the SNPs of antioxidant genes and targeting therapeutic approaches aiding to lessen the severity of the disease at its initial stages.

Author(s) Details:

Farhana Begum,
Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Dr. Karpagavel Lakshmanan
Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/297

Effect of Orally Ebselen (SPI-1005) towards Glutathione and Malondialdehyde Blood Level and Otoacoustic Emissions Result in Soldiers with Acoustic Trauma Risk | Chapter 5 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 Excessive noise exposure can cause acoustic trauma to the inner ear structure (cochlea) by creating mechanical and metabolic (oxidative) stress (TA). Oxidative stress, which is induced by an increase in free radical ROS/RNS in the organs of Corti, causes apoptosis and necrosis of cochlear hair cells. Increased malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme, and aberrant otoacoustic emission value were all signs of oxidative stress (refer). Endogenous antioxidant enyzme (superoxide dismutase/SOD, catalase/CAT, and GPx) mediated the defence mechanism against oxidative stress. The glutation peroxidase mimic's cellular mechanism was identical to that of GPx. The goal of this study was to see how a glutathione peroxidase mimic affected glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde levels in blood, as well as otoacoustic emission values in troops who were at danger of TA from a Howitzer 105 artillery weapon explosion. The study's design was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 34 new recruit troops in the Indonesian Army's Artillery Academy, during which the soldiers were trained to fire the Howitzer 105 artillery weapon, from July 7th to July 10th, 2014 in Cimahi and Batujajar. The participants were split into two groups: the exposure group (the ones who got the treatment) and the control group During the training, the exposure group received 200mg of glutathione peroxidase mimetic (Ebselen SPI 1005) orally once daily, while the control group received nothing. Before and after firing training, the levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase in the blood, pure tone audiometry, and otoacoustic emission value (DPOAEs) were assessed in those two groups. The data was evaluated using parametric and nonparametric methods, as well as NNT (95 percent confidence interval) and significance value (p0.05). According to the findings of this study, the number of auditory trauma events in the control group was 23.5 percent, whereas the exposure group had 0 percent. The exposure group was 0%, and the DPOAEs test revealed that the control group was 47.1 percent abnormal/refer, while the exposure group was 100 percent normally/pass, with a statistically significant difference (p0.051). The group given Ebselen SPI 1005 had an increase of 82.4 percent erythrocyte GPx (NNT, 95 percent CI=1.889 [1.1593.016]; p=0.004), an increase of 88.2 percent plasma GPx (NNT, 95 percent CI=1.417 [0.970-1.775]; p0.001), a decrease of 100 percent erythrocyte MDA (NNT, 95 percent CI=2.125 [1.335-3.987]; p=0.01), a decrease in plasma MDA of 94.1 percent (NNT, 95 percent CI=2.125 [1.29-3.904]; p=0.01), and a 100 percent normal/pass DPOAEs value (NNT, 95 percent CI = 2.125 [1.335-3.987]; p=0.01). Giving Ebselen SPI 1005 to soldiers at risk of acoustic harm while firing a Howitzer 105 artillery weapon raised GPx levels in the blood, decreased MDA levels in the blood, and resulted in regular DPOAEs readings (pass).

Author (s) Details

S. Sasongko
ENT Department, Gatot Soebroto Army Central Hospital, Indonesia.

T. Boesoirie
ENT Department, Medical Faculty, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia.

I. Parwati
Clinical Pathologic Department, Medical Faculty, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia.

H. Sastramihardja
Clinical Pharmacological Department, Medical Faculty, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia.

J. Bashirudin
ENT Department, Medical Faculty, Indonesia University, Indonesia.

View Book : https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V5/article/view/1241