Showing posts with label inhalation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label inhalation. Show all posts

Thursday, 14 December 2023

A Review on Different Animal and Human Studies to Evaluate the Safety of Inhalation of Propylene Glycol in E-Cigarettes | Chapter 11 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 This episode aims to evaluate the security of inhalation of propylene glycol in e-cigarettes. In recent age, e-cigarettes have become more and more popular. Photoelectric cigarettes, or "e-cigarettes," are a safe substitute for smoking use in tobacco produce or as a tool for ending smoking. However, the FDA trusts that e-cigarettes are just as hazardous as traditional cigarettes. Instead, the American Union of Public Health Physicians' Smoking Control Task Force has established that e-cigarettes closely resemble Nicotine Substitute Therapy schemes. All animal and human research that investigated the effect of PG breathing concluded that PG did not perform to constitute a important risk via the breathing route. In fact, in several of these animal troubles, the PG doses employed were above in e-cigarettes and had no deleterious results. However, no human investigations have existed conducted at the level of e-smoke concentrations. This review sheds some light on the security implications of PG breathing, particularly as it has connection with e-cigarette concentration, as manifested in animal research. Since the plurality of the findings introduced from animal studies, the data can be appropriated to launch human studies to determine the short and long-term energy impacts of propylene glycol in e-cigarettes. The human physiology is different as distinguished to the animal physiology. Thus, further human studies using PG concentrations akin to that in e-cigarettes need to be conducted to establish the short term and enduring safety of inhalation of PG from e-cigarettes.

Author(s) Details:

Karyn I. Cotta,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South University School of Pharmacy, Savannah, GA, USA.

Stephen C. Dyar,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South University School of Pharmacy, Savannah, GA, USA.

Mohammad N. Uddin,
Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V3/article/view/12712

Saturday, 7 August 2021

The Chalactalistcs of Inhalational Anesthesia for Cats | Chapter 11 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1

 While sevoflurane is becoming more often used in veterinary medicine, it can produce dose-dependent hypotension, hypoventilation, decreased cardiac contractility, and hypothermia. To avoid excessive anaesthetic depth, sevoflurane must be carefully titrated and monitored due to these adverse effects. “Produces immobility in 50% of rats exposed to unpleasant stimulus,” according to one anaesthetic depth evaluation employing a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). There is currently limited information on the MAC of sevoflurane required for blunting adrenergic responses (MAC-BAR) in cats. As a result, the MAC and MAC-BAR of sevoflurane required to suppress autonomic reactions and intentional movements in cats were compared in this investigation.

Methods: To assess sevoflurane MAC and MACBAR, six adult healthy domestic short haired cats (1 year old, 3 males and 3 females) were anaesthetized with sevoflurane on two occasions with a minimum 14-day washout period.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference between sevoflurane MAC (2.920.47%) and MAC-BAR (3.240.41%).

Conclusions and Clinical Implications: These findings suggested that in sevoflurane-anaesthetized cats, harmful cardiovascular side effects such as hypotension and decreased cardiac contractility can readily develop.

Author (s) Details

Tadashi Sano
Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan.


View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V1/article/view/2425

Wednesday, 16 June 2021

Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Chloroform Inhalation as a Method of Euthanasia on the Cerebellum and Hippocampus of Adult Wistar Rats | Chapter 9 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 In Nigeria, chloroform inhalation is a frequent method of rodent killing for study. The purpose of this study is to see how this form of sacrifice affects the cerebellum and hippocampus of Wistar rats. Twenty male Wistar rats, weighing 160 to 180 grammes, were separated into four groups, each with five rats. The control group, Group A, was sacrificed by cervical dislocation (a widely acceptable non-inhalation method of sacrifice). Groups B, C, and D were given 5 minutes of chloroform once a day (group B), twice a day for two days, and three times a day for three days. Four brains from each group were processed for antioxidant assays, and one brain from each group was preserved in Bouin's fluid for histological examinations. Our findings reveal that inhaling chloroform had a dose-dependent negative impact on the antioxidant parameters investigated. That is, as the number of days increased, the negative effect became more pronounced. The histology findings confirmed this, with indications of cell necrosis in the cerebellum and hippocampus regions. This, too, demonstrated dosage dependence. As a result of our findings, we believe that chloroform inhalation is not the method of choice for rat death while investigating brain tissues or conducting brain-related research. As a result, chloroform sedation is not an appropriate method of rat sacrifice for experimental reasons, especially for investigating the rat brain.

Author (s) Details

Aguwa Ugochukwu Samuel
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.

Okeke Somadina Nnamdi
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.

Ezejindu Darmian Nnabuihe
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.

Eze Chinyere Elizabeth
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.

Azurunwa Ogechi
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Nigeria, Nigeria.

Obinwa Benedict Nzube
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.

Ovie Ogbo. Felix
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Nigeria, Nigeria.

Obi Kelvin Chukwuemeka
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

Onwuelingo Sopuru
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Nigeria, Nigeria.

Okonkwo David
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Nigeria, Nigeria.

Doris Ogbuokiri
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.

Okeke Chijioke
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V4/article/view/1501