Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Substituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines in Aqueous Medium Using Phase Transfer Catalysts | Chapter 10 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7

To improve the reaction conditions, the condensation of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, methyl acetoacetate, and ammonium carbonate was regarded a model reaction. Dimethyl-4-dihydro-(3,4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate is the product of this synthesis (compound DP1). Different polymers (polyethylene glycol (PEG400), glycerin), phase-transfer catalysts (tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB), and calcium phosphate nanoparticles were tested for their catalytic activity in an aqueous model process. The model reaction was conducted under ultra sound. The reaction was conducted with two high yielding phase transfer catalysts [TBAB and TPAB, 10 mol%]. The catalyst TBAB produced 91% of compound DP1, which is higher than conventional method (84%). The catalyst TPAB also gave relatively higher yield (83%) compared with conventional method (79%). The results showed that the ideal conditions for the synthesis of 1,4-DHP analogues were 60 min of ultrasonic condensation with TBAB (10 mol%) in aqueous medium (eco-beneficial approach). Twenty compounds (DP1) were produced via the condensation of aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes with methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium carbonate under optimal circumstances. IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectrum data were used to determine the structures of the produced compounds.

 

Author (s) Details

V. Rajashakar
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri, Kodad-508206, Suryapeta, Telangana, India.

 

Y. Naresh
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri, Kodad-508206, Suryapeta, Telangana, India.

 

M. Chinnaeswaraiah
Department of Pharmacognosy, Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri, Kodad-508206, Suryapeta, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v7/2602

 

Current Developments in the Biological Functions of 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles: A Review | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 5

1,3,4-thiadazoles have become an important class of heterocycles and a great interest of researches because of their broad types of biological activity. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring's exceptional flexibility and wide range of therapeutic activity have made it an intriguing pharmacophore. This study clarifies the inherent characteristics of this five-membered heterocycle, emphasizing its polar and aromatic nature as well as its adaptability to changes that optimise its biological effect.  The broad spectrum of pharmacological action that 1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds display, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects was discussed. In this study, the maximal electroshock (MES) model was employed to evaluate the anticonvulsant potential of thiadiazole-based compounds, while their antiviral efficacy was assessed using the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) model. Numerous studies have also demonstrated the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, and antiparasitic properties of molecules having thiadiazole rings. Additionally, this study highlights the enormous potential for developing targeted medicines with improved effectiveness and selectivity and examines the intriguing possibilities of this flexible framework in the next drug discovery and development. Overall, this analysis highlights how important 1,3,4-thiadiazole is as a flexible pharmacophore that has the potential to completely change the field of medicine.

 

Author (s) Details

P. Indhumathy
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

R. Gandhimathi
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v5/4810

Quantitative Determination of an Antiviral Drug Ganciclovir by Redox-based Spectrophotometric Method | Chapter 11 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

Ganciclovir functions as an antiviral medication crucial for averting cytomegalovirus disease among recipients of bone marrow and solid organ transplants. Furthermore, it plays a pivotal role in managing individuals with compromised immune systems by combatting viral infections effectively. This study aims to develop and validate a simple, rapid and sensitive redox-based spectrophotometric method for the quantification of Ganciclovir in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The development process involved utilizing 0.1 M HCl as the solvent along with a combination of ferric chloride and 1,10-phenanthroline as the chromogenic reagent.

After development, the method underwent optimization across various conditions to ensure its efficacy, followed by rigorous statistical validation. Based on the optimization studies, it was determined that the optimal composition for the method included a mixture containing 0.3% w/v of ferric chloride and 0.5% w/v of 1,10-phenanthroline, with a drug-to-reagent mole ratio of 0.5:0.5. When measured at 510.0 nm, the method exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 5.0-30.0 μg/mL for Ganciclovir. Demonstrating its sensitivity, the method showcased a low limit of detection and quantification values, recorded at 0.30 and 0.90 μg/mL, respectively. The validation parameters of the method were found to align with the standards outlined by the ICH guidelines. With a % assay value of 99.2, the method demonstrated its suitability for pharmaceutical formulation analysis. The simplicity of the developed method renders it suitable for application in quality control testing of Ganciclovir within formulations.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Dr. Naraparaju Swathi, M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad-500090, Telangana, India.

 

Mrs. Barla Karuna Devi, M. Pharm. (Ph.D.)
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad-500090, Telangana, India.

 

Dr. Anumolu Durga Pani Kumar
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad-500090, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/196

Design and Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-Acetaminophen Hybrids from Expired Commercial Acetaminophen Tablets and their In-silico ADME-Tox Properties | Chapter 8 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 9

 

A combination of two promising pharmacophore cores like 1,2,3-triazole (TA) and acetaminophen (APAP) in a single molecular entity could be useful in the lead optimization step of drug research. Therefore, designing and preparing new conjugated TA-APAP molecules is an important and actual task. This book chapter describes an impressively efficient catalyzed Huisgen reaction-based method for preparing a series of new 1-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-acetaminophen hybrids. The developed method, which does not require chromatography column separation, is a practical and efficient solution. It consists of the initial efficient O-propargylation reaction of APAP and subsequent CuBr(PPh3)3-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between O-propargylated APAP and diverse organoazides (R-N3) in the presence of tert-BuOH: H2O (1:1) system. APAP was easily obtained from expired commercial tablets using solid-liquid extraction as a starting material. An interesting nitric oxide-releasing 1,2,3-triazole hybrid of APAP was also obtained straightforwardly employing the developed method. These new drug hybrids were obtained with good yields (64–93%). According to the in-silico ADME-Tox assessment studies performed in this work and literature analysis, these hybrids could be interesting models in search of new pharmacological nontoxic agents endowed with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.

Author(s) Details:

Daniela Calderón Lamus,
Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 680002, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Prof. Dr. Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 680002, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V9/article/view/14339

Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial/Antioxidant Screening of 4-[1-oxo-3-(substituted phenyl)-2-propenyl]-3-substituted Phenylsydnones | Chapter 1 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 The present study reports the ultrasonic promoted synthesis and antimicrobial/antioxidant activity of a new series of 4-[1-oxo-3-(substituted aryl)-2-propenyl]-3-(substituted phenyl) syndromes. 4-[1-Oxo-3-(substituted aryl)-2-propenyl]-3-substituted phenyl sydnones (2a-i, 3a-i, 4a-i) are synthesized by ultrasonication method. The synthesis was carried out by reaction of 4-acetyl-3-(substituted phenyl) sydnones (1a-i) with various substituted aryl aldehydes (Ar-CHO). The structures of compounds were established by using NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. Compounds were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. Some of the synthesized compounds have shown good to moderate activity against gram negative bacteria whereas compounds 3c, 4c and 4f have shown marked activity against fungal strains. The compounds 2c, 3c, 4f have shown potent antioxidant activity as compared to reference standards. The compound 4f (IC50 = 3.17 µM) is the most potent with methyl group as substituent showing good antioxidant activity even at very low concentrations. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was found to be simple, reduces reaction time and gives good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. The results proved the necessity for further investigations to design molecules such as cyclization of sydnones with phenyl hydrazine, hydrazine and hydroxylamine for development of imminent potent antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor molecules.

Author(s) Details:

Sachin K. Bhosale,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.M.B.T. College of Pharmacy, Nandi Hills, Dhamangaon-422 403, India.

Shreenivas R. Deshpande,
Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, HSK College of Pharmacy, BVVS Campus, Bagalkote-587 101, India.

Rajendra D. Wagh,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, A.R.A. College of Pharmacy, Nagaon, Dhule-424 005, India.

Nirmala Vikram Shinde,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SMBT College of Pharmacy, Dhamangaon, Igatpuri, Nashik (MS) 422403, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V8/article/view/13964

Synthesis and Characterization of Some Biologically Active Fluorinated Heterocycles Like Benzothiazepines & Pyrazolines | Chapter 5 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 Fluorinated heterocycles like benzothiazepines & Pyrazolines shows apparent biological activities. 4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzaldehyde 1 when medicated with substituted hydroxy acetophenones 2 yields chalcones 3. These chalcones were refluxed accompanying 2-aminothiophenol gave “2-[2-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4-yl]phenol” 4 and when treated accompanying hydrazine hydrate gave the compound “2-[5-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]phenol” 5. On the base of spectral data, the buildings of compounds have been built.

Author(s) Details:

S. G. Jagadhani,
P. G. and Research Department of Chemistry, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Pin. 400703, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V9/article/view/9757

QSAR Analysis and ADMET Study on 3, 5-Disubstituted Oxadiazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents| Chapter 4 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 1

 Two-spatial Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) study was performed on a succession of 3-(aryl)-5-aryl amino-1,2,4-Oxadiazoles in order to authenticate the quantitative relationship betwixt physicochemical properties and antiproliferative project using Molecular Design Suite (VLifeMDS). The basic document file for this investigation amounted to 20 chemicals, that were divided into training and test set utilizing the sphere expulsion (SE) algorithm and manual excerpt techniques. The QSAR models were assembled using the PLSR approach and the stepwise (SW) forward-bashful variable selection system.  Statistically significant QSAR models were produce. Most significant model generated (Model-1), describes 88% (r2 = 0.8229) of the overall variance in the preparation set as well as it has within (q2) and external (pred_r2) predicative ability of 62% (q2 = 0.6202) and 76% (pred_r2 = 0.7566), individually. The QSAR model (Model-1) indicates descriptors SKMostHydrophilic, T_C_N_7 and AveragePotential providing 40%, 32% and 28 %, respectively to organic activity. Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity [Absorption, classification, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET)] properties, drug likeness (DL) and drug score (DS) were more computed. All the compounds show good NR-AR score > 0.7, indicating that they communicate with androgen receptor and concede possibility be effective in AR-helpless prostate cancer and added androgen related diseases. DL and DS score of most alive compound 2t was found 0.23 and 0.51, individually. Furthermore, DL score of Compounds 2g, 2m, 2k and 2s has been erect 2.6, 1.28, 0.88 and 0.77, respectively and are nearly safe indicating degree toxicity is concerned. Lipinski rule of five for all compounds met under agreement criteria that suggest compounds grant permission be having good bioavailability in addition to drug-like properties.

Author(s) Details:

Sanmati Kumar Jain,
Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh- 495009, India.

Ajay Kumar Gupta,
Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh- 495009, India.

Sanjay Kumar Lanjhiyana,
Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh- 495009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V1/article/view/8963

Study on 1, 2, 3-Triazole-Containing Quinolines: Promising Pharmacological Hybrid Agents | Chapter 7 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3

Recently, 1,2,3-triazoles and quinoline have drawn a lot of attention due to their biological relevance. Through molecular hybridization, so-called 1,2,3-triazole-based quinolines, which create a single molecular framework with quinoline and triazole rings, provide an appropriate path to novel pharmacological medicines with powerful biological properties. In order to better understand the physicochemical characteristics of triazole-quinoline hybrids and create new bioactive chemical entities, the chemistry and biology of a number of 1,2,3-triazole-containing quinoline hybrids are covered in this chapter. As a consequence, the principal Lipinski parameters are briefly reviewed and applied to a few 1,2,3-triazole-quinoline hybrids, along with an in-silico study. The synthesis of the hybrids using Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition technology and their pharmacological characteristics are the two components of this chapter. with an emphasis on widespread hazardous conditions including cancer, malaria, and human fungi infections.

Author(s) Details:

Leonor Y. Vargas-Méndez,
Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Vladimir V. Kouznetsov,
Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V3/article/view/7501

Study on Design, Synthesis of Novel 1, 8-Naphthalimidederivatives and Their Antimicrobial Activity | Chapter 7 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 The functional 1, 8-Naphthalimide derivatives that can attach to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and have anticancer properties have gotten a lot of press recently. The synthesis of novel 1,8-Naphthalimides derivatives and their antibacterial properties are reported in this chapter.

Author (S) Details

Rambabu Sirgamalla
Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-5000 07, Telangana State, India.

Shyam Perka
Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-5000 07, Telangana State, India.

Mukunda Annimalla
Department of Physics, University College of Science, Mahatma Gandhi University, Hyderabad road, Yellareedy Guda-5082 54 Nalgonda (District), Telangana State, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V4/article/view/4326

 

Study on Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel 1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d] imidazo[1,2-f] pyrimidines | Chapter 11 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 A straightforward method has been developed to synthesize new anti-inflammatory 1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d] imidazo[1,2-f] pyrimidine 5 from aminocyanopyrazole. These compounds were tested for anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, analgesic, antioxidant, and anticandidal properties. After studying the structure-activity relationships, the compound 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]imidazo[1,2-f]pyrimidine, 5a, was chosen as having the most potent activities. The structures of all novel compounds were determined using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS.

Author (s) Details

Fatma Allouche
Laboratory of Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V4/article/view/911

5-[Substituted]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amines: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, and Evaluation of their DNA Interactions | Chapter 12 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 9

 One of the most important aspects of the manufacture of medicinal drugs is the synthesis of novel thiadiazoles. Current medicinal chemistry research has focused on the properties of new compounds with possible novel structural features and biological applications. In this context, the synthesis and characterization of 5-[substituted]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amines are presented (1-7). Spectroscopic methods such as ¹H-NMR, ¹³C1H-NMR, FT-IR, and LC-MS were used to classify all of the prepared compounds. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to investigate the 1,3,4-thiadiazoles' DNA binding interactions. The findings show that the compounds are strong DNA binders. Mode of groove binding. The compounds' DNA cleavage was investigated using gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of H₂O₂.

Author (s) Details

Dr. P. Murali Krishna
Department of Chemistry, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore – 560054, India.

Dr. N. Shivakumara
Department of Chemistry, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore – 560054, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CPCS-V9/issue/view/44

Recent Study on Synthesis of Novel Series of Quinolino [3,2-f][1,2,4] triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4] Thiadiazepines Derivatives Incorporated with 3-(5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) Moiety as Potent Antimicrobial Agent | Chapter 11 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 4

A Quinolino novel series[3,2-f] [1,2,4] The [3,4-b] Triazolo [1,3,4] The Thiadiazepine (7a-i) derivatives incorporated with 3-(5--i) (benzofuran-2-yl) -1-phenyl-1H-3-yl pyrazol) Moiety was synthesised by a 5-(5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)) one-point cyclo-condensation reaction. -4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (4) in the presence of K2CO3 in DMF with 2-chloro-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde derivatives (6a-i). Characterization of 3-(5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-substituted quinolino [3,2-f] newly synthesised compounds [1,2,4] triazolo[3,4-b] triazolo Elemental analysis and spectral studies such as FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, further assisted by Mass Spectra, have been performed with[1,3,4]thiadiazepines. Both synthesised compounds were tested in vitro against the pathogenic microorganism bacterial strains, S. aureus E.coli, P.vulgaris, S.typhi at different concentrations for their antimicrobial activities. In comparison with Chloramphenicol, the bioassay outcome suggested strong to moderate activity against these microbial strains. Through cyclocondensation of 5-(5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol with 2-chloro-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde derivatives in DMF as a solvent, 1,3,4-thiadiazepine derivatives have been synthesised by economic, better yield and safer methods. Physical, analytical and spectral data established their purity and confirmation. The antimicrobial screening of compounds 7a-f was investigated and it was found that these compounds had excellent to moderate activity against selected strains of bacteria.

Author (s) Details

Dr. M. Idrees
Department of Chemistry, Government Institute of Science, Nagpur (M.S.), 440001, India.

Dr. S. Kola
Department of Chemistry, Government Science College, Gadchiroli (M.S.), 442 605, India.

Dr. N. J. Siddiqui
Department of Chemistry, Government Institute of Science, Nagpur (M.S.), 440001, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/352

Synthesis and Structural Features of Indanone, Tetralone and Naphthone Derivatives: Selective Fluorination and Condensation Products | Chapter 2 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 2

 The present study seeks to investigate the synthesis and structural characteristics of derivatives of Indanone, Tetralone and Naphthone. Via Claisen condensations, arylhydrazine condensations, BakerVenkataraman rearrangements, Claisen-Schmidt reactions, selective fluorinations and trifluoroacetylations in yields ranging from 22-92 percent, indanone, tetralone and naphthone derivatives and fused-ring heterocycles were prepared. Regiochemistry and stereochemistry observed in these products and their usefulness as scaffolds for the preparation of heterocyclic derivatives are of particular interest. Unusual changes such as a novel one-pot, dual trifluoroacetylation, trifluoroacetylnaphthone synthesis via deacetylation and an exchange of the acetyltrifluoroacetyl group are also noted. Using crystallographic methods, solid-state structural features exhibited by these compounds were investigated. In addition , this study will concentrate on the selective introduction of fluorine and fluorine-containing groups into these heterocyclic materials. In the near future , we expect these results to be announced.

Author(s) Details

Paul D. Boyle
Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.

David Breaud
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Matthew Churley
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Patrick Coppock, Jr.
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Elvia Encarnacion-Thomas
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Chloe Fernandes
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Augustus W. Fountain
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

Cristina Gomez
Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, 646 Swift Road, West Point, NY 10996, USA.

Alejandro Guzman
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

James L. Jackson
US Army Corps of Engineers, 101 West Oglethorpe Avenue, Savannah, GA 31401, USA.

Linh Lam
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Ajay Mallia
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Samantha Moseley
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Sang H. Park
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

William F. Pearman
Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, 646 Swift Road, West Point, NY 10996, USA.

Robert D. Schmidt
Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

Joseph C. Sloop
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Roger D. Sommer
Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

Stephanie Stalker
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Jonathan Weyand
Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, 646 Swift Road, West Point, NY 10996, USA.

Karla Wilmott
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

Jonathan Yi
School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.

 

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/302