Thrombolytic Therapy in a Patient with Extensive Pulmonary Embolism Complicated by Cardiac Arrest | Chapter 26 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 After cerebrovascular accidents and myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism is the third most common cause of mortality. This condition can develop as a result of a thromboembolic event that occurs as a result of recent immobilisation. Massive pulmonary thromboembolism (MPT) is a potentially fatal illness that can result in cardiac arrest, stroke, and death. The patient in this case report is a 60-year-old obese diabetic male who was taken to the emergency room with complaints of shortness of breath and exhaustion. Following a work-related knee injury, the patient was diagnosed with a meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament tear. S1 Q3 T3 was seen on an echocardiogram, and a transthoracic echocardiography revealed considerable right ventricular dilation and heart strain. D Dimer levels were found to be greater in the lab, and a computed tomography lung angiography was also performed. At the bifurcation, an evident saddle-shaped pulmonary artery (PA) embolism was discovered, which extended to both the right and left pulmonary arteries. The patient's abrupt deterioration due to cardiogenic shock was caused by this massive pulmonary embolism. For 18 minutes, the patient experienced nine cycles of cardiac irregularity and was treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and thrombolytic treatment. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made based on the patient's history of knee injury immobilisation and the clinical picture of shortness of breath and tachycardia. The patient was diagnosed and treated with thrombolytic treatment and CPR to relieve cardiac arrest caused by pulmonary embolism and subglottal laryngeal edoema in this case study.

Author(S) Details

Hesham Hussien Aly
Critical care Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

Ashraf Alakkad
Internal Medicine Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

Mohamed Abdel Rahman El. Hussein
Internal Medicine Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

Noor Ullah Hussaini
Cardiology Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

Shanavaskhan Shamsudeenkutty
Cardiology Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

Ahmed Essam Mohammad
Critical care Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

Mostafa Mohamed Ezzeldin
Critical care Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

Lubna Suboohi
Cardiology Unit, Madinat Zayed Hospital, United Arab Emirates.

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Multiple Sclerosis: The Hidden Symptoms | Chapter 25 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a difficult disease to treat because of its wide range of central and peripheral nervous system symptoms. When unexpected and uncommon symptoms coexist with common symptoms in patients with MS, the situation becomes much more complicated. The frequency and intensity of these uncommon symptoms fluctuate over time, raising the possibility of another neurological disorder. Any of these symptoms could be a sign of an active disease at any time. A decent comprehension of these odd symptoms by both the patient and the healthcare team could aid in taking the necessary steps to better treat MS. These unseen or uncommon symptoms are experienced differently by these MS patients, therefore recording these symptoms is another technique to manage MS more efficiently.

Author(S) Details

Ansh Chaudhary
Department of Medicine, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Bhupendra Chaudhary
Department of Neurology, Jaswant Rai Super Speciality Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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A Recent Approach on Optic Disc Drusenoid Deposits with Hemifield Defects in a Patient with IgA Nephropathy | Chapter 24 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 The study's goal is to describe forthcoming novel OCT and Humphrey visual field discoveries. Patients with IgA nephropathy (25-30%) develop end-stage renal disease within 20 years of diagnosis, but there is a lack of information and evaluation regarding visual disturbances. Here, we present a known IgAN patient with associated visual haziness who presented to our ophthalmology department [1].

A 20-year-old female patient who had previously been treated for skin rashes, hematuria, and abdominal pain 8 months ago reported vision disruption in her right eye for the past week. A clinical diagnosis of IgA nephropathy was deduced from skin biopsy findings of leukocytoclastic vasculitis and renal biopsy findings of glomerular mesangial cell hyperplasia.

In addition to early symptoms of papilledema, proteinuria appeared one month after administration of prednisolone 50 mg/day tapered for eight months. Visual acuity of 6/9 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye with normal colour vision were observed. Traditionally, hyperreflective powerful echoes in the optic disc were observed on OCT, while inferior hemifield abnormalities were found largely in the right eye on HFA.

The Wintrobe method revealed a total leucocyte count of 11720 cells/cu mm and an ESR of 60 mm/hr, as well as the presence of albumin, RBCs, and pus cells in urine analysis, as well as positive occult stool blood detection. The C3, C4, and ANCA tests all came back negative, and an ultrasound of the abdomen indicated fatty liver with mesenteric nodes. In conclusion, the linked early fundus manifestation of IgA nephropathy may be otic disc drusenoid deposits correlating with hemifield visual field abnormalities reported in the current case study.


Author(S) Details

S. K. Prabhakar
JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS Medical College Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

P. V. Priyamvada
JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS Medical College Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

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Medical Expulsive Therapy of Distal Ureteric Stones: A Comparative Study of Tadalafil vs Tamsulosin | Chapter 23 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Background: The care of patients with ureteral calculi has changed dramatically in recent years, with the conservative approach becoming the predominant focus, with the main advantage being reduced patient morbidity. Adjuvant medical expulsive therapy (MET) can be used in conjunction with the expectant method for distal ureteric stones to help with symptom relief and stone evacuation. By comparing Tadalafil and Tamsulosin, the current study aimed to find the single best monotherapy for medical expulsive therapy of distal ureteric stones.

A hospital-based comparison study was conducted at the Department of Surgery of a tertiary care hospital. A total of 120 cases with lower ureteric calculus were included in the investigation. These 120 patients were then separated into two groups of 60 patients each, with each group receiving one of two medical treatments: Tadalafil or Tamsulosin.

Results: Patients treated with tadalafil had a substantially shorter time to expel calculi than those treated with tamsulosin (13.1 vs 16.92 days; p0.05). On tadalafil, complete ejection was noted in 86.7 percent of cases compared to only 63.3 percent on tamsulosin (p0.05). In patients treated with tamsulosin, mean analgesic usage (2.69 vs 1.81; p0.05) and episodes of colicy pain (1.41 vs 0.43; p0.05) were considerably higher. Tamsulosin also needed more hospital visits throughout therapy (2.56 vs 2.02 days; p=0.06), but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no difference between the two medications' adverse effect profiles.

Tadalafil also increases early stone evacuation, a reduction in colicky pain episodes, and a decrease in the need for analgesics. Both drugs are well tolerated, safe, and effective, with only modest side effects. Tadalafil is thus a safe, effective, and well-tolerated medicinal expulsive therapy for distal ureteric stones.


Author(S) Details

Vipul Gurjar
SBKS MIRC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Bhavin Shah
SBKS MIRC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

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Reconstruction of Facial Defect with Local Facial Flaps in Cases of Skin Malignancies | Chapter 22 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Background: Because the face symbolises a person's entire personality, sufficient cosmetic repair is essential. Treatment options for a skin malignant lesion on the face vary depending on the size and location of the defect.

The goal of this study was to see how versatile a local flap could be for a defect formed by a large local excision of a skin malignant lesion on the face.

Methods: Between June 2016 and May 2018, we included 30 instances of skin cancer on the face in our Institute. In the age category of 45 to 65 years, 20 patients (66.6 percent) were male and 10 patients (33.3 percent) were female. Basal cell carcinoma was found in 17 cases, squamous cell carcinoma in 10 cases, and malignant melanoma in three cases. Tumors were surgically removed with safe margins, and abnormalities were repaired with local face flaps. The early surgical problems were assessed, and the cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction were assessed six months later.

Results: Thirty patients with small to medium-sized defects (3-6 cm) were treated with the V-Y advancement flap, seven instances with the nasolabial flap, eight cases with the forehead flap, four cases with the Limberg flap, and four cases with the cheek advancement flap. There were no problems after surgery, and the functional and aesthetic outcomes were both satisfactory. After 6 months, 15 patients (50 percent) had excellent outcomes, whereas 8 patients had good results (27 percent), and 5 patients had fair results (17 percent).

Conclusions: Local facial flaps are the simplest and best alternative for reconstructing small to medium-sized facial anatomic defects while also providing excellent skin colour and texture match.


Author(S) Details

Jagdeep Rao
Department of Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, S.M.S Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Nikita G. Rolekar
Department of Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, S.M.S Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Pradeep Goil
Department of Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, S.M.S Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

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Early Treatment of Class III Malocclusion with a Tandem Traction Bow Appliance (TTBA) – A Progress Case Report | Chapter 21 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Because Class III malocclusion worsens with age, the facial growth of Class III malocclusion deteriorates. A variation in the sagittal connection of the maxilla and the mandible, which is characterised by a defective maxilla, a retrognathic mandible, or a combination of the two, characterises Class III malocclusion. Early orthopaedic treatment of Class III malocclusions, prior to a growth spurt, provides for favourable outcomes by restoring facial balance, changing maxillofacial growth and development, and, in many cases, averting future surgical treatment by enhancing stability. For orthopaedic and orthodontic treatment of class III malocclusion, there are a variety of treatment options accessible in the literature, including intraoral and extraoral appliances. The biggest challenge with extraoral anchoring has been patient compliance due to its aesthetic appearance. An intraoral modified tandem appliance for maxillary protraction has been clinically employed to obtain successful outcomes without relying largely on patient participation, according to the case study.

Author(S) Details

Sneha Valgadde-Hoshing
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, PDUDC, Solapur, Maharashtra, India.

Kishor Chougule
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, TKDC, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

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Morphometrical Analysis of Suprarenal Gland in Fetuses of Different Gestational Ages | Chapter 20 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Background and Goals: Suprarenal glands are a pair of glands located on each side of the spinal column on the posterior abdomen wall. The examination of foetal morphometrical growth characteristics has become more popular in recent years as a means of assessing foetal growth and development. According to Brown and Singer, the size of glands was reduced in foetuses from abortive pregnancies in hypertension patients, and the adrenal age was below the normal range in anencephalic foetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. By 20 weeks of pregnancy, foetal MRI can detect the suprarenal glands, and trans abdominal ultrasonography can detect them as early as the 12th week of pregnancy. As a result, understanding natural variations in weight, size, and shape with gestational ages is critical.

Methods: A total of 110 supra renal glands, both right and left, were collected from 55 aborted human foetuses ranging in gestational age from 9 to 36 weeks. The research was conducted at MGM Medical College in Navi Mumbai and Aurangabad's Department of Anatomy. The morphology of both suprarenal glands was investigated. The weight of the dimension, the length of the crown lump, and the relative weight of the right and left suprarenals were all investigated and statistically assessed.

The results show that there is a high significant increase in body weight as gestational age increases (P 0.01), as well as a high significant increase in crown rump length as gestational age increases (P 0.01).

With increasing gestational age, there is a substantial rise in crown rump length (P 0.01).

The results show that with increasing gestational age, there is a significant variation in the relative weight of the right suprarenal (P 0.01).

Interpretation and conclusions: Understanding natural variation in weight, size, and form with gestational ages is critical because nomograms like this can help us manage the status of a baby in high-risk pregnancies.


Author(S) Details

Mini Mol P.
Department of Anatomy, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, India.

Gautam Shroff
Department of Anatomy, MGM Medical College, Aurangabad, India.

Sumi Elizebeth Reny
Department of Anatomy, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, India.

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Study on Predictable Factors for Intervention with Heparin Free Plasmapheresis in Impending Liver Cell Failure due to Consumption of Phosphorus Rodenticide: A Clinical Approach | Chapter 19 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 In adult critical care, poisoning from rodenticides containing yellow phosphorus is prevalent. They cause coagulopathy and liver cell failure in humans [1]. Until far, the only therapeutic option for fulminant liver failure induced by rodenticide overdose has been liver transplantation.

Aims: In this study, patients with liver cell failure who had swallowed yellow phosphorus paste were offered a new treatment method.

Methods: A retrospective examination of case records of liver cell failure cases caused by phosphorus-containing rodenticide poisonings was conducted in a public hospital for a year, from January 2018 to January 2019. Medical case records and postmortem registers were collected from the records department. The following symptoms, signs, investigations, therapies, complications, and outcomes were recorded.

The researchers looked at a total of 11 cases. Eight patients with liver cell failure and coagulopathy who received therapeutic heparin-free plasmapheresis fully recovered from liver cell failure. The introduction of therapy with 5 cycles of heparin free plasmapheresis to eliminate harmful effects of phosphorus on liver cells and in the blood was based on a considerable decline in haemoglobin, platelet count, PT INR Ratio, and rise in serum alkaline phosphatase. With a degree of freedom of 2, a comparison of untreated cases (n=3) vs. plasmapheresis-treated cases (n=8) revealed a significant statistical difference (P 0.005) in outcomes.

Conclusions: Plasmapheresis has the potential to be a therapeutic treatment for liver cell failure induced by yellow phosphorus consumption. Prothrombin time, INR ratio, liver enzymes, and the time gap between intake and the onset of liver cell failure are all predictible markers for imminent liver cell failure in whom plasmapheresis will be beneficial. For all liver cell failures awaiting transplants, the crucial predicted levels for impending coagulopathy and liver cell failure may be further examined.

Author(S) Details

Deepa S. Banjan
Department of Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital, Kalwa, Maharashtra, India.

Kavita Sane
Department of Pathology, Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital, Kalwa, Maharashtra, India.

Sachchidanand Wattamvar
Department of Physiology, Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital, Kalwa, Maharashtra, India.

Mahesh More
Department of Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital, Kalwa, Maharashtra, India.

Jyotsna Zope
Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Bhakti Vedanta Hospital and Research Centre, Mira Road, India and Nephrology, Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital & Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Thane, India and National Kidney Foundation, India.

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A case report on Nonsurgical Retreatment and Iatrogenic Perforation Repair Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate | Chapter 18 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 The most common causes of root canal failure are micro leakage and bacterial infection. Endodontic treatment failure is frequently determined by the development of fresh or persistent periapical radiolucency close to a root-filled tooth. Incomplete obturation, insufficient coronal seal, missing canals, iatrogenic events like as tool separation, and lateral perforations are the most prevalent causes of endodontic failure. The second leading cause of treatment failures is perforations during endodontic operations. Accessibility and visibility, duration and size of perforation, periodontal status, and the quality of root canal treatment, the strategic importance of the tooth, the patient's oral hygiene, and the operator's experience are all factors that must be considered when treating these perforations surgically or non-surgically.

 

Presentation of a Case: A 32-year-old female patient presented to the clinic with a discoloured front tooth that caused slight pain when chewing or biting. The patient stated that he had been in a car accident five years prior and that he had had root canal treatment three years prior. The standard rubber dam isolation approach was followed. The entrance to the coronary artery was fine-tuned and cleansed.

 

The goal of this case report is to present an endodontic retreatment and nonsurgical treatment of a significant periapical radiolucency in a maxillary central incisor with coronal third perforation that was effectively treated with MTA-Angelus without matrix. In the anterior teeth, aesthetic was restored using all-ceramic crowns.

Conclusion: There were no evidence of infection at the six-month, one-year, and two-year follow-up sessions, and the tooth remained asymptomatic. The radiograph revealed indications of osseous healing, including periapical radiolucency resolution, periradicular tissue repair, and cementum deposition over MTA at the perforation site. Despite a poor prognosis, the current case report revealed positive clinical outcomes, indicating that the method is promising.


Author(S) Details

Savitha Adiga
Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, SSAHE Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India.

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Reinfection Caused by SARS-CoV-2 | Chapter 17 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 In this chapter, we look at the evidence of reinfection that has been recorded around the world. We also discuss the main characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. The evidence consists mostly of study cases, with a few population studies thrown in for good measure. The equipment and technique required to establish that the instance under study is a true reinfection and not a lengthy persistence of the virus in the body makes studying reinfections tough.

So far, reinfection appears to be a rare occurrence. It may, however, change as a result of the rise in different types of anxiety. The research of reinfections is critical to determining how the COVID-19 pandemic may progress in the future.


Author(S) Details

Efraín Navarro-Olivos
Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, México.

Gilberto Flores-Vargas
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Research and Teaching, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato, Mexico.

María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Research and Teaching, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato, Mexico.

Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Research and Teaching, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato, Mexico.

Daniel Alberto Díaz- Martínez
Directorate of Health Services, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato, Mexico.

Elia Lara-Lona
Department Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, Sociology, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

Francisco Javier Magos –Vazquez
Directorate of Health Services, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato, Mexico.

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Study on Standardized Rosemary Extract Induce Apoptotic Events, Enhances the Anticancer Effects in Breast Cancer | Chapter 16 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a well-known medicinal herb native to the Mediterranean. Rosemary extracts are a rich source of secondary metabolites, which are commonly employed in food and medicine.

The major goal of this study was to look into the anticancer properties of standardised rosemary extract in human aggressive breast cancer cells and see how it affected apoptosis.

Materials and Methods: Standardized rosemary extract was tested for cytotoxicity using the MTT assay, while acridine orange/propidium iodide dyes were used to assess the apoptotic effects of standardised extracts in breast cancer cells using fluorescence microscopy. The apoptotic impact of standardised rosemary extract was then assessed using flow cytometry and western blotting.

Results: Standardized rosemary extracts had a strong cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, with IC50 values of 50.75g/mL. Fluorescence microscopy and Annexin V-propidium iodide double-staining revealed that standardised rosemary extract potentiates apoptosis. Western blotting results, on the other hand, revealed upregulation of proapoptotic proteins, activation of PARP-1, Caspase 9, and a concentration-dependent decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, as well as an increase in the expression level of the proapoptotic protein BAX.

In conclusion, standardised rosemary extract inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. As a result, it has the potential to be developed as an anticancer treatment to slow the progression of cancer; however, more research is needed.

Author(S) Details

K. Gouthamchandra
Department of Biomedicinal Research, R&D Centre for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I Phase, Bangalore-560105, Karnataka, India.

H. V. Sudeep
Department of Biomedicinal Research, R&D Centre for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I Phase, Bangalore-560105, Karnataka, India.

H. B. Lingaraju
Department of Phytochemistry, R&D Centre for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I Phase, Bangalore-560105, Karnataka, India.

K. Shyam Prasad
Department of Biomedicinal Research, R&D Centre for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I Phase, Bangalore-560105, Karnataka, India and Department of Phytochemistry, R&D Centre for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, #14A, Jigani I Phase, Bangalore-560105, Karnataka, India.

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Redefining the Value of Relationships: An Approach towards Psychological Aspect | Chapter 15 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 This paper argues that we must reconsider how we define the importance of connections in today's world. We must emphasise the important role that partnerships can play in our self-learning and consciousness-building processes. Today, human civilisation is dangerously close to what some predict will be World War III. At the level of religious faith, national priorities, and racial strife, intolerance is at an all-time high, right down to the individual in the family group.

This article looks at a new way of looking at and using'interactions' in one's life, as well as a new method of defining the objective of all relationships. As a result, it is hoped that this paper will serve as a beginning point for both therapists and laypeople seeking to better'manage' their relationships. It aspires to move above the conventional aims and values, in which relationship objectives are viewed as either "How to Win Friends and Influence People" or "Creating Win-Win Situations." 'Harmony' is frequently viewed as a goal for those relationships in which one seeks either support or serenity at any costs. Is there anything more important or essential to relationships than this? Let's have a look at what we've got.

Author(S) Details

Jimmy Mody
Human Potrntial Clinic, Noshirwan Mansion, 3rd floor, Henry Rd, Colaba, Mumbai-400039, India.

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Study on Transduodenal Migration of Pancreatic Duct Stent into Liver | Chapter 14 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure that involves dilatation and stent insertion to treat symptomatic pancreatic duct obstruction. There hasn't been any reports of a duodenal perforation induced by pancreatic plastic stent migration into the liver. Perforative peritonitis occurs when the contents of the intestine leak into the peritoneal cavity. Stent migration leading to duodenal perforation, on the other hand, is a sluggish process in which inflammation forces adjacent organs to attach, preventing intestinal contents from leaking into the open peritoneal cavity. A case of duodenal perforation induced by pancreatic stent migration into the liver is presented.

Author(S) Details

D. Samprathi
Department of General Surgery, Grant Government Medical College and JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

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A Brief Study about Golden Proportion | Chapter 13 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Engineers and architects have long considered the Golden Proportion to be flawless, ideal, and desirable, and it has been used to analyse beauty and design patterns and proportions. The golden proportion has been offered as a valuable tool for assessing symmetry, dominance, and proportion in tooth arrangement diagnosis and the application of aesthetic dental therapy. As a design aspect, a dental surgeon should be aware of the golden proportion. Understanding this perplexing proportion, which has long been connected with beauty, may offer us with important suggestions that may be combined with our existing knowledge and applied to our dental work to restore dental aesthetics with a high degree of certainty.

The golden proportion is a mathematical constant that determines the proportion between the dimensions of two lengths.

Author(S) Details

Tripuravaram V. K. Reddy
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sihivahanan Dhanasekaran
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Culture of Cyclops for Use the First Intermediate Host in Experimental Life Cycle of Spirometra Species: An Experimental Research | Chapter 12 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Background: Under normal circumstances In the life cycle of Spirometra species, cyclops are the first intermediate hosts.

The purpose of this research is to describe how Cyclops were cultivated in a Tanzanian laboratory from an adult female egg sack Cyclops fed live Paramecium and a stock of Cyclops employed in a Spirometra species life cycle experiment.

Paramecium was first cultured for use as a food source for Cyclops. A sample of water was taken from a pond on the campus of Sokoine University. A swarm of Paramecium was created when 100 mL of water and pre-boiled wheat grains were transferred to a Petri dish and incubated under laboratory conditions for 7 days. In a new Petri dish containing tap water, 0.3 cc of Paramecium suspension, and 4 pre-boiled wheat grains, an adult female egg sack Cyclops from a natural water pond in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania was introduced. The mixture was stored at a temperature of 26-29°C in a laboratory and monitored on a daily basis.

Eggs laid by a single Cyclops hatched into nauplius. The average development time from nauplius I to copepodite I was 1.2 days, copepodite I to adult female Cyclops was 6.9 days, and copepodite I to adult female Cyclops was 26.3 days. The adult male was 846.3 metres long and 284.6 metres wide, whereas naupliusI was 120.2 metres long and 80.0 metres wide. 1 to 8 broods were generated by the mature female (mean 4.3). Cyclops lived for an average of 43.1 days.

Conclusion: In the experimental life cycle of Tanzanian Spirometra species, laboratory-cultured Cyclops were fed Paramecium and served as the first intermediate host.

Author(S) Details

Nicholas Jairo Kavana
St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 175, Ifakara, Tanzania.

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Nutritional and Pharmacological Therapy Adherence in Type-2 Diabetes Patients in a Mediterranean Region | Chapter 11 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Introduction: Patients with type 2 diabetes do not place the same priority on nutritional therapy as they do on other types of interventions. The value that T2DM patients place on nutritional and pharmaceutical therapy was examined in this study, as well as perceived impediments to nutritional therapy adherence.

Methods: A non-random sample of 62 patients receiving health treatment at a Diabetes Clinic in Faro, Portugal's Algarve region, were interviewed using a semi-structured procedure about their sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, physical activity, and dietary preferences. Additional information was gathered from the patient's medical records and through regular anthropometric testing.

Patients' nutritional consumption is low, and the majority are overweight (36 percent; n=22) or obese (53 percent; n=33). Physical exercise is ranked lower than nutritional consumption and pharmaceutical therapy (F=19.6; p0.001). Patients with a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet perceive their diet to be of higher quality (rSpearman=0.371; p=0.032), while patients with a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet regard their food to be of higher quality (66 percent; n=41). The importance of dietary intake as a disease treatment is significant, but patients appear to have difficulty following the recommendations and maintaining their compliance. Conclusions: Patients should be given the tools they need to enhance their own health. It is necessary to create and implement appropriate, personalised interventions.

Author(S) Details

Ezequiel Pinto
University of Algarve, School of Health, Portugal.

Nídia Braz
University of Algarve, School of Health, Portugal.

Tânia Nascimento
University of Algarve, School of Health, Portugal.

Eurico Gomes
Association for the Study of Diabetes Mellitus and Support for Diabetic Patients in the Algarve, Aedmada, Portugal.


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Case Presentation on Clitorial Cysts: A Rare Entity | Chapter 10 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Clitorial cysts are a rather uncommon occurrence. Dermoid cysts are slow-growing benign tumours that can appear anywhere on the body. Dermoids cysts are extremely uncommon in Clitoris. We discuss a case of clitoris inclusion cyst in a middle-aged woman who had it for ten years before seeking treatment for her symptoms. A cystic tumour of 3 cm X 4 cm was discovered at the clitoris, giving it the appearance of clitoromegaly. Her cyst was surgically removed at our facility, and the histopathology report indicated that the lesion was a dermoid cyst. The recovery after surgery was uneventful, and there was no sign of recurrence on follow-up. Our study's goal was to use this opportunity to talk about clitorial cysts in general, with a focus on our example.

Author(S) Details

Tanweerul Huda
Department of General Surgery, AIIMS Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Tarun Sutrave
Department of General Surgery, AIIMS Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Bharati Pandya
Department of General Surgery, AIIMS Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Osteochondroma of Lower Dorsal Spine in Hereditary Multiple Exostosis Causing Spinal Cord Compression: A Brief Review | Chapter 09 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Introduction: Osteochondroma and exostosis are the most frequent benign bone tumours, occurring mostly in the long bones and relatively rarely in the spine. When detected in the spine, they have a preference for the cervical region. They are classified as solitary or multiple hereditary. We present a case of spinal cord compression due to osteochondroma developing from the T-12 vertebral body and left pedicle in a 13-year-old female who presented with spastic paraparesis and its functional outcome. The tumour mass, including the lamina and pedicle of the 12th thoracic vertebrae on the left side, as well as the cartilaginous cap, was excised via a posterior approach. At two months following surgery, the patient was able to walk without assistance, and one year later, she had fully recovered neurologically.

Author(S) Details

Ankush V. Mohabey
Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.

Zilesingh Kundu
Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.

Ajay Sheoran
Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.

Umesh Yadav
Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.

Vikas Ahlawat
Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.

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A Case Report of Bochdalek Hernia with Anomalous Hepatic Lobe Heterotopia | Chapter 08 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Bochdalek hernia is the most prevalent kind of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH), which is caused by a postero-lateral diaphragmatic abnormality. In CDH, hepatic heterotopia is uncommon, and hepatic herniation has the poorest outcome.

A neonate with a right Bochdalek hernia (BH) and abnormal hepatic lobe heterotopia is presented in this case. Mal-rotated loops in the right hemithorax were observed herniating intraoperatively. The mal-rotated loops were decreased back into the abdomen after Ladd's technique, and the diaphragmatic defect was fixed over the anomalous liver lobe. The baby was discharged on the seventh postoperative day, and follow-ups revealed that he had recovered well.

Conclusion: The presentation, classification, and relevance of this connection are discussed in this case report. Our case report is interesting since Bochdalek hernia is uncommonly coupled with an abnormal hepatic lobe, and we believe that exposing this link will assist our paediatric surgical community in terms of scientific research and therapeutic care.

Author(S) Details

Wajiha Khan
Dow University of Health and Sciences Karachi, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi-74200, Pakistan.

Adnan Safi
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Nishtar Medical University and Hospital, Multan, Pakistan.

Asrar Ahmad
Department of Surgery, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan and Department of Surgery, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan.

Mehwish Mooghal
Department of Surgery, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan and Department of Surgery, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan.

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Occupational Hazards Related to Dental Practice and Preventive Measures: An Overview | Chapter 07 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 The occupational dangers associated with the profession of dentistry are highlighted in this review. Hazards are classified based on primary sources of risk by system or tissue, as well as by dental office location (dental chair, laboratory, sterilisation area, x-ray developing area). The general practise setting, specific materials and tools that expose the operator to vision and hearing risks, chemical substances with known allergenic, toxic, or irritating properties, increased microbial counts and silica particles in aerosols produced during tooth preparation and restoration removal, ergonomic considerations that may affect the provider's musculoskeletal system, and psychological considerations are all potentially hazardous factors. As part of dentistry education, the identification and eradication of these risk factors should be incorporated into a routine practise management programme. Professional organisations can also help practitioners become more aware of potential hazards and how to address them.

Author(S) Details

D. S. Poorya Naik
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, India.

S. Chetan
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, India.

B. R. Gopal Krishna
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College & Hospital, Bengaluru, India.

Naveen Shamnur
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bapuji Dental College, Davangere, India.

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