Evaluating Histopathological Changes in Kidneys of Developing Chick Embryos Induced by Lixisenatide | Chapter 6 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Background: Chick embryo is one of the most commonly used animals to study the adverse effects of various drugs for research purposes. For ethical reasons, animal models are frequently used in research. Currently, type 2 diabetes mellitus is treated by using the medication lixisenatide. Therapeutically, it is thought to be superior to other GLP1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

 

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to understand the adverse effects of lixisenatide on the kidneys of developing chick embryos.

 

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The starting human dose of lixisenatide was 10 mcg subcutaneously daily for 14 days and increased further to 20 mcg daily lifelong. The chick embryos were dissected after being sacrificed, and the kidneys from both sides were separated and kept in a 10% formaldehyde solution. Under flowing water, the tissues were cleaned. To learn about the typical histological characteristics of the kidneys, the sections were examined by using a light and compound microscope. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis.

 

Results: Minute vacuolation with or without fat globules in the cytoplasm of the lining epithelium of proximal and distal convoluted tubules was observed in experimental groups C, D, and E. The lymphocytic infiltration was higher in cortical areas of kidneys. As the dose of Lixisenatide increases with each experimental group, the histopathological changes in the kidney also show more changes with each experimental group, and these are statistically significant (p<0.05).

 

Conclusion: The medicine has some negative effects on the kidneys of the chick embryo, as evidenced by the observations (vacuolation in DCT, congestion in glomeruli, lymphocytic infiltration, etc.). Therefore, if it tend to use this vital medication carelessly patient can develop renal issues and resistance. A limitation of this study is that it was conducted solely on a chick embryo model. Further study must be performed in mammal research models for a better understanding of the effects of Lixisenatide in humans.

Author (s) Details

Amit Kumar Srivastava
Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Gaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Yogesh Yadav
Department of Anatomy, Noida International Institute of Medical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ashok Kumar Gupta
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5500

Effects of Mentha spicata L. Extracts on Morphological Deformations of Culex molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Background: Mentha spicata (family Lamiaceae) holds significant medicinal value and functions as an effective mosquito repellent, making it particularly important for combating some of the aquatic stages and controlling the adult stages.  By controlling mosquito populations, it can help lower the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, protecting public health. Additionally, using natural plant-based solutions offers a cost-effective and environmentally safe approach to pest management.

 

Objectives: This study highlights the potential of Mentha spicata L. extracts as eco-friendly and biodegradable mosquito larvicides, reducing reliance on chemical insecticides.

 

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, in March 2017. To evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extracts and chloroform of the leaves, stems and roots of Mentha spicata, (10) larvae/replications of the fourth-instar larvae were taken, with 3 replications for each concentration. They were transferred to 100 ml plastic containers containing the above-mentioned extracts at concentrations of (1, 5, 10) mg/ml for the aqueous extract, and (0.25, 0.5, 1) mg/ml for the chloroform extract with breadcrumbs. The cumulative mortality rate of the fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults of the house mosquito Culex molestus was calculated when treating the fourth instar larvae noting the appearance of morphological deformities of the above-mentioned stages During the treatment of the fourth instar larvae of the insect, morphological deformations were quantified or described qualitatively. Distilled water and solvent were used in the comparison experiments, and the mortality rate was recorded in the fourth instar larvae and the pupal stage (resulting from the treatment of the fourth instar larvae) until they reached the adult stage.

 

Results: The results of treating the fourth larval instar of the insect with cold and boiled water extract of the stems and leaves of the mint plant showed the greatest effect compared to the cold and boiled water extract of the plant roots, and the effect of the cold and boiled water extract of the stems was more effective than the cold and boiled water extract of the leaves in the percentage of cumulative death of the insect stages. As for treating the fourth larval stage of the insect with chloroform extract, the extract of the mint leaves showed a great effect in the percentage of cumulative mortality of the insect stages compared to the extract of the stems and roots of the mint plant, with the observation of the appearance of morphological deformities in the insect stages as a result of treatment with these extracts.

 

Conclusions: The results showed that mosquitoes are medicinal insects that transmit many pathogens to humans, and cause inconvenience through their bites, rapid reproduction, and production of large numbers of eggs. Therefore, this study investigated the cumulative mortality rate of insect stages treated with aqueous extract and chloroform of the mint plant, and its potential application in mosquito control programs. The morphological abnormalities of mosquitoes resulting from treatment with mint extracts were calculated, and the active groups in the extracts were identified using the thin-layer chromatography (T.L.C.) technique.

 

Author (s) Details

Sarah Kadhim Al-Rahimy
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Iraq.

 

 

Rafid Abbas Al-Essa
Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kerbala, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5552

Dahlia Tuber Extract and Bacillus subtilis Encapsulation in the Ration of Broiler Chickens: Combined Effects on Blood Fat Profile and Live Weight | Chapter 4 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Background: Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) as a growth promoter has been banned in Indonesia since 2017. This has prompted the search for alternative antibiotics to support poultry products' health, productivity, and safety. This makes probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics potential alternatives to replace AGP.

 

Aim of the Study: This study aims to test the effect of adding encapsulated dahlia tuber extract as a prebiotic and Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic on blood lipid profiles and live weight of broiler chicken.

 

Methodology: The research was conducted from October to December 2023, at the Poultry Cage and the Laboratory of Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. In this investigation, 200 unsexed Ross strain broilers aged 8 days with an average body weight of 194.53 ± 3.46 g were used. The treatment feed was administered at the age of 8-35 days, containing encapsulated dahlia tuber extract as a prebiotic and Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic (EDTEBs). Dahlia tuber extract and Bacillus subtilis were mixed in a 50:50 ratio. The study used a completely randomised design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications, each consisting of 10 broilers. The treatment given was T0: basal ration, T1: basal ration + 0.1% EDTEBs, T2: basal ration + 0.2% EDTEBs, T3: basal ration + 0.3% EDTEBs. The parameters measured were blood cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and live weight. Data were analysed using the JASP program.

 

Results: The results showed that the addition of dahlia tuber extract encapsulation and Bacillus subtilis encapsulation had a significant effect on cholesterol levels (P < 0.001), triglycerides (P<0.001), HDL (P = 0.002), LDL (P = 0.001), and live weight (P < 0.001) in broilers. The addition of EDTEBs at a concentration of 0.1% yielded optimal results in reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, while also increasing HDL levels and live weight in broilers.

 

Conclusion: The effectiveness of the combination of Dahlia tuber extract and Bacillus subtilis can be reduced in the digestive tract, as the bioactive compounds and probiotic bacteria may be damaged by acidic gastrointestinal conditions. The addition of encapsulated dahlia tuber extract and Bacillus subtilis at a 0.1% level improved the blood lipid profile of broiler chickens by reducing cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels while increasing HDL levels and live weight. The best results were obtained in the 3% addition treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

Mulyono Mulyono
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

 

Istna Mangisah
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

 

Vitus Dwi Yunianto
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

 

Wafiq Afifah Maulidyah
Bachelor Study Program of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5521

Evaluating the Sub-Lethal Effects of Malathion on Biochemical Parameters of Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

Malathion is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Organophosphates are widely used throughout the world as an important group of pesticides, due to their insecticidal property, less toxicity, less persistence and rapid biodegradability in the environment. The present investigation was undertaken to study the toxic effect of Malathion on biochemical parameters of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton). The freshwater fish Labeo rohita were collected from local freshwater culture ponds by netting with the help of local fishermen located within the study region. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the insecticide Malathion and the variations were observed on different parameters, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine positive substances (FAA) at different time intervals, i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs of Malathion exposure from different tissues of fish Labeo rohita, i.e. gill, liver, intestine, muscle and brain. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA to compare the results between the tissue components. The results revealed that biochemical constituents, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine-positive substances, were decreased in all the tissues of L. Rohita. The toxic nature of insecticide Malathion was found to be more after 48 hours of exposure, as the highest % of decrease was found in biochemical constituents of all the tissues. This study concluded that the sublethal effects of Malathion on biochemical parameters of fresh freshwater fish L. Rohita. Therefore, the usage of pesticides should be restricted to a minimal concentration to have a healthy ecosystem.

 

Author (s) Details

M. Venkatewara Rao
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

K. Thirupathi
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

Venkaiah Yanamala
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5477

Characteristics and Infection Mechanism of Ganoderma Boninense in Oil Palm | Chapter 2 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Ganoderma boninense is the primary causal agent of Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease in oil palm. Understanding the interaction between the pathogen and the host is crucial for effectively managing BSR. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of the characteristics and infection mechanism of G. boninense in oil palm plants. The infection process begins with the release of basidiospores from the basidiocarp, which then leads to the formation of dikaryotic mycelium. This dikaryotic mycelium undergoes hyphal morphogenesis to form needle-like structures that facilitate penetration into host cells. Infection in oil palm trees manifests through the formation of basidiocarps at the basal stem of the infected plant.

 

Author (s) Details

Rossa Yunita
Research Center for Estate Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

Azis Natawijaya
Corporate Development, Bumitama Gunajaya Agro. Jl. Melawai Raya No. 10, South Jakarta 12160, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5436

Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Relatedness of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Poultry and Bovine Housed in Tunisian Farms | Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

This study aimed to investigate the presence of integrons in commensal E. coli isolates from animal origins (poultry and bovine) housed in farms located in four different governorates of Tunisia (Sousse, Tunis, Bizerte and Gbeli), with a focus on antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and phylogroups as well as genetic characterization of genes encoding sulphonamides, tetracycline resistance (owing to their high rates of resistance in our collection and their excessive use in veterinary medicine in Tunisia). Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons are able to disseminate genes encoding antibiotic resistance by horizontal transfer, and play an important role in the evolution and dissemination of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

 

Little detailed documentation has been researched on the excessive use of antimicrobials such as tetracycline and sulfonamides in veterinary medicine in Tunisia, and more studies are needed. A total of 58 commensal Escherichia coli isolates recovered from faecal samples of healthy poultry (n=31) and bovine (n=27) recovered from farms in Tunisia were examined for 20 antimicrobials as well as researched the presence of integron, variable regions (VRs), phylogroups, tetracycline (tetA, tetB, et tetC) and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3) resistance genes. The most frequent resistance in poultry origin was to tetracycline (94.3%), sulfonamide (70.69%), nalidixic acid (61.29), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin with 64.51%, to amoxicillin and ticarcilline with 58%. Whereas, for the bovine isolates, it noted high resistance to streptomycin (55.5%) and moderate resistance to tetracycline (37%) and amoxicillin (18.5%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 20, 6 isolates for poultry and bovine, respectively, as well as class 2 integrons were found in 2 and 1 isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons were significantly associated with poultry origin (p=0.001). For poultry, sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes were detected in 14 (46.2%), 7 (23.8%), and 4 (8.9%) resistant isolates, respectively. Whereas, for bovine, 5 isolates were resistant to sulfonamide and sul1 and sul2 genes were detected in 4 and 1 isolates, with an absence of sul3 genes. and tetracycline genes tetA, tetB genes were observed in 27 (84.37%) and 8 (25%) resistant isolates, respectively, while TetC was not detected amongst our isolates. Seven arrangement gene cassettes were detected; dfrA1-satA1-aadA1 in one identical DNA fragment with approximate size of 2000 bp, and six arrangements of resistance gene cassettes of class 1 integron were detected; dfrA1+aadA1 (5isolates); for dfrA17+aadA1, dfrA12+ orfF+aadA2 each one two 2isolates; one isolate for aadA1 and dfrA5, respectively. In poultry, 16 isolates were found to belong to phylogroup A (subgroupA1: 12, subgroupA0: 4); 9 to B1, 1 to B2 and 5 to phylogroup D. However, in bovine 9 isolates have the phylogroups A1, 7 isolates B1, 4 isolates B2, and 3 isolates found to phylogroup D. Our results showed that the prevalence of resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry was much higher than that observed in bovin. This is worrisome for global human health, especially with the increasing consumption of poultry meat in Tunisia and in another part of the world owing to its relatively lower cost compared to red meat.

 

Author (s) Details

Hajer Kilani
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Mohamed Salah Abbassi
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Sana Lengliz
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Application, LR11ES22, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Rim Dhifalli
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Bouraoui Jihene
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Riadh Mansouri
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Noureddine Ben Chehida
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Ilhem Boutiba-Benboubaker
Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia and Department of Microbiology, Hospital of Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/1613

Post-Quantum AI: Building Secure Machine Learning Systems in the Quantum Era | Book Publisher International

 

This book explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing, focusing on the urgent need to secure machine learning systems in the face of emerging quantum threats. As quantum computers advance, they expose vulnerabilities in classical cryptographic methods, potentially undermining data integrity, privacy, and trust in AI-driven applications. To address these challenges, this study introduces the concept of post-quantum AI—a framework for integrating quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, Anomaly detection mechanisms, and Resilient machine learning architectures. This book makes three core contributions: it motivates a quantum-era threat model for machine learning (ii) it maps a migration path to standardised post-quantum cryptography Crypto-agile architectures (iii) it presents a defence-in-depth blueprint across the data → training → inference lifecycle that integrates privacy-preserving learning Governance. This work explicitly highlights key contributions, including proposed frameworks, algorithms, and case studies. Future research directions are also outlined to guide continued exploration in this emergent field. The final candidate algorithms from the NIST PQC standardisation process (NIST, 2022–2023) further strengthen this discussion.

 

Key themes include the foundations of quantum mechanics relevant to computation, the fundamental differences between classical and quantum computing, and the transformative potential of quantum algorithms for optimisation, pattern recognition, and predictive analytics. The book highlights case studies spanning drug discovery, finance, mobile networks, and supply chain optimisation, illustrating how quantum-enhanced AI can revolutionise industry while simultaneously raising complex security and ethical concerns.

 

A central focus is the development and deployment of post-quantum cryptography (PQC)), such as lattice-based and hash-based algorithms, to safeguard AI models against adversarial and quantum-accelerated attacks. The discussion extends to adversarial machine learning, explainable AI (XAI), and hybrid classical–quantum systems as strategies for strengthening resilience.

 

The ethical, legal, and regulatory dimensions of post-quantum AI are also examined, emphasising fairness, transparency, accountability, and international cooperation. By combining technical innovations with responsible governance, the book advocates for building trustworthy AI systems that remain robust in the quantum era. Future work includes post-quantum cryptography (PQC) performance benchmarking in ML pipelines Patterns for crypto-agile key management, Assurance methods for privacy-preserving Federated learning as standards, and Implementations that are mature.

 

Author(s) Details

Amit Taneja
Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-99-0

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Rural Kolar | Book Publisher International

 

Introduction: Mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress are pressing public health concerns, particularly among married women in rural India. Socio-economic challenges, cultural norms, and familial responsibilities contribute to their heightened risk of psychological distress. Despite the severity of these issues, research and data on mental health in rural areas like Kolar, Karnataka, remain limited, making it difficult to fully address their needs.

 

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among rural married women in Kolar and also to identify those associated socio-demographic factors.

 

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional observational study conducted within a specific population between July 2023 and December 2024 among 630 married women aged 18–60 years in the Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC) field practice area of Devarayasamudra, Kolar. Participants were selected using multi-stage random sampling. Data was collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire and the DASS-42 scale, which includes 42 items across three subscales—depression, anxiety, and stress—each rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 to 3. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0 with Chi-square tests and logistic regression.

 

Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 72.3%, 71.9%, and 61.9%, respectively. Severe to extremely severe forms were notably high. Significant associations were found between mental health status and factors like age, education level, socioeconomic status, and family structure (p<0.05). Older women and those from lower socio-economic backgrounds showed higher prevalence rates.

 

Conclusion: A substantial burden of depression, anxiety, and stress exists among married women in rural Kolar. Socio-demographic factors critically influence mental health. Community-based mental health programs focusing on early detection and socio-economic empowerment are urgently needed. Additionally, region-specific mental health research and longitudinal studies should be encouraged to generate local evidence for informed policy-making.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Dr. Abhiharshan SB
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

Dr. Muninarayana C
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

Dr. Pradeep TS
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-84-6

Beyond Smoke: Youth, Slums and Shadows of Tobacco | Book Publisher International

 

Tobacco is a shadow that stretches across nations, economies, and generations. While often discussed in the context of smoking, a more insidious and varied threat has taken deep root, particularly in developing nations like India: smokeless tobacco. This book, *Beyond Smoke: Youth, Slums and Shadows of Tobacco*, is an attempt to sound an alarm and dismantle a public health crisis unfolding in plain sight—the targeting of adolescents in urban slums with addictive, carcinogenic products.

 

The journey of this research began with a simple, disturbing observation: the sight of younger and younger children with small, colourful sachets of gutkha and pan masala, products marketed like candy and priced like it, too. Despite legislative bans, such as the landmark five-year prohibition in Maharashtra in 2002, these products continued to flow freely into the hands of children, facilitated by pocket money, peer pressure, and a startling lack of awareness about their devastating health consequences.

 

This book is the culmination of a year-long, intensive cross-sectional study conducted among 1800 adolescents in an urban slum of a major Indian metropolis. We sought not only to quantify the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use but to understand the intricate web of factors that enable it—socio-demographic backgrounds, family dynamics, knowledge levels, and the powerful influence of marketing and peer networks.

 

Our findings are a clarion call. A prevalence rate of 13.9% among adolescents is not just a number; it represents hundreds of young lives embarking on a path toward addiction, oral lesions, and potentially, cancer. The data reveals that initiation begins as early as 13-14 years, often motivated by a quest for enjoyment or a need for social acceptance. Perhaps one of our most counterintuitive findings challenges traditional assumptions: users often hail from better socio-economic backgrounds, have educated parents, and receive unsupervised pocket money—primarily from their mothers—which is then used to purchase their daily dose of poison.

 

Perhaps most disheartening is the discovery that while most adolescents know tobacco is harmful, a significant knowledge gap exists regarding the specific dangers of its smokeless forms. This critical disconnect between knowledge and practice, combined with easy availability and social acceptability, creates a perfect storm for addiction to thrive.

 

This work would not have been possible without the participation of the 1800 adolescents who shared their stories and experiences. I am deeply grateful for their honesty and trust. I also extend my sincere thanks to the community health workers, the institutional ethics committee, and my professional colleagues for their unwavering support and guidance throughout this endeavour.

 

On a personal note, this work stands on the foundation of my family's unwavering support. My deepest gratitude flows first to my wife, Dr. Vibha, not only for her patience but for her invaluable insights as a psychiatrist, which helped me weave the crucial psychological perspective into this research. I am eternally grateful to my father-in-law, Mr. Anil, whose wisdom as a scholar and academician provided much-needed guidance through the most challenging phases of this journey. My elder brother, Dr. Rahul Gajbhiye, deserves special credit for being the catalyst who first ignited my passion for rigorous inquiry and shaped me into a researcher. To all of them, and to my entire family for their boundless encouragement and faith, I owe a debt I can never fully repay.

 

It is my earnest hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for public health policymakers, medical practitioners, educators, and non-governmental organizations. By understanding the patterns laid bare in this book, we can begin to craft interventions that are not just policies on paper, but lifelines extended into the heart of these communities. The future of a generation depends on our collective will to act now and shield them from the long, dark shadow of tobacco.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Anand R. Bhide
Department of Community Medicine, Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education & Research (MIMER), Talegaon Dabhade, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Balaji D. Almale
Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Amrut A. Swami
Department of Community Medicine, Dr. S. S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-47-1

Association of MHC-DRB1 Genotypes and Environmental Factors with Parasitic Load in Osmanabadi Goats | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Osmanabadi goat is reared in arid and semi-arid regions of India and plays a role in the economy of rural livelihood. Small ruminant practices in India face the major challenge of parasitic infestation. Gastrointestinal nematodes create a major threat to the production performance of small ruminants. Infection in the gastrointestinal tract with parasites is still one of the main constraints to goat production and poses a major global threat to animal production, which leads to serious economic and health problems. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of different genetic and non-genetic factors on parasitic load of these goats in Udgir tehsil of Latur district of Maharashtra, India. The variation due to season, age, sex, farm and genotype of the TaqI locus of the MHC DRB1 gene on Faecal Egg Count (FEC) and Haemonchus Egg Count (HEC) in the flocks was studied. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to analyse all the collected data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare variables across different categories. The study comprised 84 animals, and the results indicated that the season and genotype had a significant effect on FEC and HEC in these flocks reared in an organised and non-organised farm. The highest FEC values (mean: 1119.047 ± 73.44) were recorded during the monsoon season, followed by the summer season (mean: 403.5714 ± 57.29) and the lowest values (mean: 116.66 ± 28.94) in the winter season. The HEC was also highest (367.469 ± 34.59) in the monsoon, and the winter season had the lowest values (mean: 116.66 ± 17.091). Among the genotypes, the BB genotype had the lowest FEC (mean: 240 ± 39.99), suggesting that the BB genotype might be resistant to parasitic load. Based on the findings in the present study, it is recommended that goat farmers adopt targeted control measures during the monsoon season to manage parasitic infections effectively.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Hajare, B.B
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Jadhav, P.V
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Meena, A.S.
Animal Biotechnology, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India.

 

Dhaware, S.A
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Bharkad, G.P.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Borgave, S.D
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir (MAFSU), India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v7/6263

Yellow Sticky Traps in Integrated Pest Management: Progress and Challenges| Chapter 4 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 7

Effective monitoring and controlling of insect-pests is vital for safeguarding agricultural yields and ensuring food security. Yellow Sticky Traps (YSTs) serve as essential instruments in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, effectively aiding in the monitoring and control of flying insect pests within agricultural and greenhouse environments. These traps take advantage of the powerful visual appeal that numerous insects possess for the color yellow, which mimics floral cues and reflects light at wavelengths that are particularly noticeable to insect photo-receptors. This study emphasizes the evolving significance of YSTs as both monitoring and management tools in sustainable pest control systems. YSTs are presently used in Agriculture to cover and control pests in crops similar as tomatoes, cucumbers, and citrus), Greenhouses (to detect early infestations), Urban Pest Control (to manage houseflies and fungus gnats), and scientific exploration (to study insect geste and population dynamics). YSTs play a crucial role in spotting early infestations, pinpointing pest hotspots, and evaluating the relative abundance and movement of pests like whiteflies, thrips, aphids, and leaf miners. The incorporation of pheromones, kairomones, and UV-reflective coatings has significantly boosted their effectiveness. While YSTs offer affordability, environmental benefits, and user-friendliness, they also have drawbacks, such as the potential to capture non-target species and their restriction to the flying stages of pests. The implementation of high trap densities for mass trapping has proven effective in diminishing pest populations in controlled environments. Their involvement in decision-making and sustainable pest management is continually progressing alongside innovations in lure technology and trap design. However, challenges such as trap saturation, species misidentification, limited integration with automated technologies, and environmental sensitivity remain areas for further research and innovation. Despite these challenges, YSTs remain versatile and eco-friendly components of IPM. In conclusion, while Yellow Sticky Traps alone may not provide complete control in the face of severe infestations, they are an essential component of IPM strategies.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Santhoshraj Nagaraj
Department of Entomology, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Baburayenpettai, Chengalpattu, India.

 

Vairam Namachivayam
Department of Agricultural Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India.

 

Murugan Nagarajan a
Department of Entomology, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Baburayenpettai, Chengalpattu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v7/6264

Development Potential of the Areca Nut (Areca catechu L.) in Indonesia | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 7

  

The area of Indonesia's Areca nut plantations covers 143,202 hectares and is found across most of the country. The largest concentration is on the island of Sumatra, which accounts for approximately 95,532 hectares or 66.71 % of the total. Areca nuts have a wide range of uses, from traditional ceremonies and textiles to the pharmaceutical industry, making them an important export commodity. Despite their widespread growth and economic importance, research and development into the plant has not kept a significant pace. Exploration efforts to find new, superior varieties that could enrich Indonesia’s genetic diversity and create better seeds have been greatly limited. While 33 provinces in Indonesia have Areca nut populations, only seven have conducted exploration activities with ex-situ collections of 41 Areca accessions and 9 High-Producing Blocks (BPT). To date, the Ministry of Agriculture has officially released only three areca nut varieties as national superior varieties.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Miftahorrachman
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Alberth Soplanit
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Muhamad Roiyan Romadhon
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Development and Modernization, Jl. Tentara Pelajar No. 3A, Bogor 16111, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

 

Jeanette Kumaunang
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Meity Tulalo
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Rossa Yunita
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Sheny Kaihatu
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Ismail Maskromo
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Budi Santoso
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Jerry Wungkana
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

Meldy Hosang
Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong Km 46, Bogor, West Java 16915, Indonesia.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v7/6262

Co-inoculation Effect of Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus subtilis on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) | chapter 2 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a staple cereal crop, is crucial for feeding the growing human population. Biofertilizers play a major role in increasing nutrient availability for high yield, making them a sustainable alternative or supplement to chemical fertilisers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the co-inoculation effect of Azospirillum Brasiliense and Bacillus subtilis on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus subtilis along with a graded level of chemical fertilisers on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum) during Rabi, 2018, at the Agronomy farm, Rajarshee Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. The plots were arranged in a randomised block design with three replications. The co-inoculation effect of Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus subtilis, along with 75% nitrogen and Phosphorus and 100% potassium, recorded the highest plant height at tillering (25.00), plant height at flowering (87.80cm), plant height at maturity (90.53cm), number of tillers sq.m1 (403.00). In addition, ear length (14.77cm), number of spikelets ear-1 (42.87), number of grain ear-1 (38.33),1000 grain weight (43.88gm), gram yield (50.63q/ha), straw yield (75.93 q/ha) and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by wheat plant were also found to be increased 120.00 kg hand 37.00kg/ha respectively. The results of the present investigation clearly demonstrate that co-inoculation of wheat seeds with Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus subtilis, combined with 75% of the recommended nitrogen and phosphorus and 100% potassium fertiliser, produced results similar to the full 100% NPK treatment. This suggests that 25% of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers can be effectively replaced, leading to significant savings in chemical fertiliser costs without compromising crop performance.

 

 

Author(s) Details

S.V. Kadam
Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur - 416 004, India.

 

D.P. Deshmukh
Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur - 416 004, India.

 

R.A Karande
Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur - 416 004, India.

 

S.J. Waghmare
Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur - 416 004, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v7/6246

 

Meiofaunal Distribution on Coral Reefs of Pangkajene Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia |Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 7

 

This study investigates the composition and spatial distribution of meiofauna within the shallow coral reef ecosystem of the Pangkajene Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Samples were collected from 19 sites at depths of 6 to 8 meters, which showed stable oceanographic conditions but significant variation in live coral cover, ranging from 10.27% to 78.47%. A total of 13 meiofaunal taxa were identified from the sediment samples, with Nematoda being the most dominant group, making up more than 50% of the total population recorded. Other frequently present taxa included Harpacticoida, Polychaeta, Turbellaria, Foraminifera, and Nauplii. Meiofaunal density varied widely across the sites, from as low as 123 individuals per 10 cm² to as high as 5,235 individuals per 10 cm², with an overall average of 1,037±1,145 individuals per 10 cm². Multivariate analyses, including cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), identified three distinct station groups, indicating a high level of spatial variation in environmental conditions. Although habitat complexity from live coral structures is a key ecological factor, the study found no direct link between meiofaunal density and live coral cover. Instead, sediment properties such as grain size and organic matter availability had a more substantial influence on meiofaunal distribution. Stations with fine sand sediments generally supported higher meiofaunal abundance. These findings emphasise the importance of benthic microhabitat conditions, especially sediment characteristics, in shaping meiofaunal community structure in coral reef ecosystems. The study also supports the potential of meiofauna as sensitive bioindicators for assessing the health of these habitats.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Susetiono
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

H.A.W. Cappenberg
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

J. Souhoka
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

Endang S. Srimariana
Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University Dramaga Bogor, Jawa Barat-166680, Indonesia.

 

E. Widyastuti
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

T. Sidabutar
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v7/6212

 

Effects of Acacia Gums Enriched with Gallic Acid and Clove Oil on Physicochemical and Physiological Changes of Solanum lycopersicum during Storage | Chapter 5 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an annual herbaceous crop with berries that belongs to the Solanaceae family. It produces fruits of various sizes and shapes with a smooth epicarp. It originated as wild forms in the Peru-Ecuador-Bolivia area of South America. It is among the perishable horticultural products affected by the postharvest practices during the production chain. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of acacia gums incorporated with gallic acid and clove oil on physiological and physicochemical changes in tomatoes during storage at different treatment ratios and storage conditions. Fresh tomato fruits, harvested at the ripening stage, were collected from the Iringa municipal market. Gum Arabic particles were collected from Acacia trees in the Iringa region. Whereby treatment solutions made of acacia gum incorporated with gallic Acid and clove oil in combination ratios of T1 (0:0:100), T2 (0.5:0.5:100), T3 (1.0:1.0:98), and T4 (1.5:1.5:97) as gallic acid, clove oil, and acacia gum solution, respectively, were used as organic coatings to preserve tomatoes. Samples of 120 coated tomatoes per treatment were then left to dry at ambient temperature, followed by storage at ambient, in the cold room (16°C), and in a refrigerator (8°C) for observation for 35 days of the experiment. The Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical degradation method was used to estimate the antioxidant activity. The firmness of all fruit samples was measured with a fruit Texture analyser Brookfield model CT3 10K (0-50 Kgf). All the data were interpreted by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s multiple-range test using the SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics version 26) software package for expressing the statistical significance. From the results, it was observed that the antioxidant activity percentage was increased from a value of 19.66±0.000 % to 42.77±5.436 % on average within the initial 14 days of storage; thereafter, it started decreasing. Meanwhile, the firmness of the tomatoes was maintained until 28 days of storage, after which it started changing due to respiration. Treatment T3 (1.0:1.0:98) performed well in maintaining the firmness of tomato fruits in all storage conditions compared to treatments T1 (0:0:100), T2 (0.5:0.5:98), and T4 (1.5:1.5:97), with an average maximum firmness of T3 (0.24±0.00 N/mm), T1 (0.17±0.00 N/mm), T2 (0.20 ±0.00N/mm), and T4 (0.21±0.00 N/mm), respectively. This indicates the best quality attribute towards the marketability for preserving the shape and size of the tomato fruits when it comes to shelf life and customer perception. The study concluded that post-harvest treatments containing a mixture of Acacia gum, gallic acid, and clove oil indicated significant effectiveness in preserving the quality of tomato fruits compared to a solution of only acacia gum in all storage conditions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Isaka Gerald Barongereje
Department of Food Science and Agro-Processing, School of Engineering and Technology, The Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

V.C.K Silayo
Department of Food Science and Agro-Processing, School of Engineering and Technology, The Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Rashid A. Suleiman
Department of Food Science and Agro-Processing, School of Engineering and Technology, The Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v4/6260

Evaluating the Sensory Qualities of Chevon from Konkan Kanyal Goat Supplemented with Azolla Meal and Fish Meal | Chapter 4 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 

Background: Azolla meal and fish meal are rich sources of protein and essential nutrients that can contribute to a well-balanced diet for male goats. Studying the incorporation of Azolla meal and fish meal in the diet of male goats becomes essential to ensure optimal nutrition, cost-effective feeding strategies, improved health and performance of the goats and the promotion of sustainable livestock farming practices.

 

Aims: Nutritional benefits of supplementation of Azolla meal and fish meal to Konkan Kanyal goat were exploited in the present study by feeding Azolla meal and fish meal through concentrate along with basal feed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the sensory qualities of the meat samples through respondent tasting at room temperature, assessing attributes such as tenderness, flavour, juiciness and overall acceptance.

 

Methodology: This experimental field study was conducted at Instructional Livestock Farm, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli, Maharashtra, India, during 2023-24. The concentrate feed was prepared by supplementation of Azolla meal and fish meal with basal feed (Hybrid napier grass + Red gram straw + concentrate) with supplementation of 4 gm fish meal (A0F1), 8 gm fish meal (A0F2), 4 gm Azolla meal (A1F0), 4 gm Azolla meal and 4 gm fish meal (A1F1), 4 gm Azolla meal and 8 gm fish meal (A1F2), 8 gm Azolla meal (A2F0), 8 gm Azolla meal and 4 gm fish meal (A2F1) and 8 gm Azolla meal and 8 gm fish meal (A2F2) in concentrate, respectively and the experimental goats were slaughtered and the chevon of all treatment combinations were analyzed for sensory attributes i.e; tenderness, flavour, juiciness, appearance and overall acceptance of chevon by using 9-point Hedonic scale. A Factorial Randomised Block design was employed using three replications.

 

Results: Statistical perusal of the data showed that results with respect to tenderness, flavour, juiciness and overall acceptance of chevon of treatment combinations are statistically significant for both the factors under study, i.e. fish meal and Azolla meal at (P<0.05) level of significance. In this study, the optimum level of treatment combination of 4 gm Azolla meal and 8 gm fish meal (A1F2) supplementation through concentrate feed was found in obtaining maximum score for tenderness, flavour, juiciness, appearance and overall acceptance of chevon.

 

Conclusion: The study concludes that supplementing upto 4 g of Azolla meal and 8 g of fish meal (A1F2) through concentrate to experimental goats adds a nutritious boost to the chevon. The most acceptable quality of chevon can be obtained by supplementing 4 g of Azolla meal and 8 g of fish meal (A1F2) through concentrate to Konkan Kanyal goats.

 

 

Author(s) Details

D.K. Kokani
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

A.J. Mayekar
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

N. N. Prasade
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

P.B. Bansode
College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

V. N. Patil
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

S.G. Shirsat
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

B. G. Desai
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

V.S. Dandekar
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (415 712), India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v4/6180

Understanding Emerging Perceptions of Cultured Meat: A Mind Genomics Approach | Chapter 3 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 

Cultured meat is part of the emerging field of cellular agriculture, produced by growing tissue from original animal cells. The issues involved in cultured meat emerge from technological development and consumer knowledge and acceptance. This study explores the reaction of consumers to different concepts about cultured meat. The objective is to determine whether it is possible to form a coherent picture of the concept of cultured meat by presenting respondents with different combinations of phrases pertaining to cultured meat and measuring which phrases drive agreement. Using the Mind Genomics approach, 100 respondents evaluated 24 unique vignettes each, composed of combinations of statements about cultured meat. Respondents evaluated combinations of messages about the emerging technology of cultured meat; these were created to be meaningful to a non-technical person, and dealt with the sensory, technical, and sociological aspects of cultured meat. The findings suggest that the respondent does not understand what cultured meat “means, and may agree with statements which directly negate each other. There are three poorly defined mind-sets underlying the study. Mind-Set 1-focuses on ingredients and on product form; Mind-Set 2-focuses on sustainability and ingredients; Mind-Set 3- focuses on ethical and social issues as well as on product form. These three mind-sets are intertwined within the population, and cannot be separated by conventional geo-demographics. These data present a unique opportunity to understand the formation of a new technology in food design, cultured meat. This study highlights the need for future research to be conducted periodically, perhaps annually, to monitor changes in public understanding and perceptions as the technology matures and in vitro products move toward market entry and commercial success.

 

Author(s) Details

Howard Moskowitz
Mind Genomics Associates, Inc., White Plains, New York, United States of America.

 

Attila Gere
Department of Postharvest Sciences and Sensory Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.

 

Derek Roberts
QEP Marketing Clinic, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.

 

Divya Nagarajan
MindGen Pte. Ltd., Singapore.

 

Ariola Harizi
Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v4/6172

Composting: An Eco-friendly Approach to Kitchen Waste Recycling| Chapter 2 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 

Management of kitchen waste is a critical issue affecting both rural and urban areas, with significant daily generation posing environmental threats and resource overexploitation. Proper disposal is essential; thus, composting emerges as a prime solution. It is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and socially acceptable, offering a sustainable way to handle waste while benefiting the environment. Composting is the biological decomposition of organic kitchen waste by microorganisms with air and moisture, resulting in nutrient-rich compost for plants. Composting begins by separating degradable kitchen wastes from non-degradable materials like paper, plastics, metals, and harmful items such as meat, fish, and dairy products. Composting is then conducted in a large earthen pot with holes using a standard method. Compost materials serve as effective alternatives to chemical fertilisers, enhancing soil fertility and health while providing organic matter and nutrients, and promoting employment and rural development through composting technology. The chapter describes the importance of composting and its method for managing kitchen waste, promoting environmental conservation and soil health.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Manik Chandra Kundu a
Department of Soil Scence and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan - 731236, Birbhum, West Bengal, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v4/6185

Unraveling Yield Determinants: Correlation and Path Coefficient Studies in Aromatic Short-Grain Rice (Oryza sativa L.) | Chapter 1 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), an ancient grass of the family Gramineae, is not only the staple food of Chhattisgarh but also the lifeblood of its culture and sustenance. Each grain is a fragment of history, embodying the dialogue between soil, climate, and the farmer’s patience. To study rice is to study both biology and philosophy—an inquiry into balance, trade-offs, and harmony within nature.

 

In the present study, aromatic short-grain rice genotypes were evaluated under Advanced Varietal Trial-Two (AVT-2) at Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, during kharif 2013. The analysis of variance revealed significant diversity among genotypes, each plant carrying its own story of strengths and limitations.

 

The results unveiled a paradox: days to 50% flowering and days to maturity—symbols of life’s progress—showed a negative association with productive tillers, grain weight, and grain yield per plant. In contrast, plant height (cm) and panicle length (cm) appeared as benefactors, positively linked with tiller number and grain weight, yet their excess betrayed yield with a negative correlation. The flag leaf length (cm), modest yet powerful, stood out: its length (cm) not only mirrored photosynthetic capacity but also exerted the highest direct positive effect on yield, followed by maturity, panicle length (cm), and tillers per plant.

 

Path analysis, like a lens revealing hidden cause beneath correlation, separated illusion from truth. It showed that while flowering time and plant height (cm) weighed heavily with negative direct effects, traits such as productive tillers per plant, days to maturity, panicle length (cm), and 1000-grain weight (g) emerged as the true pillars of yield improvement in aromatic rice.

 

Thus, the study concludes that yield is not the gift of a single trait but the harmony of many—some lifting, others restraining—together creating the symphony of productivity. In this, rice mirrors life itself: growth is a balance between forces, and true abundance lies in the right proportion of all parts.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sharma Devendra Jeet
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Barrister Thakur Chhedilal College of Agriculture and Research Station, Sarkanda, IGKV Raipur, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495004, India.

 

Parihar Roshan
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Barrister Thakur Chhedilal College of Agriculture and Research Station, Sarkanda, IGKV Raipur, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495004, India.

 

Pandey Dinesh
Section of Agronomy, Barrister Thakur Chhedilal College of Agriculture and Research Station, Sarkanda, IGKV Raipur, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495004, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v4/3659

Estimation and Prediction of Biomass Carbon Stocks in India Using Remote Sensing: Implications for Emissions Reduction and Bioenergy Potential |Chapter 4 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 3

 

As the global community transitions towards more sustainable energy sources, bioenergy has emerged as a promising solution, particularly for countries with substantial agricultural resources like India. With its vast reserves of organic waste and residues, India holds significant potential to transform biomass into clean, renewable energy. The objective of this study is to estimate the average availability of biomass in India in the year 2010 and predict it in the year 2025 with the help of high-resolution imagery through Google Earth Engine and GIS, also estimating the release of CO2 into the atmosphere if the same biomass is not utilised. The analysis utilises NASA’s harmonised global maps of aboveground and belowground biomass carbon density for the year 2010 at a 300-m spatial resolution. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product provides information about annual Gross and Net Primary Productivity (GPP and NPP) at 500m pixel resolution. The range of average above-ground biomass (agb) in 2010 varies from 0.5338 - 93.644, below-ground biomass (bgb) 1.015- 22.474, and Total biomass (TBM) 1.5488- 116.118 kg*C/m2 as computed from MODIS. Corresponding Total Biomass quantity in year 2010 is 4.39179 billion Ton and CO2 release in atmosphere is 11.539218400000001 billion Ton. However, the Gross Primary Production is 4.79646005 billion tons. However, prediction was made with NASA imagery in conjunction with Vegetation indices, Land Cover and FPAR/LAI, the results obtained are in the range of average above ground bio-mass (agb) in 2010 varies from 0.000 – 79, below ground bio-mass (bgb) 0.000- 22, and Total bio-mass (TBM) 0- 101 mg/Ha. Corresponding Total Biomass quantity in the year 2010 is 4.112982692983341 billion tons and CO2 release in the atmosphere is 13.25737496044534 billion tons. However, predicted figures in the year 2025: the above-ground biomass (agb) 85.73578643798828 mg/Ha, below-ground biomass (bgb) 22.05862045288086 mg/Ha, and Total biomass (TBM) 4.83646174936528 billion tons. Correlation and R-squared values are 0.9882423543764696 and 0.9766229509835477. The findings show that remote sensing, being an advanced technology, is quite useful for quick and reliable estimations of vegetation biomass and carbon over large areas. The study highlights that regions such as the Himalayas, North-East India, Eastern states, and the Western Ghats possess particularly high biomass potential. Future biomass research should focus on leveraging advanced technologies, addressing methodological gaps, improving data integration, and ensuring that outcomes are actionable for environmental and policy challenges.

 

Author(s) Details

Praveer Agrawal
GAIL (India) Ltd., India.

 

Rajani Kant Awasthi
Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v3/6228

Growth Analysis of Lannea kerstingii (Anacardiaceae) for Sustainable Forest Management in Northeast Nigeria | Chapter 3 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 3

 

Lannea kerstingii (anacardiaceae) is found mainly in the guinea and sudan savannahs and is useful as an agroforestry species and in meeting health benefits. The objective of this study is to close existing gaps in data availability for the purpose of formulating forest policy and planning in the sub-region of the study area. Twenty trees were sampled from fifteen quadrats each measuring 100m*100m and using different approaches, were measured for diameter at breast height, crown area, crown ratio, height and volume. Statistical analysis of the data generated was carried out using the coefficient of determination(r) and pearson’s correlation (r2). There were strong positive correlations with basal area and volume, while weaker associations with crown ratio and crown area were observed. Biomass assessment provides relevant data which helps in biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, climate change mitigation, climate budgeting and financing, culminating in developing an appropriate framework for forest policy formulation, planning and development.

 

Author(s) details

Justus eronmosele omijeh
department of forestry and wildlife management, modibbo adama university, yola, nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v3/6156

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Sediment Composition in the Seawaters of Jakarta Bay |Chapter 2 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 3

 

This research aimed to monitor water quality by observing total Persistent Organic Pollutants (PAH, OCP and PCB), total suspended solids (TSS) levels, and the percentage of sediment in Jakarta Bay. The study was carried out in March and May 2013. Surface seawater samples were taken with a water sampler at 16 research stations (8 in the west and 8 in the east). PAH, OCP, and PCB were analysed using chromatographic methods, and TSS was determined using the gravimetric method, while sediment composition was determined using the Wentworth and Shepard method.  The stored procedure is used to evaluate the status of seawater quality.  The results showed that in the west, PAH average concentration ranges from 7.852-36.518 ppb, in the east from 12.451-108.517 ppb, OCP from 7.660-7.852 ppt, in the east from 5.030-6.444 ppt, and PCBs from 3.680-18.183 ppt, in the east from 2.694-9.817 ppt. This concentration has passed the threshold value stated by the Ministry of Indonesia for marine life. TSS concentration in the west ranged from 20.05-30.414 mg/l, in the east from 23.90-34.55 mg/l, which also exceeds the threshold value for biota. Sediment percentage in the west ranged from 91.767-99.056% and in the east from 99.240-99.999%.  All stations' water quality ranged from -1.5 to -10, or the Class B category (light polluted).

 

 

Author(s) Details

Edward
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Sam Wouthuyzen
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Lusyana
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Marsya J Rugebregt
Research Center for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency, Ambon, Indonesia.

 

Abd Wahab Rajab
Research Center for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency, Ambon, Indonesia.

 

Intan Rabiyanti
Bogor Agriculture Institute, Indonesia.

 

Sulistiono
Bogor Agriculture Institute, Indonesia.

 

Teddy Triandiza
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Agus Kusnadi
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Safar Dody
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

ROD Ophier
Research Center for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency, Ambon, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v3/6171