Evaluating Histopathological Changes in Kidneys of Developing Chick Embryos Induced by Lixisenatide | Chapter 6 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Background: Chick embryo is one of the most commonly used animals to study the adverse effects of various drugs for research purposes. For ethical reasons, animal models are frequently used in research. Currently, type 2 diabetes mellitus is treated by using the medication lixisenatide. Therapeutically, it is thought to be superior to other GLP1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

 

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to understand the adverse effects of lixisenatide on the kidneys of developing chick embryos.

 

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The starting human dose of lixisenatide was 10 mcg subcutaneously daily for 14 days and increased further to 20 mcg daily lifelong. The chick embryos were dissected after being sacrificed, and the kidneys from both sides were separated and kept in a 10% formaldehyde solution. Under flowing water, the tissues were cleaned. To learn about the typical histological characteristics of the kidneys, the sections were examined by using a light and compound microscope. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis.

 

Results: Minute vacuolation with or without fat globules in the cytoplasm of the lining epithelium of proximal and distal convoluted tubules was observed in experimental groups C, D, and E. The lymphocytic infiltration was higher in cortical areas of kidneys. As the dose of Lixisenatide increases with each experimental group, the histopathological changes in the kidney also show more changes with each experimental group, and these are statistically significant (p<0.05).

 

Conclusion: The medicine has some negative effects on the kidneys of the chick embryo, as evidenced by the observations (vacuolation in DCT, congestion in glomeruli, lymphocytic infiltration, etc.). Therefore, if it tend to use this vital medication carelessly patient can develop renal issues and resistance. A limitation of this study is that it was conducted solely on a chick embryo model. Further study must be performed in mammal research models for a better understanding of the effects of Lixisenatide in humans.

Author (s) Details

Amit Kumar Srivastava
Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Gaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Yogesh Yadav
Department of Anatomy, Noida International Institute of Medical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ashok Kumar Gupta
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5500

Histopathological Evaluation of the Teratogenic Effects of Lixisenatide on the Cerebral Cortex of Developing Chick Embryo | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Background and Objectives: Chick embryos are commonly used in research to investigate the negative impacts of various drugs. The drug lixisenatide is superior to other GLP1 receptor agonists for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is recommended to take 20 µg of lixisenatide daily for type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there are no clear human dose recommendations based on age and weight. It is important to conduct further research on the teratogenic effects of lixisenatide to determine the potential toxicity of the drug for human welfare.

 

Materials and Methods: It’s an experimental study conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. The study aimed to investigate the effects of specific parameters in two groups, a control group, and an experimental group. The expected mean ± SD of the parameter for the control and experimental groups were found to be 27±5.32 and 32±5.30, respectively, based on a literature survey and pilot study. To achieve an appropriate sample size, G*Power software was used, with an alpha level of 5% and a power of 95.36%, which resulted in an effect size of 1.961 and a sample size of 28 for each group experimental and control (A, AC, B, BC, C, CC, D, DC, E, EC), leading to a total sample size of 280. The chick embryos were first sacrificed and then dissected, and the brain was separated and kept in a 10% formaldehyde solution. To identify histological characteristics of the cerebral cortex, tissue was sectioned and stained with H & E stain then observed by the light and compound microscope were used for sections.

 

Results: During the experiment, Lixisenatide induced necrotic changes and cellular condensation in the chick embryo’s cerebral cortex, specifically in groups C, D, and E. Additionally, there was mild distortion found in the cortex indicating degenerative changes in experimental group E. There was a statistically significant increase in histopathological changes observed in the cerebral cortex as the dose of Lixisenatide increased in each experimental group (p<0.05).

 

Conclusion: Insufficient research has been conducted on the development of side effects of lixisenatide. Despite its widespread use, observations have revealed that lixisenatide has adverse effects on the cerebral cortex of chick embryos, including cellular condensation and necrotic changes, and mild distortion found in the cortex indicating degenerative changes in experimental groups C, D, and E. Therefore, it is imperative that the administration of this vital medication is carefully considered to prevent neuronal complications. Further research is necessary to fully understand the potential adverse effects of lixisenatide on brain development.

 

Author(s) Details

Amit Kumar Srivastava
Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Yogesh Yadav
Department of Anatomy, Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Swati Yadav
Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Gaziabad Jmtuyeruhj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Harshita Bhardwaj
Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Gaziabad Jmtuyeruhj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ashok Kumar Gupta
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1440

Teratogenic Effects of Lixisenatide: Anatomical Malformations and Histopathological Changes in Developing Chick Embryos | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 4

Background: Lixisenatide is a peptide containing 44 amino acids, which is amidated at the C-terminal amino acid. At present Lixisenatide is the drug been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutically is been considered to be best for treatment of diabetes mellitus than other GLP1 receptor antagonists. However, there is limited available data about effect of lixisenatide on liver, kidney, stomach and cerebral cortex. Studying the teratogenic effects of lixisenatide is important for human welfare.

Objectives: This study aims to find out gross anatomical malformations due to teratogenic effects of antidiabetic drug Lixisenatide on developing chick.

Methods: It was an Interventional study conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, India. It is confirmed from the literature survey/ pilot study that the expected mean ± SD of the parameter of control and experimental groups are 27±5.32 with 32±5.30, with the help of software G* Power analysis for α 5% and Power (1-β) 95.36%. The effect size is 1.961, and the sample size for each group is 28. So, we have taken the total sample size of 280. Descriptive statistical analysis, which included frequency and percentages, was used to characterise the data. Inferential statistics included a chi-square test and an independent samples t-test for different dependent variables of the study, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Gross anatomical malformation was seen after administration of lixisenatide as compared to the control group. Histological sections D and Dd (magnified at 10X and 40X, respectively) of the liver treated with a higher dose of lixisenatide on embryonic day 21 show congestion of the central vein accompanied by infiltration of inflammatory cells. The most common anatomical malformation was growth retardation followed by limbs deformity and twisted neck and it was statistically significant (p<0.05) significant decrease in the weights of treated chick embryo compared to the control groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The findings generated in this study show teratogenic effects like anatomical malformations and histopathological changes due to effects of high dose of Lixisenatide on developing chick embryo in liver organ and these teratogenic effects may be extrapolated to human being.

 

Author (s) Details

Yogesh Yadav
Department of Anatomy, Noida International Institute of Medical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Amit Kumar Srivastava
Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Gaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ashok Kumar Gupta
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v4/2168

Response of Viteline Blood Vessels of Chick Embryo to the Extract of Tridax Procumbens | Chapter 09 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 1

 The purpose of this histological investigation is to assess the healing and anti-angiogenic properties of T. procumbens crude leaf extract. Tridax procumbens (Linn.) is a plant that is commonly used to stop bleeding and cure wounds as a herbal remedy. During embryogenesis, angiogenesis plays a critical role in the embryo's growth. The effect of Tridax procumbens leaf extract in vivo is investigated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) experiment. Angiogenesis, anti-angiogenesis, and histological studies of freshly formed vitelline blood vessels are the subjects of this study. The leaf extract of Tridax procumbens was found to have a thickening impact on endothelium and the tunica media of vitelline veins in a histological examination. The phytochemicals found in the leaves of this plant, such as essential oils, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, may contribute to the hardening of blood vessels and, eventually, the healing process.

Author(S) Details

Kishor Dhanji Pendharkar
Department of Zoology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V1/article/view/6311