Neuroplasticity is a phenomena that occurs from the time of conception until old age and has distinct properties throughout life. There are three alternative approaches to understand neuroplasticity: morphological neuroplasticity, functional neuroplasticity, and synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, there are several events, such as ontogenetic plasticity, critical period, and impriting, that occur during the development of the nervous system in the embryonic and postnatal periods. Neuroplasticity, whether morphological, functional, or synaptic, is a process that underlies the dysfunctions that occur throughout life. In order to restore the destroyed circuit that will result in a neuroregenerative process, this work investigates the mechanism of neuroplasticity involving spinal cord injuries. a functional recovery, that is. Numerous organic barriers, including gliosis or the release of neurotoxic molecules, as well as other dysfunctions, were discovered both during and after the trauma mechanism, i.e., there is a primary injury brought on by the trauma itself and a secondary injury that is characterised by a chemical injury brought on by trauma, as well as an inflammatory reaction, among other things. On the basis of these earlier discoveries, pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies have been created to enhance the neuroplasticity process and attempt to stop or slow down the chemical damage process. The work's main goals were to define and illustrate further uses of the term "neuroplasticity," discuss a few pathological and non-pathological circumstances, and, lastly, illustrate how neuroplasticity and some of its therapies relate to the progression of spinal cord injury. To further develop this study, a narrative evaluation of the literature from the PubMed and UpTo Date platforms from 2000 to 2020 was conducted, as well as an examination of three books. Studies on diseases and methods of treating spinal cord injuries in humans and animals were covered. Articles from before 2000 were disqualified. For the 1990s Bracken studies, an exception was made. In order to promote adequate neuroplasticity in the lesion and reduce the chemical lesion as well as other dysfunctions present at the site, pharmacological studies involving parenteral drug administration were discovered. However, many side effects, such as overdose, were reported after administration. As a result, non-pharmacological techniques incorporating, among other things, spinal supports, stem cells, and nanotechnology were created. Although some of the materials employed did not work for the therapy, nanotechnology showed promise in both the treatment and other forms. It can be said that the best way to treat spinal cord injury is to combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments because it encourages neuroplasticity and helps patients with spinal cord injury overcome organic barriers and other dysfunctions. If further research yields reliable and positive results, the treatment should be registered and patented for spinal cord injury patients.
Thursday, 30 June 2022
Study about Neuroplasticity and Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology and Epidemiology | Chapter 15 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
A Clinico-histopathological Analysis on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | Chapter 14 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
The objective of successful care and a better resolution of the issue is the accurate analysis of endometrial samples and localisation of intrauterine lesions. The diagnostic gold standard for the diagnosis of endometrial pathology continues to be the histological features of endometrial biopsy material as evaluated by light microscopy. Patients and gynaecologists frequently deal with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). It has a detrimental effect on women's psychological health and quality of life. As one of the causes of anaemia, it is particularly important in poorer nations. Without tissue identification, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) therapy is inadequate, especially in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Light microscopy-based histological analysis of endometrial biopsy material is still used to make the diagnosis of endometrial pathology. This investigation was prospective and observational. The study included a total of 359 women who were over 45 years old, had abnormal uterine bleeding, and required endometrial curettage. With a p value of 0.01, a significant correlation between the histopathological pattern and hypertension was discovered. Patients with atrophic endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer had higher rates of hypertension (12 out of 20, 68 out of 96, and 14 out of 23 patients, respectively). Endometrial hyperplasia was seen in 68 out of 116 individuals with hypertension. We discovered that multiparous women had the highest prevalence of AUB. The majority of individuals with AUB had endometrial hyperplasia, according to clinicohistopathological examination.
Hypertension after Adrenalectomy in a Patient with Aldosterone-producing Adenoma | Chapter 13 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
A 52-year-old Bangladeshi patient who had received a hypertension diagnosis the previous year was using oral antihypertensives. He received therapy, but his blood pressure continued to be out of control with no symptoms.
Immunological Bases of Successful and Unsuccessful Pregnancy: HLA Sensitization Therapy in Cases of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion | Chapter 12 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
Recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) have an uncertain aetiology that may involve several factors. Diagnosis and therapy are controversial and have different degrees of effectiveness. The majority of RSA instances, however, are still poorly understood and linked to other autoimmune and alloimmune conditions.
A Case Report on Jouberts Syndrome | Chapter 11 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
An inherited disorder called Joubert syndrome damages the part of the brain that regulates balance and coordination. Clinical diagnosis of this illness is challenging due to its complex phenotype. Common signs and symptoms include hypotonia, odd breathing patterns, strange eye movements, ataxia, peculiar facial features, and intellectual impairments. There could also be further anomalies. The brain stem is abnormal and the cerebellar vermis of the brain is missing or undeveloped, which is indicated by a particular MRI result known as the "molar tooth sign." Joubert syndrome was discovered in a thirteen-year-old man with developmental delay, ataxia, moderate hypotonia, nystagmus, and molar tooth sign on MRI. Early diagnosis, appropriate counselling, and effective rehabilitation will all benefit from knowledge of the clinical and radiological characteristics of Joubert syndrome.
A Brief Case Study on Anatomical Variations in the Extra Hepatic Biliary System | Chapter 10 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
The biliary system's anatomy has long been the subject of extensive study. They have drawn a lot of interest because of their surgical significance in cholecystectomies and how easily they may be investigated. The extrahepatic bile ducts have drawn a lot of attention, but there hasn't been much study on them in India. Examining the anatomical variations in the extrahepatic biliary system in Indian cadaveric specimens was the aim.
98 percent of the people had normal hepatoduodenal duct structural arrangements, whereas 2 percent had aberrant ones. In 14% of the samples, accessory ducts were discovered. A double and an auxiliary cystic artery were both found in 2% of the patients. In 8% of the people, the cystic artery had an unusual course and division. The right hepatic artery's course and division were irregular in 4% of the people. In 2% of the people, Calot's triangle borders were determined to be aberrant. In 10% of Calot's triangle patients, aberrant accessory hepatic ducts are discovered. Anatomical variances in the extrahepatic biliary system are common, and surgeons must be fully aware of them to avoid harming important structures during operations and provide superior surgical results. Anatomical variances in the extrahepatic biliary system are common, and surgeons must be fully aware of them to avoid harming important structures during operations and provide superior surgical results.
Determining the Role of Paracetamol for Drug Management | Chapter 9 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
This succinct review will make an effort to concentrate on the apparent safety of greater doses of paracetamol (PCM) in such circumstances because new research is now raising questions about such full-proof safety of a molecule that has always had a restricted therapeutic index of safety. PCM is one of the most often prescribed drugs for treating fever and discomfort. It can be acquired as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug without a prescription. PCM is a reasonably safe medication for treating fever and discomfort, but due to the several reasons mentioned, when used at higher therapeutic levels, it may cause both liver and kidney damage.
Determining the Role of Nuchal Translucency for Detection of Chromosomal Aberration in Vietnam | Chapter 8 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
In order to identify chromosomal abnormalities, the current study examines the sensitivity and specificity of various nuchal translucency criteria. The sensitivities of nuchal translucency alone as a screening test for chromosomal abnormality with various cut-offs in a Vietnamese population are being compared for the first time in this study. This is a long-term study of pregnant women who had first trimester screening and ultrasound at the national hospital for obstetrics and gynecology's diagnostic prenatal centre. In order to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, the threshold of 2.5 mm for enhanced foetal nuchal translucency showed a sensitivity-specificity average of 87.25 percent and an OR of 242.799(95 percent CI: 60.004-982.465). In terms of diagnosing Down syndrome, it had an average sensitivity-specificity ratio of 86.85 percent. The average sensitivity-specificity ratio was 87.75 percent when used to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities specific to gender. In the diagnosis of other chromosomal aneuploidies, it showed an average sensitivity-specificity ratio of 85.95 percent. It exhibited an average sensitivity-specificity of 84.3 percent and an OR of 62.424 (95 percent CI: 15.583-768.096) for the diagnosis of structural chromosomal rearrangement. More than half of the chromosomally defective group among Vietnam's foetuses with enhanced nuchal translucency had abnormalities other than trisomy 21. (52.2 percent ). The cutoff criterion for diagnosing chromosomal abnormalities is 2.5 mm, with an average sensitivity and specificity of 87.25 percent.
Histopathological Pattern of Endometrium in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Prospective Study | Chapter 7 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
By examining histological results in endometrial tissue samples, the current study establishes the most prevalent age group and frequent pathology producing abnormal uterine bleeding.
A Case Report on Vaginal Adenosis | Chapter 6 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
In the current case study, a 40-year-old woman's vaginal adenosis is highlighted. Without a history of exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), vaginal adenosis is an uncommon disorder with an unknown cause. A uncommon disease is the development of müllerian type epithelium in the vaginal wall, which is hypothesised to result from müllerian epithelial islets that survive in postembryonic life. A 40-year-old woman reported experiencing frequent, profuse vaginal discharge. Upon inspection, a crimson, splotchy, widespread lesion could be seen covering the vaginal wall and cervix. On histological evaluation of the illness, vaginal adenosis was found. The cause and best course of action are unknown. Inflammation and trauma have both been identified as pathogenic contributors. Although the exact cause is unknown, some research suggests that oral contraceptives may be a contributing factor.
Acquired Arteriovenous Malformation with Scar Pregnancy; an Insoluble Dilemma of Clinicians! | Chapter 5 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
One in every 2,000 pregnancies is said to result in a scar pregnancy. Scar pregnancy had a lower risk of arteriovenous malformation (AVM). If these conditions are not identified early enough, the patients may face consequences that might be fatal. AVM with scar pregnancy is frequently misdiagnosed, and the treating physician may face a diagnostic conundrum. In managing these circumstances, it typically results in delays. Even harder to identify are miscarriages accompanied with scar pregnancies and AVM. In a woman who had previously undergone a Caesarean section for placenta previa, a case of acquired arteriovenous malformation with scar pregnancy is given. In spite of a negative pregnancy test, the patient in this case presented with severe vaginal bleeding four months after being diagnosed.
Induction of Labour –Foleys Catheter Vs Dinoprostone Gel: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Chapter 4 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
The effectiveness of labour induction depends on the cervix's level of ripening, which may be measured objectively using Bishop's cervical ripening score. For the purpose of assessing success rates, active labour and delivery times, maternofoetal outcomes, and cost effectiveness, authors monitor the Bishop Score change after 12 hours of labour induction. The sample size for this randomised controlled clinical study was 152, including 76 participants in each group. Women who received dinoprostone gel saw a substantial shift in Bishop score, with a mean score of 7. Since Foley's group's labour was longer and required more oxytocin augmentation for a longer period of time, they had a higher chance of foetal distress. Dinoprostone gel, albeit more expensive than Foley's catheter in terms of labour expenses, eventually proven to be just as cost-effective for patients due to quicker labour induction, greater rates of vaginal deliveries, and therefore shorter hospital stays.
Anesthesia Protocol Procedures for Hemodynamic Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology: Our Experience Ultimate Revision | Chapter 3 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
Hemodynamic diagnostic and interventional cardiology techniques often call for general anaesthesia, extubation, and patient waking after the operation. This anaesthetic protocol is utilised on patients who are scheduled for normal or emergency operations; nevertheless, dedicated anaesthetic procedural approaches are required for particular situations and hemodynamic treatments.
A Case Report on Subretinal Choroidal Neovascular Membrane | Chapter 2 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
Older persons are more susceptible to the degenerative retinal condition known as subretinal choroidal retinal membrane. It results in the aberrant proliferation of vessels from the choriocapillaris through the Bruch membrane and into the region beneath the retina or the retinal pigment epithelium. One of the main indications of a macula problem is metamorphopsia. It is seen in disorders of the Bruch's membrane such as angioid streaks, pathological myopia, trauma, viral or inflammatory illnesses, and other pathologies. Based on how it appears on fluorescein angiography, it is classified as classic, occult, and mixed type. If there is no underlying reason for the neovascularization, the consequence is idiopathic choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV). In this example, the pathophysiology of the condition and available treatments are briefly described. It is known for self-contained, obvious regressive behaviour, and often has a favourable visual prognosis. Submacular bleeding is now being treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The amount, position, and thickness of the bleed, however, all affect the visual prognosis.
Targeting Adrenergic Receptors in Metabolic Therapies for Heart Failure: A Review | Chapter 1 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3
When the heart fails, it is unable to produce enough energy, leaving the body in an energy-starved state with reduced functioning. Numerous modifications to the metabolic pathways in the failing heart that result in a decrease in the oxidation of either glucose or fatty acid substrates have been found in studies. Diminished energy production is needed to mediate cardiac contraction as a result of this reduced oxidation, which results from abnormalities in mitochondrial activities and/or oxidative phosphorylation. Early-stage clinical studies have demonstrated that fatty acid oxidation inhibitors and antioxidants that target the mitochondria improve cardiac function during failure by increasing compensatory glucose oxidation. Adrenergic receptors (α1 and β) are a crucial regulator of the sympathetic nervous system that controls heart function. Both β-AR blockers and α-1A-AR agonists have potential therapeutic use in the treatment of heart failure. In addition to regulating inotropy and chronotropy, the heart's α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors also regulate metabolic processes that have a positive impact on the heart. In this review, we highlight new research that show how metabolic pathways regulated by adrenergic receptors may be able to restore cardiac energetics to non-failing levels, suggesting potential treatment approaches.
Conceptual Understanding of Credit Risk Management and Portfolio Performance| Chapter 8 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10
The research for this study comes from interviews with purposefully chosen members of the credit risk management team, including credit risk employees, relationship managers, and credit officers, from eight (8) commercial banks in Uganda. Additionally, the opinions of the personnel of the Bank of Uganda, the country's regulator, as well as the Uganda Bankers Association, the country's umbrella group for all commercial banks, were requested. Portfolio quality concerns have long been a problem for Uganda, which has led to a number of financial difficulties. Existing empirical research suggests a relationship between portfolio performance and credit risk management, suggesting that, in order to enhance portfolio performance, credit risk management must be addressed. It presupposes a linear relationship between credit risk management and portfolio performance. This study expands the body of knowledge by exploring the credit risk management method in greater detail. As credit risk management progresses through its many stages, it uncovers possible links. Through more regular loan monitoring, loan restructuring, relationship management, and post-sale financial literacy, the credit risk management function has to put an emphasis on adjusting the initial treatment methods.
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices on the Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Togo | Chapter 7 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10
Two objectives of microfinance are to reduce poverty (social performance) and to guarantee long-term profitability (financial performance). Microfinance institutions (MFIs) also have a social duty to its stakeholders in addition to these two factors. MFIs are among the numerous businesses that are becoming more interested in corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. Many advantages, including as employee recruitment and loyalty, customer retention, and brand reputation, are promoted; nevertheless, CSR also results in higher expenses. The primary goal of this paper is to evaluate how Togolese MFIs' CSR activities affect their financial performance (FP). A sample of 60 Togolese MFIs was analysed using principal component analysis and partial least squares methods. Using the return on assets as a benchmark (ROA), The findings show that CSR positively and significantly affects MFIs' financial performance in the areas of customers, workers, and the community, but negatively and significantly affects their environmental performance. Given the general increase in interest in environmental concerns, educational initiatives and governmental regulations must be established and put into place to alter the perception that environmental efforts and costs are unimportant.
Digital Literacy & Digital Skills Scenario of ASEAN Marginal Workers during COVID-19 | Chapter 6 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10
This study aims to examine the workforces relevant to digital literacy and skills among marginal workers in six ASEAN countries, the workforces relevant to digital literacy and skills among all marginal workers in terms of current and future job skills, and the government's policy to support any digital reskilling and upskilling among workforces, including marginal workers, in order to serve well with all demanding skills. The qualitative research comprised document studies and electronic interviews with 178 key informants from all important stakeholders, including policy, the private sector, and marginal workers, based on their shared backgrounds in digital literacy and digital skills workforces. This approach used narrative description. The conclusions are as follows: 1) A pattern of business transitioning from the formal to the informal sector, with the low skilled being the most affected, was influenced by workforces related to digital literacy and digital skills across all marginal employees from the chosen ASEAN nations affected by COVID-19. The majority of white-collar workers who work online have hope for the future of work. 2) Data analysts and data scientists, digital marketing specialists, software and application developers, as well as some soft skills, such as creative and analytical thinking, problem-solving, and so forth, are the major emerging jobs in the scenario of digital literacy and digital skills relevant to current and future jobs. Secretarial, accounting, clerking, and human resources positions would experience a reduction. 3) The government's strategy for assisting workforce reskilling and upskilling for future jobs has been found to be consistent throughout ASEAN: a) accelerate all pertinent digital competency by collaborating with private and industry sectors through the TVET training system; and b) work with industries to restructure national curricula using digital learning pathways and emerging skillsets. A digital ecosystem should be developed using the PPP model for knowledge transfer.
Green Shipping in Major Countries: An Approach towards Shipyards, Shipping Companies, Ports and Policies | Chapter 5 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10
The goal of this study is to describe green shipping and environmentally friendly boats as well as to identify the laws and the state of the market in important nations including Europe, the United States, Japan, China, and South Korea in terms of shipping firms, shipyards, ports, and policies. Vessels that adhere to the IMO Conventions, which became effective in line with IMO standards, are considered eco-friendly. Even though commercialization is still in its infancy, the introduction of environmentally friendly ships is necessary to comply with environmental laws in ports around the world and in developed nations, as well as to manage the uncertain replacement of bunker oil, which makes up the majority of operating costs in the shipping sector. This conceptual research describes and assesses the state of the green shipping industry based on past literature as well as the examples of each stakeholder in important nations. Based on the findings, this report pinpoints six important problems and offers solutions to help South Korea's strategic planning in advance of green shipping. In order to advance the technology for relevant equipment and parts, it is important to assist not only shipbuilders and major shipyards but also suppliers, trading partners, small- and medium-sized shipyards, universities, and researchers.
Role of Monetary Policy during Financial Crisis and its Impact in India | Chapter 4 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10
The Sub Prime Crisis will be discussed in this essay along with its definition, causes, effects on BRIC economies, effects on the Indian economy, and lessons to be taken away. Monetary policy has a crucial role in how every economy develops. A country will be less impacted by the crisis if its monetary policy is sound and effective. India has a monetary policy structure that is more effective and stable, which has shielded us from the worst consequences of the crisis. The current economic crisis, commonly known as the "subprime crisis" or the "global financial crisis," began at the end of 2007. The "Sub Prime Crisis" that originated in the United States ultimately expanded to the rest of the globe as the "Global Financial Crisis." The Global Catastrophe is a crucial component of contemporary economics since it not only clarifies the need for an economic policy framework but also exemplifies how robust an economy is in the face of adversity. A healthy monetary policy is necessary for any economy in order to weather any financial storm. The study's conclusion is that policy should support growth rather than impede it.
Study on Text Mining of English Materials for Tourism Purposes | Chapter 3 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10
This essay examines a number of English travel novels and contrasts them with journalism in terms of metrical linguistics. As a consequence, it is evident that English tourist products have some intriguing qualities. Reading materials in English, which is regarded as a global common language, has become crucial as tourism knowledge has grown in importance. If the characteristics of English in this field are fully recognised, reading the materials will be simpler. This essay examines several English books on tourism and compares their metrical linguistics to journalism. In essence, character- and word-appearance frequency features are investigated using C++ software. To make an approximation of these features, we employ an exponential function. Additionally, the percentage of Japanese junior high school essential vocabulary compared to American basic vocabulary is used to gauge each content's difficulty level and K-characteristic. It has been amply shown that English tourist products have a similar propensity to literary productions in terms of character presentation. Furthermore, older books with a greater speciality are more challenging to read than journalism, and tourist materials have high K-characteristic values. The findings of this study will be helpful in defining specific writers' genre as tourism. It is necessary to compile the analysis findings in order to increase the identification's accuracy.
Evaluating the Efficiency of Action Aid Sierra Leone (AASL) Extension Services in Sierra Leone | Chapter 2 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10
This article looked at the people who benefited from the agricultural extension services offered by Action Aid Sierra Leone (AASL), a non-profit, non-governmental organisation with a British base. All 10 rural regions receiving AASL extension services were targeted by researchers for the study, which was carried out in Wonde Chiefdom (in Bo District, Sierra Leone). 150 recipient homes were chosen at random from each of the 10 locations to participate in the survey, which collected both quantitative and qualitative information. The study showed that AASL approaches community development in a comprehensive, integrated manner. The bulk of AASL extension services went to programmes that supported children (90.0 percent), women's rights (78.8 percent), gender awareness (69.6 percent), and adult literacy (67.6 percent). Beneficiary participation in the provided services and facilities was substantial (96.0 percent ). In order to implement agricultural extension services and related infrastructure in the Chiefdom under study, AASL should include several parties and promote such collaborations. When technical advice regarding farm operations is required, extension agents should be available for effective community development programmes.