Frontal Lobe of the Brain: The Neglected Supremacy | Chapter 3 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 13

The frontal lobe represents part of the cerebral cortex that lies anterior to the central sulcus and is limited laterally and inferiorly by the lateral sulcus. The term prefrontal cortex (PFC) describes anatomically the association cortex anterior to the Brodmann area (6) and (4). The frontal lobe and prefrontal cortex are the parts of the brain that distinguish human beings from other creatures and this is because of its complex anatomy and the amazing many roles in the higher functions. Till recently, the frontal lobe was considered the most lobe containing non-eloquent areas and so-called (silent areas) and this is because of the poor knowledge about the anatomy and neuroscience of this spectacular lobe. The prefrontal region is responsible for the Cognitive and behavioral frontal lobe functions more than the frontal lobes in general. The prefrontal cortex anterior to the frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8) is not involved in any concrete task. It does not smell, feel, see, or move part of the body, but this area allows the superiority of humans over the other primates. Neurosurgeons deal a lot with this lobe during brain surgeries but because of poor information about deep microanatomy and neuroscience, they usually consider it as a safe area to do big surgery with aggression sometimes without big evident side effects or complications. This is in comparison to surgery conducted in eloquent areas which is usually done with more caution and consumption of all imaging and technical modalities to minimize the risk of injury. Such a concept about the surgery in the frontal lobe can be considered as disrespect from micro anatomical point of view and neuroscience aspect. This is a brief narrative review about the deep anatomy of the frontal lobe with a literature review aiming to raise awareness about the big importance of the frontal lobe and especially the prefrontal cortex for the human being in the higher functions, cognition and personality and to change the old concept that used to rank the frontal lobe as silent area and to show that frontal lobe has got the supremacy. The study concludes that other brain regions receive disproportionate attention compared to the frontal lobe, particularly from a surgical perspective. Recognizing the significance of the frontal lobe is important in both surgical and research approaches.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Fawaz Eljili
Bahri Teaching Hospital, Sudan.

 

Ahmed Zidan
Neurosurgery Department, AL Tamyouz (Haj Almardi) Trauma Center, Sudan.

 

Honida Ali
Neurospine Center, Ribat University Hospital, Sudan.

 

Mohammed Mustafa
National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS), Sudan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v13/4388

Anthropometric Study of Face of Western Maharashtrian Young Adults with Respect to Neoclassical Canon | Chapter 4 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Introduction: Evaluation of facial aesthetics plays a crucial role in the treatment of planning of prosthodontic, orthodontic, and plastic reconstructive surgery. For such surgeries, one promising baseline data should be available. No studies have been conducted to assess the validity of neoclassical canons within the Western Maharashtrian population.

Aim: The aim of the study is to check the validity of the neoclassical canon in the Western Maharashtrian population.

Materials and Methods: This was an observational type of study carried out from March 2018 to January 2020. The validity of the Naso-oral canon was checked in the Western Maharashtrian population. According to this canon ideal mouth width (ch-ch) (mouth width (distance between right and left corners of the mouth called chelion)) is 1.5 times Nose width/alar width (al-al) (alar width (distance between right and left ala of nose)). Mouth width = 1.5 times of Nose width. However, the mouth width can be less than 1.5 times of nose width or the mouth width can be greater than 1.5 times of nose width. This study was carried out in the five cities of Sangli, Kolhapur, Islampur, Karad and Satara of Western Maharashtra, India. A total of 1500 male and female students, 300 from each city, between the age group of 18-20 years were selected. Measurements were taken with the help of a digital Vernier caliper. The methodology adopted for the measurements was taken from the guidelines given by Farkas L.G. in his book- “Anthropometric Facial Proportions in Medicine”. All the collected data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis (mean, standard deviation), and p-value. It was analysed by using a three-way ANOVA test with type III sum of squares.

Results:  According to this canon ideal mouth width (ch-ch) should be equal to 1.5 times of nose width (al-al). In the present study, a total of 68.33% of subjects including males and females had mouth width (ch-ch) less than one and half times of nose width/alar width (al-al) i.e., ch- ch <1.5 (al-al). The remaining 31.67% of subjects had mouth width greater than one and a half times of nose width/alar width i.e., ch-ch >1.5(al-al).

Conclusion: Naso-oral neoclassical canon was not found valid in Western Maharashtrian young adults. In the 78.32% male and 62.80% female population of Western Maharashtra, mouth width was found to be less than one and a half times nose width.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Laxmi P. NivaleA
Department of Anatomy, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, India.

 

Vasudha R. Nikam
Department of Anatomy, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/3480

Exploring Genetic Variations: Polyploid Mutants in Grape Cultivation | Chapter 3 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 8

In order to produce experimental polyploid forms, almost all the methods used are based on the influence of mutagenic agents on actively dividing somatic cells in the selection of grapes. As a result, the obtained genomic mutations are mitotic autotetraploids according to genetic properties. Under the influence of natural mutagenic factors, spontaneous mitotic polyploids usually occur in grapes as a result of the non-disjunction of chromosomes in anaphase.  These days, the selection of grapes to obtain new initial polyploidy material with various inductions of mitotic genomic mutations with the help of colchicine and other mutagens. The duration and complexity of the selection process called for a new method that would increase efficiency and accelerate the selection of polyploid forms of grapes. The study describes the impact of various concentrations of colchicine aqueous solution during inflorescence at the meiosis stage of 3 grape cultivars. A new method for preparing a genomic mutation in the meiotic stage of gametogenesis in the grapes under the influence of colchicine was developed and it is described briefly. The study revealed that mutational efficiency constitutes 2.2-28.0%. This new technique allows for the induction of genomic mutations at the meiosis stage in grapes. The cyto-anatomical and histological analysis of polyploid mutant forms of grapes revealed cytogenetic and histological mutational variation. Genetic analysis of variability is given.

 

Author (s) Details

V.M. Guliyev
Nakhchivan Bioresources Institute of the Ministry of Science and Education, Republic of Azerbaijan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v8/3494

Species Determination of Osyris quadripartita Salz. ex Decne. (African Sandalwood) Based on Anatomical Characteristics | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 5

 

The present study highlights about species determination of Osyris quadripartita Salz. Ex Decne. (African Sandalwood) based on anatomical characteristics. Wood anatomical characteristics of O. quadripartita were observed in different characters such as seriation of rays, type of crystalliferous cells, and abundance of extractives. Santalaceae is a significant family in medicine. Osyris quadripartita Salz. ex Decne. has been used medicinally for a variety of conditions, including eye pain, cold, anaphylactic shock, epilepsy, circumcision wounds, toothache, tonsillitis, abdominal pain, urine problems, breast cancer, mental health issues, and anti-coronavirus diseases. Antihelmintic and leishmaniasis diseases, abnormalities, kidney disease, forage, hygienic/ perfuming, and so on. Additionally, reports of its antiviral and anti-ulcer properties have been made.  Santalum album and O. quadripartita belong to the same family santalaceae and have many similarities in their morphological characteristics. Both plant species belong to the same family, that is why anatomical characters help to resolve this problem and easy to distinguish most wood anatomical characteristics. Therefore, distinguishing one from the other anatomically is very easy.

The anatomical sections of the stem Transverse Section (TS), Transverse Longitudinal Section (TLS) and Radial Longitudinal Section (RLS) of the species were observed under the bright-field compound binocular microscope, and characters were documented. Microscopically preliminary observation reported ray cells containing rhomboidal crystals are the unique diagnostic characters reported in O. quadripartita. The arrangement of cortical tissues, pericyclic fibers, phloem fibers, and phloem rays are among the characteristics that help distinguish between the stem and petiole of the various species. Cells, and an abundance of extractives. Ray cells frequently contain rhomboidal crystals. In the cortex, and pith region of the stem observed solitary crystals. Based on the preliminary study, the species can be differentiated from other species of the same family based only on anatomical characters.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Balasaheb Shantilal Kale
Department of Botany, S.S.S.M. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Saikheda, Tal. Niphad, Nashik (M.S), India.

 

Sanjay Appaji Khairnar
Department of Botany, S.S.S.M. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Saikheda, Tal. Niphad, Nashik (M.S), India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v5/19

Endomorphic Features of the Petiole as an Aid in Taxonomy of the Genus Ixora L. (Rubiaceae) | Chapter 5 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

This study focuses endomorphic features of the petiole with a view to its utility in identification vis-a-vis taxonomy of the genus. Anatomical observations are although fair in the family Rubiaceae, foliar anatomy and particularly petiolar anatomy is generally overlooked in past. The study investigated petiolar anatomy of 12 species of the genus Ixora L. (Rubiaceae). The petioles “in transverse section (T.S.)” are horse shoe-shaped, planoconvex or circular in outline. They are usually winged and channeled adaxially. The extent of development of various tissues and their distribution, besides the cell inclusions, are observed. The vasculature is resolved into a conspicuous central arc, besides few other vascular bundles. The central arc is horse shoe-shaped, heart-shaped, circular, lunar or crescent shaped. The vascular arcs or bundles are capped abaxially by few sclerenchymatous layers, except few. The shapes of petiole, petiolar wings, features of epidermis, patterns of vascular supply and association of sclerenchyma with it, cell contents, etc. are thought systematically important. All these features are employed to prepare a key helping identification of the taxa investigated.

Author(s) Details:

Patil C. R.,
Department of Botany, Rani Laxmibai Mahavidyalaya, Parola-425111, District Jalgaon (M.S.), India.

D. A. Patil,
Post-Graduate Department of Botany, S. S. V. P. Sanstha’s L. K. Dr. P. R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule-424005 (M.S.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13290

A Multidisciplinary Approach to Learning Anatomy | Chapter 11 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 This stage highlights the other education methodologies for education gross anatomy. Anatomy has existed a cornerstone of medical instruction for hundreds of age. But lately, over the last few years, Plants in undergraduate education has existed undergoing a lot changes. Methods of education, methods of amount, methods of cadaver obtainment, embalming methods etc. all have sustained metamorphosis.  Because anatomy is the foundation of healing science in India, first-year freshman health learning students are taught it nearly in every subject. It is a well-known reality that learning the fundamentals of plants is a need for learning some other area of cure. All medical professionals must have a fundamental knowledge of Plants so as to ensure secure medical practice. Traditionally Plants teaching exists of didactic lectures as well as dissections or prosections as per the necessity of the course.In an effort to include new content into their educational programs without sacrificing gist anatomy information, medical colleges are evaluating alternative approaches to education gross anatomy in order to form the subject more engaging and rousing for students.

Author(s) Details:

Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant,
Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS), Maharashtra, India.

Shaheen Rizvi,
Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS), Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V11/article/view/12905

Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) as an Effective Learning Tool in Anatomy | Chapter 1 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

Early Dispassionate exposure (ECE) is a teaching education methodology, that fosters exposure of the healing students to the subjects as early as the first year of medical association.  One of the basic learning courses in the undergraduate healing program is anatomy, which serves as the footing for future physicians' education. Apart from having a broad curriculum, few students find the problem to be difficult and uneventful. Many educators believe that studying plants in a setting analogous to the ones in which it will be secondhand will make the subject more charming.The new Competency based Educational program has introduced a restructured curriculum and preparation program for undergraduate education with emphasis on early dispassionate exposure, unification of basic and clinical sciences, dispassionate competence and skills and new education learning methods. This according to NMC, will lead to a generation after baby boom of medical graduates of worldwide standards. Under the current structure, juniors are only exposed to dispassionate subjects in their second year of student study. On the other hand, it has been proved that during dispassionate placements, students struggle to remember fundamental plans. The NMC has recommended that in consideration of remedy this situation, students bear be introduced to clinical troubles from their first year of junior study. As medical education resumes to advance, it is the endeavour of educators as well as MCI, to attempt to brace students for their professional lives. ECE helps to improve understanding, expand problem solving abilities & increases interaction. Memory of knowledge is better due to unification of basic skill and clinical science and growth of self directed knowledge skills.

Author(s) Details:

Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant,
Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Somaiya Ayurvihar, Sion, Mumbai, India.

Shaheen Rizvi,
Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Somaiya Ayurvihar, Sion, Mumbai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V11/article/view/12884

Merits of Student- Centered Learning in Anatomy | Chapter 13 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

This stage focuses on merits of student- focused learning in anatomy. Plants plays a crucial act in several medical concentration. Anatomy holds importance not only in clinical practice but also in healing research and advancements. Research studies repeatedly rely on the analysis of physical structures to include disease mechanisms, cultivate new treatments, and advance healing technology. Its act in research is vital for forceful transformation and progress in the medical field. It is preposterous to overstate the dispassionate importance of anatomy in senior medical instruction. Because medical artists examine and cooperate the human body on a daily action, anatomy studies by some means will always be crucial to secure medical practice. It should for core knowledge of plants to be adjusted by all doctors in order to practice medicine harmlessly. It may be valid that most doctors do not need to dissect a cadaver or study a prosection in consideration of practice, but if they do, it can improve their understanding and this inexorably has to be of benefit both for the security of the patient and satisfaction of the doctor as a professional.  Professor-centered learning is various from student-focused learning in that the erstwhile refers to methods of command where students are admitted to take charge of education activities, actively take part in class discussions, generate their own learning projects, investigate issues that pique their interest, and generally help to design their own coursework.In consideration of the prior lecture-based plan, we should devise and implement an instructional design that emphasizes the unification of student-concentrated pedagogy and active education. Students' stances and performance will improve over opportunity as a result of these adaptations. Although the changes to be executed may demand a significant time obligation in the first year, it will basically be a “one time investment” cause it will not require extra exertion to teach the revised model from now on. Furthermore, it will not only support a model for revision of an individual course but can also determine a catalyst for uniform reform.

Author(s) Details:

Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant,
Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre, Sion, Mumbai, India.

Shaheen Rizvi,
Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V10/article/view/12838

The Role of Pathophysiology, Biomedical Physics and Body Mechanics Applications to Clinical Medicine: Applications of the Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicholaes Tulp in the 21st Century | Chapter 17 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 Human plants forms the foundation for dispassionate medicine: Thus its place in the healing school curriculum gains careful attention. In an attempt to specify guidance to resolution-makers complicated in clinical anatomy syllabus development at the healing school level, the Educational Affairs Committee of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA) developed this document, which outlines the contours of a gross anatomy educational program leading to the M.D. or D.O. degree. The subject matter of document of the document sets forth the physical concepts in addition to the subject matter a student bear master prior to commencement from medical school. Gross anatomy thorough analysis is still a crucial business in graduate and medical school. The type and content of gross anatomy, which was historically viewed as a core course in the first old age of medical education in MBBS, MD, DO, and few PhD and Graduate curricula in addition to in other punishments of selective graduate education and non-allopathic healing programs, have been considerably impacted by emerging challenges in the education of delivering healing education in the past ten age. A seemingly always-increasing importance on additional modules in molecular study of animal, emerging pharmacotherapeutics and pathophysiology content have happened in a condensation and apparent deterioration of previously assigned classroom and workshop hours in the gross anatomy curriculum. In addition, an deception of financial restraints and a decreasing availability of enough cadaver gifts to support gross anatomy postmortem labs has also occurred in few locations. An creative clinically focused cadaveric anatomy program is depicted which has revised the delivery and content retention of healing and graduate students and has combine of the most in vogue modules in the revised clinically oriented syllabus and has been regarded highly relevant to current healing education and graduate studies.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI and East-West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA and Einstein Medical Institute, N. Palm Beach, Florida, USA.

Frantz Sainvil,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI and Einstein Medical Institute, N. Palm Beach, Florida, USA.

Hailin Wu,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI and East-West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA.

George P. Einstein,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI and Einstein Medical Institute, N. Palm Beach, Florida, USA.

Rolando Branly,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI and East-West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V4/article/view/12536

Integrating Advances in the Pedagogy of Gross and Clinically-Focused Anatomy: A Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp | Chapter 16 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Gross plants dissection is still a compulsory school subjects in graduate and medical programs. The nature and content of gross plants, historically regarded as a gist course in the first year of medical instruction in MBBS, MD, DO, and some PhD and Graduate educational programs as well as in added disciplines of selective graduate instruction and non-allopathic medical questions. Anatomy curricula have changed considerably in the last ten years on account of new challenges in the pedagogy of transfering medical education. In addition to fiscal restrictions and a decline in the number of carcass donations vacant to support gross anatomy dissection labs as earlier, there performs to be an ever-growing emphasis on supplementary modules in molecular any branch of natural science, emerging pharmacotherapeutics, and pathophysiology content, which has experienced to a condensing and obvious erosion of previously assigned classroom and lab hours in the gross anatomy syllabus. One of the most sought-after modules in the corrected clinically oriented syllabus is described, which has enhanced the delivery and content memory of medical and graduate scholars. It has also been considered to be very relevant to current graduate and medical instruction.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, USA and East-West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA and Einstein Medical Institute, N. Palm Beach, Florida, USA.

Frantz Sainvil,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, USA and Einstein Medical Institute, N. Palm Beach, Florida, USA.

Hailin Wu,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, USA and East-West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA.

George P. Einstein,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, USA and Einstein Medical Institute, N. Palm Beach, Florida, USA.

Rolando Branly,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, USA and East-West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V9/article/view/11700

Progressive Development of Human Anatomy for the Medical Anatomist | Chapter 14 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Anatomy is the most aged and the most main of all medical sciences. For hundreds of age, it has served as the endowment of medical instruction. However, in recent age, Anatomy in undergraduate education has visualized significant changes.  The learning of Anatomy has valiantly crawled the steps of time having happened taught and practised from the pre-Vedic ending to the present generation of online instruction on computers. Methods of instruction, evaluation, cadaver obtainment, embalming, thus have all evolved. So who voices anatomy is forever the same and never changes?   We went a survey among the scholars to gather their opinions on the changes in plants that had occurred over the age, as well as their hopes on the burden of learning in specific a short time span. We concluded that modifications in Anatomy concede possibility be clinically relevant orderly for specialists to practice carefully in the future and to offer a solid company for future clinical betterings. This review focuses on the evolution of plants studies in India over the centuries.

Author(s) Details:

Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant,

Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Somaiya Ayurvihar, Eastern Express Highway, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, India.

 Shaheen Rizvi,

Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, MUHS, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V2/article/view/11301

LM, Micromorphology, SEM of Leaf and Molecular Characterization of the Genus Cinnamomum (Family Lauraceae) Found in Sri Lanka: Taxonomic Significance

 Family Lauraceae is individual of the most main plant families since appendages of this main family are used for various purposes such as bread, spices and medicines. Sri Lanka is the principal global real cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) builder (80-90%) in the world. Apart from C. zeylanicum, there are seven underutilized Cinnamomum class. For efficient exercise approaches of the Cinnamomum species and proper preservation purposes, correct identification and description of these species are very important. Environmental pliancy may considerably influence the plants' morphology making it difficult to calculate only on vegetative makeup and may not be a reliable source of news to differentiate the Cinnamomum class. Flowers are rarely found and blooming time changes among the species. Therefore, this study proposed to examine the leaf plants using standard contracts for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the eight variety of Cinnamomum that occur in Sri Lanka to judge their potential utility in taxonomic differentiation. Moreover, microscopic characterization concerning this genus using various universal barcoding domains of the cpDNA (trnL intron, the trnT-trnL, trnL-trnF, and trnH-psbA intergenic spacers) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of basic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to check whether these sequences are trustworthy for species discrimination. Internal plants and leaf surface micromorphology were studied utilizing standard light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy individually. Some key petiole physical characteristics were stone container characters, the construction of vascular bundle, the presence or absence of feathered extensions, the ghost or absence of trichomes, and the shape and outline of the petiole. Leaves were hypostomatic accompanying no special composition for epidermal pavement cells. Simple, unicellular, unbranched, single and non-glandular trichomes were observed indifferent species on both surfaces of the leaves. Both adaxial and abaxial surfaces in C. dubium and C. rivulorum were laboriously covered accompanying simple, unicellular/sickle-shaped, long and thin trichomes. Transverse sections of leaves along the midrib were various in shape (well-proportioned, asymmetrical, boat, uneven, saucer). The midrib held one open arch, a central vascular bundle that was accompanying different methodical (oval, elongated, uneven, ‘V’, partially dissected into 2 or 3 slices) in different species. Micromorphology of cuticular matters on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces was various within and between class. Both abaxial and adaxial surfaces had undulating, dense cuticles with different patterns of fuller deposition. Although it was likely to identify the single nucleotide variety (SNP) of different worldwide barcoding regions of the cpDNA of different variety, no sufficient series data were obtained to segregate the species right.

Author(s) Details:

Pushpa Damayanthi Abeysinghe,
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V9/article/view/11174

A Brief Case Study on Anatomical Variations in the Extra Hepatic Biliary System | Chapter 10 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3

The biliary system's anatomy has long been the subject of extensive study. They have drawn a lot of interest because of their surgical significance in cholecystectomies and how easily they may be investigated. The extrahepatic bile ducts have drawn a lot of attention, but there hasn't been much study on them in India. Examining the anatomical variations in the extrahepatic biliary system in Indian cadaveric specimens was the aim.

The study included 30 enbloc post-mortem specimens and 20 adult dissecting room cadavers. Cadaver samples from the dissecting room were analysed. Post-mortem enbloc specimens were given by the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Madurai Medical College in Madurai. They were examined by traditional means, including dissection.

98 percent of the people had normal hepatoduodenal duct structural arrangements, whereas 2 percent had aberrant ones. In 14% of the samples, accessory ducts were discovered. A double and an auxiliary cystic artery were both found in 2% of the patients. In 8% of the people, the cystic artery had an unusual course and division. The right hepatic artery's course and division were irregular in 4% of the people. In 2% of the people, Calot's triangle borders were determined to be aberrant. In 10% of Calot's triangle patients, aberrant accessory hepatic ducts are discovered. Anatomical variances in the extrahepatic biliary system are common, and surgeons must be fully aware of them to avoid harming important structures during operations and provide superior surgical results. Anatomical variances in the extrahepatic biliary system are common, and surgeons must be fully aware of them to avoid harming important structures during operations and provide superior surgical results.

Author(s) Details:

P. G. Anandhi,

Department of Anatomy, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

V. N. Alagavenkatesan,

Department of Medicine, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V3/article/view/7388

Study of Ansa Subclavia: Anatomy, Functions and Repercussions | Chapter 17 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 A nerve fibre known as the ansa subclavia connects the middle and inferior cervical ganglions. In order to connect the inferior cervical ganglion, the cord from the middle cervical ganglion bends inferiorly the first segment of the subclavian artery medial to the vertebral artery. From rats, guinea pigs, the porcine species, and dogs to humans, the Ansa subclavia is developmentally retained and carried over. Animal models frequently undergo electrical stimulation of the Ansa subclavia to modify the stimulatory cardiac sympathetic input during physiological research. Only two publications documenting the anatomy of the Ansa subclavia were located in a thorough search of English-language literature. The purpose of this chapter is to gather knowledge about the general/applied anatomy, functions, and importance of the ansa subclavia.

Author(s) Details:

Rajani Singh,
Department of Anatomy, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, UP, India.

Kavita Gupta,
Department of Physiology, Subharti Medical College, Dehradun, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V11/article/view/7152

Self Directed Learning and Its Application in Anatomy | Chapter 08 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 

In today's medical field, new technologies are stepping in to help patients achieve positive results. New technologies necessitate qualified and skilled doctors to meet the obstacles of using the technology. When we are ready to learn new things on our own, i.e. self-directed learning, we can explore and update our own knowledge. Self-motivation to attain one's objectives will always result in the desired outcome. Self-directed learning is introduced in competency-based medical education (CBME) in all preclinical subjects to strengthen not only the basis but also to instil the habit of self-directed learning. In the dynamic process of self-directed learning, the student's cognitive ability emerges. In Anatomy, several perspectives on self-directed learning and various methods of self-directed learning are examined.

Author(S) Details

S. S. Anjali
Department of Anatomy, MGMIHS, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V4/article/view/6370

Study on Localized Scleroderma, Associated with Lyme Disease | Chapter 14 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

Localized scleroderma (morphea) is a chronic, long-term disease characterised by a connective tissue lesion in the skin with a predominance of fibro-sclerotic and vascular complications. The current study included 40 individuals who completed a questionnaire and underwent a laboratory check. The people that were tested ranged in age from 18 to 74 years old. The severity index of localised scleroderma associated with Lyme disease was lower in responders alone with morphea due to skin thickness. As a result, dermatologists from all over the world, not just from Ukraine, are paying more attention to the issue of our research.

Author (S) Details

Mariia Shkilna
SIHE “I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University”, Ternopil, Ukraine.

Kateryna Shtokailo
SIHE “I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University”, Ternopil, Ukraine.

Oleh Ivakhiv
SIHE “I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University”, Ternopil, Ukraine.

Roksolana Humenna
SIHE “I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University”, Ternopil, Ukraine.

Mariana Huk
SIHE “I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University”, Ternopil, Ukraine.

Alina Petruk
SIHE “I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University”, Ternopil, Ukraine.

Zoriana Smahlii
SIHE “I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University”, Ternopil, Ukraine.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V10/article/view/3513

Anatomy of Leaf Epidermis and Petiole of Two Selected Species of Hibiscus: An experimental Investigation | Chapter 2 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 7

 The architecture of the leaf epidermis and petiole of two Hibiscus species was investigated in a laboratory experiment using staining of cut sections and microscope viewing. The experiment discovered morphological differences between the two species studied. The foliar anatomy of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Abelmoschus esculentus, as well as differences in the proximal morphologies of the petiole and the number and arrangement of the petiole's distal end, were investigated. In terms of medicine, hibiscus has When administered as directed, it has been used internally for the treatment of various kinds of and has astringent properties. As a result, differences between H. sabdariffa and A. esculentus were discovered in the presence, distribution, and quality of crystals on the adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces of the two species.

Author (S) Details

O. F. Olotuah
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P. M. B. 001, Akungba – Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V7/article/view/3054

Study Perception of First-Year Medical Students on the Use of WhatsApp as a Supplementary Learning Tool | Chapter 13 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 The use of WhatsApp as a communication channel among students, as well as between students and faculties, is increasing. The purpose of this study was to learn about first-year medical students' opinions on the effectiveness of WhatsApp as a teaching and learning tool as a supplement to traditional teaching methods.

Materials and Methods: The research was carried out at a private medical college in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The study included 150 medical students (n=150) from the first year of the 2017-18 batch. The "Anatomy Department Official Group" was launched as a distinct WhatsApp group. The group was used to share instructional resources such as powerpoint presentations from Gross Anatomy and Histology lectures, notes on various themes, Histology slides photomicrograph, Spotters featuring photographs of Gross specimens with questions, and for general discussion.

According to our findings, 98 percent of students agreed or strongly agreed that learning material delivered via WhatsApp was freely accessible and downloadable. It has also enabled them to learn whenever and wherever they want, with 82 percent of students reporting that the learning materials supplied through WhatsApp had increased their confidence in learning Anatomy.

Conclusion: Because of the benefits of utilising WhatsApp as a teaching and learning medium for first-year medical students, as viewed by students, the author suggests that WhatsApp groups can be utilised as a supplement to traditional teaching techniques.

Author (S) Details

Kalpana Ramachandran
Department of Anatomy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V8/article/view/3116

The Anatomy of the Human Mind – The Cultural Consciousness and the Existential Consciousness Inherent in the Human Brain | Chapter 6 | Modern Perspectives in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 6

 Human existence is marked by linked gestures of survival and identity. The most crucial layer of consciousness, or existential struggle, survival, and identity crisis, dives into the structures of the human being's built mind. A human being is mostly built through the realms of society and cultural standards, and a human being's consciousness is determined by how the being reacts to particular life experiences. The survival and identity of human beings, with reference to post feminism and existential feminism, is treated with precision through Woolf's characters, in order to bring in the ideology of balance in absurdity. The power struggle is eliminated by existence in the wilderness and intellect gained via power. The architecture of the human brain is studied in order to comprehend the human mind's deficiency and existing structures. The societal fight to live and behaviour changes are conveyed through the characters in the novels under discussion, with behavioural psychology as the intended ideology.

Author (s) Details

K. R. Soundarya
Department of English and Foreign Languages, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-603 203, India.

S. V. Karthiga
Department of English, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-603 203, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPLLE-V6/article/view/2309

Determination of Duplicated Optic Canals in Eastern Indian Human Skulls from India | Chapter 2 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 Optic canal duplication is a rare condition that affects both sexes, people of all ages, and people of different races. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of optic canal duplication and to investigate its clinical and developmental implications. Methods: For the study, 100 dry human skulls of both sexes and ages were used. These skulls were examined grossly and morphologically to determine if the optic canals were duplicated. Additional optic canals were discovered in three skulls (3 percent cases). Only two (2%) of the cases (2%) had bilateral duplication, while one (1%) had unilateral duplication. The larger main canal was in its usual position, directed posteromedially upwards, and joined the anterolateral end of Sulcus chiasmaticus. In the lesser wing of the sphenoid, the smaller or duplicated canal was inferolateral to the main canal. Bony septa separated the main and accessory canals. Conclusion: Understanding additional optic canals is critical when performing surgical exploration of optic canals during tumor removal, decompression of optic canals, or surgical access to the cavernous sinus or Sella turcica.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Gyanaranjan Nayak,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, SOA University, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India.

Biswa Bhusan Mohanty
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, SOA University, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India.

Saurjya Ranjan Das
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, SOA University, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V7/article/view/1839