Negative Definite Functions on Sobolev Type Spaces with Fractional Fourier Transform| Chapter 7 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 7

 

Non-archimedean pseudo-differential operators have gained popularity in recent years due to their utility in studying certain equations associated with new physical models in physical form. Main aim of this paper is to define non-archimedean pseudo-differential operator associted with fractional Fourier transform in this manuscript. In this manuscript, we discuss some classes of p-adic complete inner product spaces, Bϕ, k(Qp), 0 ≤ k < ∞, connected to negative definite, radial and continuous functions ϕ : Qp → C. In this article, we also introduce the non-archimedean pseudo-differential operator Aϕ,k involving fractional Fourier transform connected to negative definite functions. We find the convolution Kernel Kk of these operators and the Green function related to fractional Fourier transform.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abhisekh Shekhar
Department of Mathematics, C.M.Science College, Darbhanga-846004, Bihar, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v7/6452

A Study on Radio Harmonic Mean Labeling of Various Classes of Star Graphs | Chapter 6 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 7

 Graph labelling is one of the fascinating areas of graph theory with wide-ranging applications. Labelled graphs serve as useful models for a broad range of applications, such as X-ray, crystallography, radar, coding theory, astronomy, circuit design, channel assignments of FM radio stations and communication network addressing. Motivated by the problem of channel assignment of FM radio stations, the concept of radio labelling of graph and the notion of radio mean labelling of graph have been introduced. Motivated by the notion of radio mean labelling and its noteworthy results, the concept of radio harmonic mean labelling has been introduced. In this work, most of the results focus on particular classes of star graphs and utilise ad hoc methods. The methodology is used in this study, the vertices are assigned the labels with N, finding the span of a mapping f and finding the lowest spans taken over all radio harmonic mean labeling of the graph G.A radio harmonic mean labeling of a connected graph G is a one to one map f from the vertex set V(G) to the set of natural numbers N such that for any two distinct vertices u and v of G, \(d(u, v)+\left\lceil\frac{2 f(u) f(v)}{f(u)+f(v)}\right\rceil \geq 1+\operatorname{diam}(G)\). The radio harmonic mean number of f, rhmn(f) is the maximum number assigned to any vertex of G. The radio harmonic mean number of G, rhmn(G) is the minimum value of rhmn(f) taken over all radio harmonic mean labelling f of G. In this paper, we have determined the radio harmonic mean number of some star-related graphs.

 

Author(s) Details

 

R. Revathy
Department of Mathematics, Shri Shankarlal Sundarbai Shasun Jain College for Women, T. Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

K. Amuthavalli
Department of Mathematics, Government Arts and Science College, Veppanthattai, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, Bharathidasan University, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v7/5904

Makeup-Free Biometrics Using Texture Analysis: Mitigating Imposture in Face Recognition | Chapter 9 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 5

A biometric authentication system is used for various applications, like the security of computers and mobile phones, airports, banks, military bases, biometric attendance, and tracking systems. Though biometric systems improve security, like any other system, they are vulnerable and prone to threats. Face recognition has quickly become one of the most common ways to authenticate using biometric data. Traditional face recognition systems mainly focus on extracting features and improving the accuracy of verification and identification. However, attention to security weak spots and possible attacks has only gained traction in recent years. These attacks include methods like obfuscation, spoofing, and morphing; for example, an intruder might impersonate a legitimate user to get around the system. Cosmetic changes can make recognition even harder by altering facial features like skin tone, eyebrow position, and overall complexion. These modifications can decrease the uniqueness of facial traits, often leading to false matches and weakening the security of the biometric system. To tackle this issue, adding a presentation attack detection (PAD) module to existing systems has been suggested. In this work, a CNN-based machine learning approach is used to classify presentation attacks through texture analysis. The proposed method removes makeup effects to restore the original look of the face, allowing the recognition system to identify individuals correctly and reduce the risk of attacks. The system's strength is measured using the False Accept Rate (FAR), which assesses its resistance to zero-effort attacks and serves as an important performance measure for biometric authentication systems. By training both pix2pix GAN and Cycle GAN and comparing their image quality, measure them. It is proven that Cycle GAN is more efficient than pix2pix GAN.  In the end, a comprehensive framework that combines various attack-prevention models can greatly enhance the strength and reliability of biometric authentication.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Logeswari Saranya R
Department of Information Technology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.

 

Umamaheswari K
Department of Information Technology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v5/6510

 

Cybersecurity and Privacy in 6G-Enabled Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystems | Chapter 8 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 5

 

The advent of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks marks a paradigm shift beyond incremental gains in speed and latency toward AI-native, hyper-connected ecosystems supporting trillions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. With projected terabit-per-second throughput, sub-millisecond latency, and integration of terahertz communication, holographic MIMO, and distributed edge computing, 6G promises transformative applications in healthcare, transportation, smart cities, and immersive digital environments. However, this evolution also introduces unprecedented cybersecurity and privacy challenges. AI-driven network management creates new attack surfaces vulnerable to data poisoning, adversarial manipulation, and model inversion. Quantum computing threatens to render classical cryptography obsolete, while insecure IoT devices and distributed edge nodes amplify systemic risks. Moreover, centimetre-level localisation and behavioural profiling capabilities raise profound privacy concerns that existing regulatory frameworks, such as GDPR and CCPA, are ill-prepared to address. This study examines these multi-layered vulnerabilities and highlights mitigation strategies, including zero-trust architectures, post-quantum cryptography, blockchain-based accountability, and AI-enhanced defences. It further explores societal and policy implications, emphasising the need for international collaboration, ethical AI governance, and security-by-design principles. The findings underscore that the next decade represents a critical window to embed robust cybersecurity and privacy protections in 6G infrastructure, ensuring that the networks underpinning future digital societies are both innovative and trustworthy.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Emma Junior Emmanuel
Department of Computer Science, Prairie View A&M University, United States of America.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v5/6425

Therapeutic Implications of the Interactions between Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumour Microenvironment | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 

The tumour microenvironment (TME) is composed of various cellular and non-cellular elements, including immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. The dynamic interaction between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the TME is now recognised as a critical driver of tumour progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Targeting this molecular crosstalk presents a promising avenue for improving cancer treatment outcomes. This review explores the therapeutic implications of the interactions between cancer stem cells and the tumour microenvironment. CSC-derived exosomes serve as key mediators of communication with the TME, fostering tumour growth by sustaining CSC stemness, promoting angiogenesis, facilitating metastatic spread, and shaping an immunosuppressive milieu through immune modulation. Emerging evidence underscores the therapeutic potential of disrupting this supportive CSC niche, reprogramming immune responses, and blocking exosome-mediated signalling to eliminate CSCs and counteract resistance. Novel strategies such as precision stem cell therapies, personalised approaches tailored to TME characteristics, and advanced 3D tumour models or organoids are driving the development of more effective, individualised interventions. Moreover, 3D tumour models and organoids are evolving in response to treatment, identifying biomarkers of resistance, and testing new drugs designed to overcome the therapeutic barriers. MSCs in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors have reported encouraging outcomes, including increased tumour response rates and prolonged survival in patients with certain cancers like melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Furthermore, combining immunotherapy with CSC-directed treatments holds promise for enhancing clinical efficacy. Sustained research into CSC–TME interactions remains essential for translating these mechanistic insights into transformative cancer therapies.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sharmy Saimon Mano
Department of Biotechnology, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Avinashi Road, Behind Nava, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641 028, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6475

Novel Automatic Segmentation Approach for Early Brain Tumour Detection: Comparative Evaluation with AI Approaches | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 

Background: Automatic object detection in medical images is a crucial step in the diagnostic process. The problem of detecting brain tumours at an early stage is well advanced with deep learning algorithms (DLA) such as convolutional neural networks (CNN). The issue lies in the fact that these algorithms necessitate a training phase involving a large database of several hundred images, which can be time-consuming and require complex computational infrastructure.

 

Objective: This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate a proposed method, which relies on an active contour algorithm, for identifying and distinguishing brain tumours in magnetic resonance images.

 

Methods: The proposed algorithm was tested using brain images from the BRATS Challenges 2021, specifically focusing on glioma tumours. The proposed segmentation method is made up of an active contour algorithm, an anisotropic diffusion filter for pre-processing, active contour segmentation (Chan-Vese), and morphological operations for segmentation refinement.

 

Results: Its performance was evaluated using various metrics, such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, Jaccard index, Dice index, and Hausdorff distance. The proposed method exhibited higher performance measures than most classical image segmentation methods and was comparable to the deep learning methods. These results indicate its ability to detect brain tumours accurately and rapidly.

 

Conclusion: The results section provided both numerical and visual insights into the similarity between segmented and ground truth tumour areas. The findings of this study highlighted the potential of computer-based methods in improving brain tumour identification using magnetic resonance imaging. Future work must validate the efficacy of these segmentation approaches across different brain tumour categories and improve computing efficiency to integrate the technology into potential clinical processes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mohammed Almijalli
Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

 

Faten A. Almusayib
Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ghala F. Albugami
Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ziyad Aloqalaa
Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

 

Omar Altwijri
Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ali S. Saad
Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6551

End-Stage Renal Disease in a Solitary Kidney: A Complex Clinical Presentation with Multiple Systemic Complications | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) represents the terminal phase of chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterised by irreversible loss of renal function requiring renal replacement therapy. Patients with a solitary functioning kidney face unique challenges when progressing to ESRD, particularly when multiple comorbidities are present.

 

Case Presentation: The clinical course of a 49-year-old female with ESRD and a solitary kidney who developed numerous life-threatening complications, was presented. The patient had undergone right nephrectomy two decades prior and presented with severe uremia, anuria, and multisystem involvement including hepatic dysfunction, haematological abnormalities, and cardiopulmonary complications. Despite regular hemodialysis and comprehensive medical management, she experienced recurrent pleural effusions requiring multiple interventions, along with persistent electrolyte disturbances and severe anaemia.

 

Clinical Findings: Laboratory investigations revealed markedly elevated serum urea (110-190 mg/dL) and creatinine (8-13 mg/dL) levels, with a glomerular filtration rate of 8 mL/min. Imaging studies demonstrated bilateral massive pleural effusions with septations, and abdominal ultrasonography showed moderate to gross ascites with splenomegaly. The patient also exhibited pancytopenia, hyperkalemia, and hemoptysis, requiring intensive multidisciplinary care.

 

Management and Outcome: The patient received bi-weekly to tri-weekly heparin-free hemodialysis through an arteriovenous fistula, supplemented with erythropoietin therapy and blood transfusions for refractory anaemia. Tube thoracostomy and therapeutic thoracentesis were performed repeatedly to manage recurrent pleural effusions and associated respiratory distress.

 

Conclusion: This case underscores the significant clinical challenges encountered in managing ESRD patients with a solitary kidney and multiple comorbidities. Early recognition of CKD, timely initiation of renal replacement therapy, aggressive management of complications, and patient education remain critical components in improving outcomes. The case highlights the importance of integrated multidisciplinary care and the need for heightened awareness regarding CKD progression in high-risk populations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vinay Singh
Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6543

Impact of Malocclusion on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Rural Adolescents in Hamirpur Block, Himachal Pradesh, India | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

Malocclusion is one of the three major oral diseases and may cause deterioration in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Factors affecting oral health can impact physical and economic well-being and quality of life by influencing functionality, appearance, relationships, social interactions, self-esteem and psychological health. Unlike other medical and dental conditions, malocclusion is a ‘set of dental deviations’ rather than a disease. Orthodontic treatments address these deviations from a normative standard rather than curing a pathological condition. This study aimed to examine the effect of malocclusion on OHRQoL using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire for OHRQoL among school-going children in the Hamirpur Block of Himachal Pradesh, India. This cross-sectional study was conducted in government senior secondary schools of Hamirpur Block, Himachal Pradesh. A total of 294 students aged 12–18 participated in this study. The assessment tools used to determine the need for orthodontic treatment included the OHIP-14 questionnaire for OHRQoL and the dental health component (DHC) of the IOTN. Data were analysed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 23, with statistical significance defined at P < 0.05.

 

Of the 294 samples, the highest proportion (approximately 29%) exhibited borderline treatment needs, whereas the lowest proportion (approximately 6%) had high treatment needs. Overall, treatment needs were identified in approximately 165 individuals, accounting for approximately 56% of the total samples. Self-consciousness was the most prevalent factor, observed in 81% of the participants. The mean overall score (± SD) was 4.29 ± 5.25. Physical disability exerted the least impact (0.19 ± 0.42), whereas psychological discomfort had the most significant effect (1.51 ± 1.67). A high need for orthodontic treatment significantly impacted the participants’ overall OHRQoL score across all domains of OHIP-14. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses of OHIP-14 regarding IOTN–DHC, sex, and age group revealed a significant association between normative orthodontic treatment needs and overall OHIP-14 scores. In either analysis, boys had a statistically nonsignificant lower impact score than girls. With increasing age, the impact score for quality of life declined significantly for the 15–16 age group in multivariate analysis.

 

Malocclusion negatively affects OHRQoL and its various domains. Individuals with Grade 5 malocclusion (indicating a high treatment need) experience a considerable negative impact on their overall OHRQoL score across all domains of OHIP-14. Further research is needed to comprehend how the need for orthodontic treatment changes as individuals age. In future, investigations should employ standardised tools for assessing both malocclusion and OHRQoL.

 

 Author(s) Details

Abhimanyu Singh Chauhan
Dr. Radhakrishnan Govt. Medical College, Hamirpur (H.P), India.

 

Sharmila Debarmma
Dr. Radhakrishnan Govt. Medical College, Hamirpur (H.P), India.

 

Anupriya Sharma
Dr. Radhakrishnan Govt. Medical College, Hamirpur (H.P), India.

 

Kanchan Chauhan
Dr. Radhakrishnan Govt. Medical College, Hamirpur (H.P), India.

 

Manish Goyal
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Govt Medical College, Nahan, Sirmour (HP), India.

 

Ashish Sharm
AIIMS, Bilapur (H.P), India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6529

The Common Open Non-mesh-based Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Review | Chapter 2 |Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 The open non-mesh-based inguinal hernia repairs are rarely performed now since the introduction of the Lichtenstein repair. The most common non-mesh-based inguinal hernia repairs include the Shouldice repair, the Bassini repair, and the Desarda repair. Knowledge of how to perform these procedures is important if the standard mesh-based repairs, like the Lichtenstein repair, are contraindicated. In this review, we will look at the Shouldice repair, the Bassini repair, and the Desarda repair, looking at their complications and comparing them with the mesh-based repairs.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kumar H.R.
Department of Surgery, Taylor’s University School of Medicine and Health Science, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6496  

Personalised Medicine: From Genomics to 3D-Printed Pharmaceuticals | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 

Personalised medicine (PM) is a patient-specific approach to treatment that integrates genetic, epigenomic, and clinical data. PM has the potential to transform traditional medical practice by tailoring therapies to individual genetic profiles. The significant advantages and limitations must be carefully considered. Manufacturers are using drug repurposing, biomarker-driven R&D, and collaborations with diagnostics and IT sectors. Personalised medicine not only enhances therapeutic precision but also advances preventive care through polygenic risk scores and early biomarker detection. The integration of digital health tools, including wearables and telemedicine, further supports patient-specific monitoring. Real-world examples, such as FDA-approved targeted therapies and CAR-T cells, illustrate its transformative potential. Innovations such as CRISPR-based interventions, AI-driven decision support, and personalised vaccines are highlighted. Liquid biopsy, single-cell omics, artificial intelligence, and healthcare digitalisation, further supporting its implementation, are cutting-edge tools. The Quality by Design (QbD) principles for safe, consistent, and effective production of personalised 3D-printed tablets have been explained. Critical material attributes (CMAs), critical process parameters (CPPs), and critical quality attributes (CQAs) together enable regulatory-compliant manufacturing by ensuring drug dosage accuracy, content uniformity, dissolution control, and robust production conditions. Beyond treatment, it raises ethical considerations related to data privacy and equitable access. Although cost-intensive, it reduces long-term healthcare burdens by minimising adverse reactions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

B. Navya Sree
Arya College of Pharmacy, India.

 

Saif Bin Salim
Arya College of Pharmacy, India.

 

Mohd Abdul Kareem
Arya College of Pharmacy, India.

 

M. Srikanth
Arya College of Pharmacy, India.

 

 

AVS Rajeswari
Department of Pharmaceutics, Arya College of Pharmacy, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6352

 

Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Modalities | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. HER2-enriched and triple-negative—that differ in receptor status (ER, PR, HER2), prognosis, and treatment options. Disease risk arises from a mix of non-modifiable factors (age, genetics, reproductive history), modifiable factors (lifestyle, hormonal exposures), and strong environmental and hormonal influences. Early detection and characterisation of tumours—including imaging and biopsy to establish molecular subtype—are critical for guiding therapy.

 

Methods: This review synthesises existing literature on breast cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies. Sources include peer-reviewed studies on genetic mutations (e.g. BRCA1/2, TP53), hormonal and reproductive risk studies, lifestyle and environmental exposure reports, and clinical trials of therapies such as HER2-directed treatments. Diagnostic and surgical & radiation therapy approaches are compared in the context of evidence for outcomes and side effect profiles.

 

Results: Molecular subtype classification has proven essential: Genetic mutations such as BRCA1/2 significantly increase risk and are associated with more aggressive disease in some subtypes. Modifiable risk factors—such as obesity, alcohol use, late first childbirth, and hormone replacement therapy—also substantially impact incidence. Diagnostic imaging modalities (mammography, ultrasound, MRI) and biopsy allow earlier detection. Treatments combining surgery, radiation, and systemic (targeted, hormonal, or chemotherapy) therapies improve survival and reduce recurrence, especially when matched to the specific subtype. However, aggressive subtypes and late diagnosis continue to challenge outcomes.

 

Conclusions: Breast cancer is not a single disease but rather a collection of subtypes with distinct biology, risks, and treatment responses. Advances in molecular understanding and diagnostics have enabled more personalised treatment. Still, substantial work remains: reducing incidence via prevention, improving early detection in all populations, and developing more effective therapies for aggressive subtypes. Overall, integrating genetic, lifestyle, and clinical data is key to reducing the burden of breast cancer globally.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kurupatha Menatha Jayasree
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Alagala Anitha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Chantimalla Narendra Reddy
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

M. Puspha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

R. Charith
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

S. Hema
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6449

Applied and Clinical Anatomy of Sacrum |Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. It forms the postero-superior part of the bony pelvis. Sacrum is subjected to various disorders like dysmorphism, fractures and tumours. To manage different types of disorders related to sacrum, s1 and s2 pedicle screws, sacro-iliac screws, iliac screws, s2 aiar screws and instrumentation are very often used. But the sacrum is related to various viscera, blood vessels and nerves. To avoid injury to structures in the pelvis and to prevent intra- and post-operative complications, detailed knowledge of the normal and varied anatomy of the sacrum is essential. The aim of this chapter is to elaborate on the normal and applied anatomy of the sacrum. The information will be of utmost use to clinicians while dealing with the sacrum and its disorders.

Author(s) Details

Rajani Singh
Department of Anatomy, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai Etawah, 206130, UP, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6446

Gut Microbiota as a Modulator of Insulin Resistance: A Review | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of insulin-targeting tissues to physiological levels of insulin. Recent studies have progressively uncovered aspects of the gut microbiota and how it contributes to the metabolism of key nutrients during IR. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of gut microbiota as a modulator of insulin resistance. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis, marked by reduced microbial diversity and an imbalance between beneficial and harmful species, contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Key findings show that a higher Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, the inflammatory action of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the beneficial effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are central to understanding the link between microbiota and host metabolism. Protective taxa such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii support metabolic stability, while endotoxin elevation worsens inflammation and insulin resistance. Current therapeutic strategies—including diet modification, physical activity, prebiotics, probiotics, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)—demonstrate potential in restoring microbial balance. Despite these advances, challenges such as interindividual variability and the need for standardised, long-term trials remain. In conclusion, gut microbiota should be regarded not as a passive indicator but as an active therapeutic modulator with strong potential in the prevention and management of insulin resistance.

 

Author(s) Details

Noor Ali Hussein
Babylon Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Hillah, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6442

Recent Developments in Open Mesh-Based Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Review | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

Open mesh-based techniques have emerged as the leading approach for inguinal hernia repair, replacing traditional suture-based methods. Among these techniques, the Lichtenstein repair is the most utilised due to its short learning curve and its feasibility under local anaesthesia. Irving Lichtenstein introduced this tension-free repair in 1984, whereby after reduction of the hernia and ligation of the sac, a mesh was inserted and reinforced on the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, and it was fixed to the inguinal ligament and conjoint tendon with nonabsorbable sutures and under no tension. This method is associated with reduced postoperative morbidity and exhibits the lowest recurrence rate. Other open mesh-based techniques include the Plug and Patch repair and the Prolene hernia system, both of which are viable options for open inguinal hernia repair. This review explores the Lichtenstein repair, the Plug and Patch repair, and the Prolene hernia system, with a focus on their indications and potential complications. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of these procedures was conducted concerning their postoperative complications and recurrence rates.

 

Author(s) Details

Kumar H.R.
Department of Surgery, Taylor’s University School of Medicine and Health Science, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6402

Intra-Arterial Therapy with 90Y for Hepatic Tumour Lesions: A Review | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Aim: The objective of this integrative review study was to identify existing studies in the literature that provide information on the advances associated with the therapeutic technique of radioembolization with 90Y-labelled microspheres and its relationship within radiology, from the perspective of expanding the culture of radiological protection.

 

Methodology: Through an integrative literature review, the advances associated with the therapeutic technique of radioembolization with yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres were analysed, highlighting the reduction of radiation dose in medical and occupational exposures, as well as evaluating the role of intra-arterial radionuclides in terms of survival benefit, progression-free survival, and quality of life.

 

Results: The results showed that therapeutic association with radioembolization using 90Y microspheres was effective in the treatment of liver tumours, but further studies are still required to determine ideal administration protocols and combination with radionuclide therapy.

 

Conclusion: Moreover, additional research is needed to establish the absorbed dose delivered to the tumour, taking into account its specific radiosensitivity and the desired final mass of the treated lesion.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Adrine Silveira da Silva
Universidade Franciscana - UFN, 97010-032, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

 

Luísa Vargas Cassol
Universidade Franciscana - UFN, 97010-032, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

 

Cássio Mori da Silva
Universidade Franciscana - UFN, 97010-032, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

 

Jéssica Fetzer da Costa Rosa
Universidade Franciscana - UFN, 97010-032, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

 

Vagner Bolzan
Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina - IFSC, 88075010, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.

 

Silvio Atilio Michelin Bertagnolli
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM / Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria - HUSM, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

 

Thiago Victorino Claus
Universidade Franciscana - UFN/Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria - HUSM, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6367

Prevalence of Coronary Mineralised Pulp Nodules in Molars Using Cone Beam Computerised Tomography in a Brazilian Subpopulation | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Pulp nodules, also known as Pulp stones, are a complex biological phenomenon characterised by the abnormal accumulation of mineralised tissue within the dental pulp. Only nodules larger than 200 μm in diameter are radiographically visible. Due to the variation in previous results and the limitations of earlier studies based on conventional radiographs, there is a need for more accurate diagnostic tools.

 

Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of mineralised coronary pulp nodules by cone beam computerised tomography (CBCT) and explore any potential correlation between the occurrence of pulp nodules with gender, age, tooth, arches, and condition of the dental crown.

 

Methodology: CBCT scans of 300 patients, totalling 631 molars, were assessed. CBCT scans were collected from a private radiology clinic in Brazil between August 2017 and July 2018. All maxillary and mandibular molars were analysed in the sagittal, axial and coronal planes, and, when present, pulp nodules were identified as a round or oval hyperdense mass. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square tests, with a significance level set at 5% through Sigma Plot software (version 12.0).

 

Results: Of a total of 300 patients, pulp nodules were identified in 35% of subjects and in 25.5% of molars. The presence of pulp nodules was most frequently found in females (41.1%) than in males (27.7%) and in individuals aged over 60 years. The first upper molars showed the highest incidence of pulp nodules. No significant difference was observed when maxillary and mandibular arches were compared, either side. The presence of pulp nodules was higher in restored molars when compared to intact teeth (P<0.05). Within the observed teeth with pulp stones, 70 molars had a round-shaped nodule, while 91 were oval-shaped.

 

Conclusion: CBCT is an efficient resource for the diagnosis and location of pulp nodules and may be used to assist clinicians in planning the safest endodontic approach. Understanding the prevalence and distribution of pulp nodules regarding gender and type of teeth is paramount for the proper design of root canal treatment. The main limitation of the study is its single-centre data evaluation, highlighting the need for future multicenter studies from different regions of the country, with larger sample sizes and greater population diversity.

 

Author(s) Details

Ana Maria Veiga Vasques
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Ana Laura Ribeiro Ruiz
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Gabriele Oliveira Amaral
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da Silva
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Gustavo Sivieri-Araújo
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Rogério de Castilho Jacinto
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

João Eduardo Gomes-Filho
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Eloi Dezan Júnior
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Carlos Roberto Emerenciano Bueno
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6361

Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Management of Acne Scars | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological disorders, affecting approximately 80–85% of adolescents and young adults worldwide. Major complications of acne include scarring as well as psychosocial distress, which can persist long after the active lesions have resolved. Its onset in adolescence may add to the emotional and psychological challenges experienced during this developmental stage, potentially affecting body image, socialisation, and sexuality. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a valuable tool in the management of acne scars, offering a safe, autologous, and minimally invasive option that harnesses the body’s regenerative potential. Its efficacy is most evident when used in combination with procedures such as microneedling, fractional CO₂ laser, and subcision. By promoting collagen remodelling, angiogenesis, and epidermal regeneration, PRP addresses the core pathophysiology of scarring.

 

However, the lack of standardised preparation protocols, variability in outcomes, and limited large-scale randomised trials remain challenges. Future advances in biologically enhanced PRP formulations, integration with regenerative medicine, and development of standardised guidelines are likely to strengthen its role in aesthetic dermatology. For now, PRP represents a promising adjunctive modality that bridges the gap between conventional procedures and next-generation regenerative therapies for acne scars. This review briefly discusses the role of PRP in the management of acne scars.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Sweta S Kumar
Department of Dermatology, UPUMS Saifai, India.

 

Monika Srivastava
Department of Anatomy, UPUMS Saifai, India.

 

Nisha Yadav
Department of Anatomy, UPUMS Saifai, India.

 

Sanjay Kannaujia
Department of Pathology, UPUMS Saifai, India.

 

Santosh Kumar
Department of Respiratory Medicine, ASMC Etah, India.

 

Utkarsh Tripathi
Department of Dermatology, UPUMS Saifai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6259

Influence of Age, Body Mass Index, and Biochemical Parameters on Renal Function in a Rural Indian Cohort | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant and growing global health concern, affecting approximately 9.1% of the world's population, with substantial variation across regions and populations. Renal function serves as a critical marker of systemic health, influenced by both physiological ageing and metabolic stress. Rural communities often exhibit unique risk factor profiles, including differences in diet, physical activity, healthcare access, and awareness, making it critical to generate localised evidence. However, limited data exist on how demographic and biochemical variables jointly impact kidney function in rural Indian populations.

 

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the influence of age, body mass index (BMI), and key biochemical indices on renal function within a rural Indian cohort.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study of 200 individuals was conducted, analysing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) across age groups. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire to gather demographic details, medical history, and lifestyle factors. Pearson’s correlation and multivariate linear regression were used to explore associations between renal function and demographic/biochemical predictors. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

 

Results: The mean age was 59.7 ± 17.2 years, and the mean BMI was 24.5 ± 4.2 kg/m². A significant age-dependent decline in GFR was observed: from 131.2 mL/min in individuals <40 years to 62.1 mL/min in those >60 years. Strong negative correlations were found between age and GFR (r = - 0.71, p < 0.001) and between BMI and GFR (r = -0.35, p = 0.002), while BMI positively correlated with serum creatinine (r = 0.29, p = 0.006). Age also showed a strong positive correlation with BUN (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, age (β = -0.56, p < 0.001), BMI (β = -0.28, p = 0.004), and bicarbonate levels (β = +0.31, p = 0.002) independently predicted GFR.

 

Conclusion: Age and BMI are strong, independent predictors of renal function decline in rural populations. Elevated bicarbonate levels appear to exert a protective effect. These findings underscore the need for age- and weight-adjusted screening protocols in low-resource settings to enable earlier intervention. Limitations of this study include its cross-sectional nature, which precludes causal inference, and potential confounders such as dietary habits and undiagnosed comorbidities that were not controlled. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples and inclusion of inflammatory markers are warranted to validate and extend these findings.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Shilpa Rattan
Biochemistry, SMVDIME, Kakryal, India.

 

B. Jahnavia
Biochemistry, MNR Medical College, Telangana, India.

 

Priya Duvedi
Biochemistry, SMVDIME, Kakryal, India.

 

Abid Manzoor
Physiology, SMVDIME, Kakryal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6245

A Comprehensive Review of Dental Ceramics: Evolution, Classification and Clinical Guidelines for Aesthetic and Restorative Applications |Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Over the past two decades, dental ceramics have undergone remarkable evolution, particularly in the aesthetic zone where both visual appeal and mechanical performance are equally critical. This review explores their historical development and current clinical applications in anterior restorations, highlighting the central role of material selection in optimising outcomes. Dental ceramics are broadly classified into three categories: glass-matrix ceramics (feldspathic, leucite-reinforced, lithium disilicate), polycrystalline ceramics (zirconia), and hybrid ceramics (resin-matrix ceramics). Each category offers distinct advantages in terms of translucency, strength, optical properties, and fabrication techniques, making the choice highly dependent on case-specific requirements. Recent advances in bonding strategies and CAD/CAM technologies have further expanded the clinical indications of ceramics, enabling minimally invasive preparations and highly precise restorations. Hybrid ceramics, in particular, represent an emerging class that combines mechanical resilience with aesthetic fidelity, opening new perspectives for use in demanding clinical scenarios. Optimal ceramic selection requires careful evaluation of both biological and mechanical factors, as well as an understanding of the limitations of each system. By synthesising current evidence and offering practical guidelines, this work aims to support clinicians in achieving predictable, durable and aesthetically pleasing outcomes in anterior ceramic restorations.

 

Author(s) Details

Ilhem Ben Othmen
Faculty of Dental Medecine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Zeineb Riahi
Faculty of Dental Medecine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Takoua Barhoumi
Faculty of Dental Medecine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Linda Ayedi
Faculty of Dental Medecine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Belhassen Harzallah
Faculty of Dental Medecine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6173

Nexus Between Good Governance and Economic Growth: Econometric Evidence from India| Chapter 5 | New Advances in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 11

 

The concept of good governance refers to the way authority is exercised to manage a country’s economic, social and political resources. It highlights the importance of dynamic interactions between the state, civil society and citizens in processes of decision-making, implementation and accountability. When governments prioritise key sectors such as education, health and social protection, the outcomes directly enhance individual well-being and foster inclusive growth. This study investigates whether good governance helps drive economic growth in India, using annual data from 1996 to 2022. Economic growth is measured by per capita GDP, while governance is captured through three key indicators: control of corruption, political stability and voice and accountability. To get a clearer picture, other important factors such as the Human Development Index (HDI), government consumption, trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI) and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) are also included.

 

The analysis applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, which is well-suited for exploring both short-run and long-run relationships, when variables are integrated of mixed order. The results confirm that good governance plays a significant role in supporting India’s long-term economic growth. Specifically, stronger control of corruption, political stability and voice and accountability are all linked with higher economic growth. Among the control variables, human development, government consumption and trade openness also show a positive impact on economic growth. On the other hand, FDI is found to have a negative but statistically insignificant impact, while GFCF has a negative but significant impact, suggesting that capital investments in India may not be translating efficiently into economic growth, possibly due to institutional or structural weaknesses.

 

Overall, the findings highlight that improving governance and investing in human development are crucial for India’s sustained progress. Policymakers should therefore focus on strengthening institutions, ensuring accountability and enhancing the quality of governance systems so that investments and reforms can produce stronger and more inclusive economic outcomes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ayushi Vashistha
Department of Economics, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, India.

 

C.R. Bishnoi
Department of Economics, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nabme/v11/6497

Unlocking the Potential of MSMEs in Advancing Atmanirbhar Bharat in Jharkhand, India | Chapter 4 | New Advances in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 11

 

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a pivotal role in realising the vision of an Atma Nirbhar Bharat. The Atma Nirbhar Bharat initiative, launched by the Government of India, aims to transform the country into a self-reliant economy by enhancing domestic production, reducing dependence on imports, &and promoting local businesses. This study provides insights into the potential of MSMEs in making Atmanirbhar Bharat and offers recommendations for policymakers to support MSMEs' growth. This study also examines the contribution of MSMEs in Jharkhand, a state rich in natural resources but often grappling with socio-economic issues, toward achieving self-reliance. The study explores how MSMEs in the region leverage local resources, generate employment, and promote entrepreneurship while addressing issues such as inadequate infrastructure, lack of access to finance, and limited market reach. The government of Jharkhand has introduced state-specific initiatives to complement central schemes and address local issues faced by MSMEs. The study highlights successful MSME initiatives in Jharkhand that have boosted local industries like handicrafts, mining, agro-based enterprises, and steel production, showcasing their potential to drive economic growth and self-sufficiency. It also delves into the impact of government schemes such as the PMEGP (Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme) and the MSME Samadhan initiative on empowering these enterprises. Skill development and labour-related issues are also major barriers for MSMEs in Jharkhand. The study emphasises the importance of digitalisation, skill development, and market linkages for strengthening MSMEs in Jharkhand. By analysing the region's unique issues and opportunities, this study aims to provide policy recommendations to further enhance the role of MSMEs in achieving an Atma Nirbhar Bharat, with Jharkhand serving as a model for sustainable and inclusive development. This study explores the challenges in making Atma Nirbhar Bharat. The findings suggest that MSMEs can become the backbone of the Indian Economy.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Khushbu Kumari
Ranchi University, Shahid Chowk, Ranchi - 834001, Jharkhand, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nabme/v11/6481

Understanding Seniors’ Experience of Luxury Consumption: An Emotional and Psychological Perspective | Chapter 3| New Advances in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 11

 

The ageing population is one of the most significant social transformations of the 21st century, impacting various sectors (United Nations, 2023). In marketing, seniors—typically defined as individuals aged 50 and above—are a valuable target group due to their favourable economic factors, lack of time constraints, and fewer commitments, leading to high consumption potential. This study addresses the issue of luxury consumption among seniors by examining the impact of advanced age on the emotions and psychological antecedents involved in the consumption of luxury products. Furthermore, it aims to highlight the differences among various segments of senior consumers in this context. As the first study to focus specifically on these aspects for senior consumers, a qualitative, exploratory approach was deemed necessary. To this end, 30 individual interviews were conducted with luxury consumers aged 50 and over. The study was conducted in France, and the respondents were randomly selected and interviewed in various locations, such as museums, luxury restaurants and hotels. The results underscore the importance of considering the role of both positive and negative emotions in luxury consumption, as well as the presence of emotional ambivalence related to advanced age among the participants. Moreover, senior luxury consumers referred to psychological antecedents associated with brand consciousness, materialism, and self-esteem. With a high purchasing power, increasing market size, and distinct behaviour compared to younger people, seniors are seen as newcomers in luxury marketing and deserve special attention. Despite extensive research on luxury consumers, most studies have focused on a younger demographic. However, both academics and practitioners have recognised the unique characteristics of senior consumers and their significant potential in the luxury sector. Understanding the nuances of ageing and its impact on luxury consumption is essential to effectively addressing this market. This knowledge helps develop better managerial insights and product offerings that strengthen the connection between senior consumers and luxury brands. The geographical limitation of the study presents opportunities for future research in diverse contexts, notably in cross-cultural studies on luxury consumption. Moreover, subsequent studies should explore the role of subjective age in shaping the emotional and psychological factors underlying luxury purchase intentions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Cyrine Khalfallah Bargaoui
Department of Marketing, University of Tunis El Manar - FSEG, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nabme/v11/6448

Monetising Underutilised Assets for Financial Sustainability: A Skin-in-the-Game Approach for the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo, Zimbabwe | Chapter 2 | New Advances in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 11

 

This study investigates the effectiveness of a Skin-in-the-Game Guaranty Approach in monetising underutilised assets within the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo, Zimbabwe, with the goal of enhancing financial sustainability amid persistent economic challenges. Rooted in the principle that direct stakeholder involvement fosters ownership and commitment, the approach was applied to explore how lay members, priests, and religious can collectively contribute to resource mobilisation and asset utilisation. Adopting a quantitative, descriptive research design, the study surveyed 385 participants across the diocese, drawing on structured questionnaires and descriptive statistical analysis to assess perceptions of feasibility, benefits, and challenges. The results revealed diverse stakeholder perspectives shaped by gender and educational backgrounds, while also exposing barriers such as resistance to change, limited technical expertise, and operational constraints. Despite these challenges, findings underscore the importance of transparent governance, strategic vision, and inclusive training programmes in building trust and ensuring effective implementation. The study contributes theoretically by extending the Skin-in-the-Game concept—traditionally applied in finance and risk management—into the religious institutional context, thereby offering a novel framework for resource monetisation in faith-based organisations. Practically, it provides a roadmap for the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo and comparable institutions to achieve financial resilience through stakeholder-driven initiatives. The research concludes that embedding community participation and accountability is vital for overcoming inertia and sustaining development projects. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and the lack of qualitative depth, which constrain the exploration of evolving dynamics and subtle stakeholder narratives. Future research should integrate longitudinal and qualitative methods to capture the long-term impact of asset monetisation and deepen understanding of cultural and organisational factors influencing adoption.

 

Author(s) Details

Pamire Jongwe
University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

 

Anthony Zvapera
Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nabme/v11/6336

Reimagining Provincial Supply Chain Management in South Africa: A Digital and Institutional Transformation Framework | Chapter 1 | New Advances in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 11

 

This chapter critically evaluates the effectiveness of supply chain management (SCM) reforms in South Africa’s provincial government sector. South Africa's provincial landscape is divided into nine provinces: Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Free State, North-West, and Northern Cape, each having different capacities, infrastructure readiness, and procurement maturity. The aim was to identify key institutional and digital transformation levers necessary for overhauling provincial supply chain management systems. This study was motivated by the persistent challenges in provincial SCM, ranging from bureaucratic inertia to technological underutilisation, highlighting the urgent need for reform. Furthermore, the inquest was also driven by the imperative to transition towards more accountable and digitally enabled governance that aligns with developmental objectives. Employing a qualitative research design, the study used thematic analysis to draw insights from policy documents and relevant literature. In addition, thematic analysis was conducted on both interview data and secondary sources. Findings reveal a persistent misalignment between SCM policies and institutional implementation capabilities. Key challenges include a lack of digital infrastructure, inadequate skills, inconsistent oversight mechanisms, and resistance to change. The adoption of the proposed eight-pillar digital and institutional transformation framework can significantly enhance the effectiveness of SCM in provincial departments. Furthermore, this framework is especially relevant in KwaZulu-Natal, the Eastern Cape, and Limpopo, where audit results have consistently highlighted issues such as improper expenditure, noncompliance with SCM rules, and paper-based procurement processes. It provides policymakers and managers with actionable insights to redesign governance systems that are more responsive, transparent, and developmentally aligned. This study contributes to the SCM reform discourse by bridging theoretical and practical gaps in public procurement transformation. It puts forth a framework that supports both digital innovation and institutional coherence.

 

Author(s) Details

Bongani Innocent Dlamini
Durban University of Technology (DUT), South Africa.

 

Emmanuel Lawa
Durban University of Technology (DUT), South Africa.

 

Hlanganani Siduduzo Shange
Durban University of Technology (DUT), South Africa.

 

Kusangiphila Sishi
Durban University of Technology (DUT), South Africa.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nabme/v11/6009

Gender Disparities and Determinants of Adherence to HIV/AIDS Management among Adults Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Rivers State, Nigeria | Book Publisher International

 

Adherence to the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is beyond infected persons consistently and accurately taking fixed-dose antiretroviral therapy. This study compared the gender disparity in the self-reported adherence, virologic outcome and factors associated with HIV/AIDS management among HIV-positive adults attending a tertiary hospital in Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

This concurrent nested mixed-methods approach employed a hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study for the quantitative aspect, and a grounded theory methodology for the qualitative component was conducted at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between September and November 2020. Data from the quantitative and qualitative components were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and focus group discussion guide to recruit participants through systematic sampling and purposive sampling techniques, then analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 25 and ATLAS. Ti version 12, respectively.

 

A total of 1600 participants (800 males and 800 females) and 24 discussants (12 males and 12 females) were recruited for the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the study, respectively. The mean and standard deviation: Age; male (44.53±10.50) and female (40.58±9.34); self-reported adherence; male (98.7±6.4), female (97.3±10.0), and the virologic suppression; male (89.5%), female (89.6%). The significant predictors of self-reported adherence: Male gender; religion (aOR=0.076, 95%=0.024-0.239, p<0.001), level of education (aOR=0.451, 95% CI=0.213-0.955, p=0.038), and not paying for HIV services (aOR=4.105, 95% CI=1.712-9.792, p<0.001. The only significant predictor of virologic outcome: Female gender; treatment supporter (aOR=0.382, 95% CI=0.206-0.707, p=0.002). The association between self-reported adherence and virologic outcome was not significant: male (89.7%, χ2=0.487, p=0.485), female (90%, χ2=1.227, p=0.268). The focus group discussion reported that socio-cultural, socioeconomic and psychosocial challenges negatively influenced treatment adherence.

 

The identified factors significantly influenced the gender difference in self-reported adherence as opposed to the virologic outcome. Hence, responsible organizations should develop measures to improve virologic outcomes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Luke, Anwuri
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nigeria.

 

Owhonda, Golden
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-46-4

Beta Distribution Goodness of Fit: A Comparative Study of Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Francia and Chi-Square Tests | Chapter 5 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 7

 

The Beta Distribution is widely used in statistical applications. It has numerous applications in various fields, including reliability applications and manufacturing quality control. In this study, Beta Distribution Goodness-of-fit procedures are illustrated. A comparative study between the Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Francia, and Chi-square goodness-of-fit test in testing for Beta distribution is performed using simulation. Performance of Kolmogorov–Smirnov test is more consistent than other tests considered.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mezbahur Rahman
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v7/6392

 

Path Finding and Pattern Spotting in Toroidal Topologies: A Study on de Bruijn Structures, k-ary n-Cubes, and Toroidal k-ary Grids| Chapter 4 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 7

 

This paper examines toroidal layouts with a focus on their roles in pattern spotting and path-finding strategies. While de Bruijn structures provide a precise method to locate specific patterns, k-ary n-cubes and toroidal k-ary grids enable efficient path finding through different node organization principles. The study compares these structures by modeling their underlying strategies and presenting algorithmic solutions in pseudocode. The results highlight the complementary strengths of each approach, offering useful insights for applications in network routing, parallel computing, and data organization.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Pedro J. Roig
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain and University of the Balearic Islands, Spain.

 

Salvador Alcaraz
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.

 

Katja Gilly
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.

 

Cristina Bernad
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.

 

Carlos Juiz
University of the Balearic Islands, Spain.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v7/6320

 

Implementation of Agile Methodology in an iOS-Based Travel Planning Application with Route Optimization | Chapter 3 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 7

 

Background: Generation Z is known for its high curiosity, adventurous spirit, and passion for hobbies such as traveling. Gen Z individuals often face challenges in travel planning, including suitable tourist destinations near their location.

 

Aims: This study aimed to develop Find Your Way, an iOS-based travel planning application designed to address user needs through the Agile development approach, with a focus on optimizing multi-destination routes for more efficient travel planning.

 

Methodology: This study was conducted in Indonesia over a five-month period, from December 2024 to April 2025. It applied Agile methodology, consisting of six iterative phases such as planning, design, development, testing, deployment, and review, executed over two development cycles to refine the application based on user feedback. Interviews were conducted with four participants aged 18–35 to gather functional requirements. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key user needs, which guided the design and implementation of the application using Swift and MVVM Clean Architecture. A distinctive contribution of this study was the integration of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for route optimization, enabling more accurate predictions of both travel time and duration at destinations. The core features developed included destination recommendations, route management, and customizable map settings. Testing was performed using blackbox and whitebox methods, while deployment was conducted via TestFlight with CI/CD integration through Xcode Cloud. In the review phase, 30 users aged 18–25 completed a User Acceptance Test (UAT) to evaluate the app’s usability and performance.

 

Results: The study successfully produced Find Your Way, a travel planning application tailored to functional requirements identified by users. Five key features were implemented, including destination information, location and route recommendations, as well as storage and map display settings. The application achieved a UAT score of 97.33%, a result that underscores both the system’s reliability and the practical effectiveness of combining Agile development with PSO-driven route optimization. Testing confirmed the application’s functionality and program logic through blackbox and whitebox methods.

 

Conclusion: The Find Your Way application was successfully developed and met user functional requirements. The high UAT score of 97.33% highlights the practical significance of the application, demonstrating that it effectively fulfilled its intended purpose while validating the Agile development approach and the integration of PSO as a distinct optimization method.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Putu Agus Dharma Kusuma
Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.

 

I Made Widiartha
Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.

 

I Dewa Made Bayu Atmaja Darmawan
Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.

 

I Wayan Supriana
Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v7/6210

Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Malaria Transmission Dynamics among Children under Five with Early and Late Treatment Interventions | Chapter 2 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 7

 

Malaria, a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, poses a persistent public health challenge in Nigeria due to its complex transmission dynamics. Mathematical modeling provides a robust framework to unravel the complexities of malaria transmission, enabling predictions of disease dynamics and evaluation of control measures. This study develops a compartmental SEIIR-SEI model to evaluate the impact of early (λ1) and late (λ2) treatment interventions on malaria transmission among children under 5, aiming to guide effective control strategies. Parameterized with Nigerian malaria case data (2007–2021), the model integrates human and mosquito populations to examine how treatment timing affects the basic reproduction number (R0) and disease prevalence. The methodology encompasses model formulation, assumptions, parameter estimation, analytical methods, and numerical simulations. Using stability analysis, sensitivity analysis, and numerical simulations, we find a baseline R0 = 2.24, indicating endemicity. Early treatment reduces this to R0,λ1 = 1.46, outperforming late treatment (R0,2 = 1.65). Sensitivity analysis highlights mosquito biting rates ((b) and λ1 as key drivers of R0. Simulations show that 60–80% early treatment coverage (λ1 ≥ 0.6) within 24 hours significantly lowers prevalence within 120 days, unlike 100% late treatment (λ2 = 1.0). The disease-free equilibrium is stable when R0 < 1, achievable with high λ1. Rapid diagnosis, Artemisininbased Combination Therapies, and vector control are critical for eradication. Policymakers should enhance healthcare access and surveillance to reduce Nigeria’s malaria burden. These findings provide a rigorous, data-driven foundation for policymakers to optimize malaria control programs, reducing morbidity, mortality, and economic burdens in endemic regions. Future studies should explore fractionalorder models or spatial dynamics to further refine intervention strategies.

 

Author(s) Details

 

D.B. Opaginni
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Abuja, FCT, Nigeria.

 

M.O. Durojaye
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Abuja, FCT, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v7/6198

Garner cancerous model, KCC theory, Jacobi stability, chaotic behavior, bifurcation, critical point

 

In cell proliferation, a cancer cell copies its DNA and divides into two cells. If this division is more rapid, then we can say that cancer is the fastest growing or it may be highly graded effective cancer. It is necessary to differentiate cancer stem cells from healthy stem cells. In the present paper, Garner’s cancer model (GCM) has been geometrically studied by using the KCC-Jacobi theory. In the KCC theory, the second-order dynamical system and the geodesic equation associated with the Finsler space are topologically equivalent. The Jacobi stability based on the KCC theory and the Lyapunov linear stability of the model are discussed in detail. The particular value of parameters has been chosen to compare the Jacobi and Lyapunov linear stability, and it has been found that the Jacobi stability on the basis of KCC theory is global than the linear stability. The critical values of the bifurcating parameters are found and their effects on the model have been investigated. This study will be helpful in measuring and preventing cancer cell growth. In this study, it has been observed that an unstable stage of cancer/tumor occurs only when there is a severe effect of any parameter present.

 

Author(s) Details

T.N. Mishra
School of Engineering and Technology, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Bhopal, India.

 

Kalpana Deshmukh
School of Science, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Bhopal, India.

 

Anjali Chouhan
School of Engineering and Technology, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Bhopal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v7/5752