Therapeutic Implications of the Interactions between Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumour Microenvironment | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 

The tumour microenvironment (TME) is composed of various cellular and non-cellular elements, including immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. The dynamic interaction between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the TME is now recognised as a critical driver of tumour progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Targeting this molecular crosstalk presents a promising avenue for improving cancer treatment outcomes. This review explores the therapeutic implications of the interactions between cancer stem cells and the tumour microenvironment. CSC-derived exosomes serve as key mediators of communication with the TME, fostering tumour growth by sustaining CSC stemness, promoting angiogenesis, facilitating metastatic spread, and shaping an immunosuppressive milieu through immune modulation. Emerging evidence underscores the therapeutic potential of disrupting this supportive CSC niche, reprogramming immune responses, and blocking exosome-mediated signalling to eliminate CSCs and counteract resistance. Novel strategies such as precision stem cell therapies, personalised approaches tailored to TME characteristics, and advanced 3D tumour models or organoids are driving the development of more effective, individualised interventions. Moreover, 3D tumour models and organoids are evolving in response to treatment, identifying biomarkers of resistance, and testing new drugs designed to overcome the therapeutic barriers. MSCs in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors have reported encouraging outcomes, including increased tumour response rates and prolonged survival in patients with certain cancers like melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Furthermore, combining immunotherapy with CSC-directed treatments holds promise for enhancing clinical efficacy. Sustained research into CSC–TME interactions remains essential for translating these mechanistic insights into transformative cancer therapies.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sharmy Saimon Mano
Department of Biotechnology, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Avinashi Road, Behind Nava, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641 028, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6475

Stem Cells in Neurocancerology: The Case of Teratocarcinoma and Glioblastoma | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 8

 

Background: Neural stem cell research is a promising field when considering brain disease and glioblastoma therapy. Efficient strategies for glioblastoma treatment were established targeting oncoproteins or growth factors (i.e. IGF-I, AFP) present during embryonic and fetal development of nervous system tissues originating from neural stem cells.

 

Methodology and Results: In a preclinical experiment, the PCC4 stem cells (derived from teratocarcinoma), which give rise to neoplastic neural cells, were transfected in vitro with the anti-IGF-I vectors (antisense and triple helix approaches). This strategy completely hindered the synthesis of the IGF-I and converted the stem cells into immunogenic cells (expressing MHC-I and B7), inducing an in vivo anti-tumour effect. This strategy was successfully applied to glioblastoma therapy. The anti-IGF-I strategy was recently combined with nanotechnology. The application of nanotechnology in stem cell research is based on the use of nanoparticles (NP) for targeted therapeutics, including gene therapies. NP (i.e. theranostic iron oxide) and IGF-I target related signal transduction pathways that lead to cancer cell apoptosis. Other studies have demonstrated that NP loaded with chemotherapy selectively killed cancer stem cells while sparing normal cells.

 

Conclusion: Stem cell- and immunotherapies, including anti-IGF-I gene therapy combined with nanotechnology targeting glioblastoma, are in permanent progress.

 

Author(s) Details

Maryam Raja
Department of Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran.

Silvia J. Bueno
Faculty of Health Sciences, UNAB University, 681001 Floridablanca, Colombia.

 

Annabelle Trojan
CEDEA & ICGT (Center of Oncology Diagnostic and International Cancer Gene Therapy Foundation), 110010 Bogotá D.C., Colombia and INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, 94802 Villejuif, France. 

 

Gabriela Quintero

Faculty of Health Sciences, UNAB University, 681001 Floridablanca, Colombia and CEDEA & ICGT (Center of Oncology Diagnostic and International Cancer Gene Therapy Foundation), 110010 Bogotá D.C., Colombia.

 

Andres Christian
Hospital Bretonneau, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France.

 

Hebert O. Siachoque
CEDEA & ICGT (Center of Oncology Diagnostic and International Cancer Gene Therapy Foundation), 110010 Bogotá D.C., Colombia.

 

Yu-Chun Lone
INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, 94802 Villejuif, France.

 

Alvaro Alvarez
Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, 130001 Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.

 

Jerzy Trojan
CEDEA & ICGT (Center of Oncology Diagnostic and International Cancer Gene Therapy Foundation), 110010 Bogotá D.C., Colombia, INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, 94802 Villejuif, France and National Academy of Medicine - ANM, 75272 Paris, France.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v8/5843

Stem Cells and Acellular Preparations in Bone Regeneration/Fracture Healing: Where are We Now? | Chapter 9 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

The term ‘stem cell’ (stammzelle) was first introduced into the scientific community in the late 19th century by zoologists Theodor Boveri and Valentin Häcker, who proposed the existence of a universal precursor cell for both primordial germ and somatic cells. Bone/fracture healing is a complex process with different steps and four basic tissue layers being affected: cortical bone, periosteum, fascial tissue surrounding the fracture, and bone marrow. Stem cells and their derivatives, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, skeletal stem cells, and multipotent stem cells, can function to artificially introduce highly regenerative cells into decrepit biological tissues and augment the healing process at the tissue level. Stem cells are molecularly and functionally indistinguishable from standard human tissues. The widespread appeal of stem cell therapy lies in its potential benefits as a therapeutic technology that, if harnessed, can be applied in clinical settings.

There are many challenges associated with stem cell therapy including differentiating stem cells into a desired cell line and the risk of stem cells developing into cancerous cell lines. Stem cells also carry a risk of being rejected by the host immune system whether they be allogeneic or autologous in nature. Beyond the cellular preparations, there exists acellular therapies, many of which have made their own contribution to the field of stem cell therapy. The ability of acellular preparations to harness the potential of growth factors through extracellular vesicles or secretomes provides many new and promising opportunities. The role of paracrine signaling as it relates to stem cell therapy for example is critical in making acellular solutions all the more viable as a therapy. Clinically, autologous bone grafting remains the standard for repairing bone defects. As stem cell engineering has evolved however, an increasing number of clinical trials have utilized bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with a shift towards greater utilization of umbilical cord-derived stem cells, amniotic stem cells (ASCs) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapies. These treatments have provided varying levels of healing in the spine, long bone fractures, facial bone fractures and even hip arthroplasty patients with bone healing defects. Many preclinical models have highlighted the use of these human pluripotent stem cells including both small and large animal models. Multipotent stem cells including hematopoietic, mesenchymal and even skeletal stem cells, have also shown increasing efficacy in many preclinical models.

This review aims to establish the molecular pathophysiology of bone healing, the current stem cell interventions that disrupt or augment the bone healing process, and finally, consider the future direction/therapeutic options related to stem cells and bone healing. Understanding the mechanism, applications and therapeutic evidence behind current stem cell interventions will allow better implementation of these therapies through more preclinical and clinical trials with the eventual goal of meaningful clinical intervention. 

 

Author (s) Details

Marcel G. Brown
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

 

Davis J. Brady
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

 

Kelsey M. Healy
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

 

Kaitlin A. Henry
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

 

Ayobami S. Ogunsola
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

 

Xue Ma
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/3334

Cell Homing – The New Age Therapy in Regenerative Endodontics | Book Publisher International

Root canal therapy or apexification is the standard treatment for teeth that are irreversibly diseased or necrotic. By attempting to repair the injured "pulp-like" tissue, regenerative endodontics can prevent necrosis and maintain the vitality of the teeth.  The main clinical benefit is the development of root. The term "pulp-like" tissue does not relate to pulp-dentin complex development or regenerated pulp tissue with an odontoblastic layer.

The ability of endogenous stem cells to regenerate tissue is the foundation of the cell homing technology. The term "cell homing" describes the migration or infiltration of endogenous cells into the cite in response to physiological, biochemical, or biological stimuli, or through passive flow in the form of a blood clot from the apical tissue. The American Association of Endodontists has established its success criteria for Regenerative Endodontic Procedures. Despite difficulties, Heet al. (2017) found that cell homing is now the most clinically viable method for dental pulp regeneration. Future advancements in tissue engineering could lead to new scaffold designs, antibacterial protocols, and the use of other signalling molecules, improving the outcome's predictability. This review study aims to provide a summary of cell homing as well as a number of strategies for encouraging the regeneration of damaged pulp.

Author(s) Details:

R Sumukh Bharadwaj,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Mysuru, India.

Ashwini Tumkur Shivakumar,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Mysuru, India.

Sowmya Halasabalu Kalgeri,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Mysuru, India.

Adarsh Choudhary,
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Mysuru, India.

Prajwal M S,
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Mysuru, India.

Supreeth S Gowda,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Mysuru, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CHTNATRE/article/view/13557

Estimation of Cellular Content in Second-Generation Solid Fibrin Concentrates (PRFs)| Chapter 6 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 4

 We acted a study to judge the amount of Platelets and Leukocytes directly-production hard platelet concentrates in conditions of Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (VP+), Negative Predictive Value (VP-), False Negative Proportion, and False Positive Proportion of our Statistical Method. Blood was composed in anticoagulant-free PET tubes accompanying silica for clot result and PRF membranes. The membranes and clots presented were checked. In a premature work, the authors, offset from the results acquired in Kitamura's work, cherished to evolve an smooth and modest order to reckon the exact amount of platelets and leukocytes held in PRF, distinguished to the individual present in unmodified blood, offset from a plain "haemochromocytometric test". In this study, the authors have judged the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (VP+), Negative Predictive Value (VP-), False Negative Proportion, and False Positive Proportion of the "Statistical Method". Using the Statistical Method, we have this result by lowering by 34.12% (±28.2) the profit of leukocytes got from the CBC test. We acquired the profit of leukocytes held in the PRF sheath by t-PA digesting and by lowering by 15.12% (±24.87) the worth of platelets got for one alike arrangement, we have attained the profit held in dimensional platelet concentrates by t-PA digesting. The projected order confirmed a Se=0.75; Sp=0.86; VP+=0.75; VP-=0.86 for platelet counts, Se=0.47; Sp=0.66; VP+=0.80; VP-=0.30 for blood corpuscle counts. Conclusion: Our study reliable to similar the PRF arrangement process by approving a mathematical arrangement to reckon the exact amount of platelets and leukocytes in second-era dependable platelet concentrates, making it smooth to judge individual PRF arrays according to schedule in the dispassionate scene. The Statistical plan distinguished to the digestive order accompanying t-PA for blood corpuscle and platelet counts confirmed expected evenly right for platelets, but not also for leukocytes.

Author(s) Details:

Michela Crisci,
General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania.

Alessandro Crisci,
School of Medicine, University of Salerno Italy, 84084 Fisciano SA, Italy and Unit of Dermosurgery Cutaneous Transplantations and Hard-to-Heal Wound, 'Villa Fiorita' Private Hospital, 81031 Aversa CE, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V4/article/view/9269

Rethinking Autoimmunity in Regenerative Medicine: A Review of Diabetic Treatment Options | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 14

 T1DM is an autoimmune disease in which auto-reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells destroy native pancreatic insulin-producing islet of Langerhans cells, resulting in a reduction in endogenous insulin levels. The goal of this chapter is to present a synopsis of recent breakthroughs that provide new perspectives on the future of autoimmunity as it relates to regenerative medicine and diabetes for the reader. Previously, stem cells were assumed to play a key part in the repopulation of damaged pancreatic cells, but new research shows that the regenerative ability of these insulin-producing cells persists many years after diagnosis. As a result, the focus moved from looking into repopulation approaches employing splenic or exogenous grafting stem cells to preventing future islet cell loss by auto-reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) is thought to play a role in diabetic treatment choices, as there is evidence that TNF- can cause apoptosis in selectively autoreactive CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, the next generation of ultrasensitive c-peptide assays revealed the true functional status of islet cells, concluding that the reduction in function happens over decades rather than months, as previously thought. Not only animals, but even diabetics, remain euglycemic for a long time after receiving mycobacterial adjuvants, according to studies. All of these ideas and discoveries pave the path for more clinical studies and the development of more effective diabetic treatment alternatives in the future.

Author(S) Details

Benjamin Borokhovsky
Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V14/article/view/4990

Investigating the Differentiation of Canine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in to Islet–Like Cells | Chapter 2 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 In vitro differentiation of canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into pancreas islet-like cells is the purpose of this study. The BMSCs of healthy canines were isolated and cultured in the lab. After the third passage, BMSCs were induced to grow into islet-like cells using two-step induction techniques (at 80 percent confluence). Cell morphology, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) expression of the canine insulin gene, immunocytochemistry detection of nestin and insulin proteins, and quantification of insulin level in culture media were all used to characterise differentiated BMSC cells into islet-like cells. Grape-like cell clusters might be spotted using a bright field microscope. In differentiated cells, the expression of the insulin gene and protein was identified. Insulin levels in the culture media of differentiated cells were excessively high. It was discovered that canine BMSCs can be differentiated into islet-like cells. These differentiated cells may have played an important role in the treatment of canine diabetes. Dogs, BMSCs, Islet-like cells, Differentiation are some of the key words in this study.

Author (S) Details

P. M. Deepa
Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly – 243122, Uttar Pradesh India and Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad - 673 576, Kerala, India.

Umesh Dimri
Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly – 243122, Uttar Pradesh India.

Vikas Chandra
Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly – 243122, Uttar Pradesh India.

G. Taru Sharma
Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly – 243122, Uttar Pradesh India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V10/article/view/3501

New Platelet Concentrates Useful in Tissue Repair. Platelet-rich Fibrin with Leukocytes (L-PRF), Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin (A-PRF) and Injectable Platelet-rich Fibrin (i-PRF) | Book Publisher International

 Tissue engineering is a growing multidisciplinary area that tries to regenerate, enhance, or replace predicted damaged or missing tissues for a variety of disorders caused by trauma, disease, and ageing. To ensure that tissue engineering procedures are extensively used in clinical practise, they must be modified so that they are readily available and reasonably simple to utilise in regular clinical practise. To make realistic implementation, the steps between preparation and application must be minimised and optimised. The overall goal is to develop natural platelet concentrates that can be manufactured near to the patient and speed up the implantation procedure while remaining financially feasible for both the patient and the health system. For soft tissue regeneration, fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes (PRF) and its derivatives (L-PRF, A-PRF, i-PRF) have been employed in a range of medical sectors. In groups evaluated following PRF membrane extraction, almost all platelets (> 97%) are missing from test tubes.

Other cell types involved in tissue repair, such as smooth cell muscles (SMCs) and mesenchymal stem cells, are induced and controlled by growth factors released by platelets found in derivatives of L-PRF (MSCs).

Finally, the findings of this study show that PRF has a good influence on wound healing following surgery.

Author(s) Details

Alessandro Crisci
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Salernitan Medical School”, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy and United of Derma Surgery, Skin Transplants and Difficult Wounds, “Villa Fiorita” Nursing Home, Aversa (CE), Italy.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPCUTR/article/view/2100