Determination of Reliability Design of Mechanical Systems | Chapter 13 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 To improve mechanical system design, parametric Accelerated Life Testing (ALT) is offered as a systematic reliability method for identifying design flaws and correcting them in the creation of a reliable quantitative (RQ) specification. It necessitates: (1) a parametric ALT scheme based on the system BX lifetime, (2) a load inspection, (3) parametric ALTs with corresponding design modifications, and (4) a determination of whether the altered product design(s) achieve the desired BX lifetime. A general life-stress model is presented, as well as a sample size equation. A test case involving market data and parametric ALT was the redesign of a hinge kit system (HKS) in a refrigerator. Parametric ALTs were carried out using a force and moment balance analysis. The mechanical impact loadings of the HKS were evaluated for a refrigerator door. The HKS failed in the first ALT due to a crack/fracture in the kit housing, and when the HKS was disassembled, oil poured from the damper. The failure mechanisms and procedures developed in the first ALT were similar to those discovered in market-failed samples. Stress raisers, such as corner roundings and the housing rib in HKS, the oil damper seal, and the cover housing material were among the HKS design features that were missing. In the second ALT, the cover housing fractured. The HKS cover housing's plastic material was a design defect. As part of a corrective action plan, the cover housing was upgraded from plastic to aluminium. After the second ALT, the modified HKS was guaranteed to have a B1 life of 10 years, with a yearly failure rate of 0.1 percent.

Author(S) Details

Seong-Woo Woo
Manufacturing Technology, Mechanical Technology Faculty, Ethiopian Technical University, Addis Ababa P.O.Box 190310, Ethiopia.

Dennis L. O’Neal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dean of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7356, USA.

Yimer Mohammed Hassen
Manufacturing Technology, Mechanical Technology Faculty, Ethiopian Technical University, Addis Ababa P.O.Box 190310, Ethiopia.

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Implementation of an Adaptive Model of Steel Structure Building for the Prevention of Earthquake Effects | Chapter 12 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 The purpose of this study is to develop a novel method for increasing earthquake protection in structures by forcing them to react to the seismic wave. This is accomplished by having the structure "surf" the earthquake wave as if it were a person riding a wave. A small-scale steel structure building model was created, manufactured, and tested to represent the concept of this study. The model has proven to be effective, with outstanding outcomes. These findings are represented by the substantial difference in acceleration values supplied for the vibration table, which mimics a shaking ground during an earthquake, and the building model at high vibrations. The tremors were well-adjusted by the building model. The proposed methodology is suggested for high-value projects such as the construction of nuclear reactors. With filing application number 63049291, the author has successfully registered the invention as a provisional US patent with the USPTO.

Author(S) Details

Majid Mutashar Hameed
Ministry of Oil, Missan Oil Company, Iraq.

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Energy Model of Ground Cutting Well Drilling | Chapter 11 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 It is proposed that the length of the crack that occurs during brittle fracture of materials be used to calculate the frequency of bit rotation. An adequate cutting angle of the tool is used to create tensile stresses in the soil mass during drilling. The thickness of the soil chips cut off in one revolution, i.e. specific feed, and the frequency of rotation of the tool are calculated based on the critical length of the crack in the tensile volume of the soil. Cutting the soil with the right cutting angle and bit rotation speed consumes the least amount of energy. The developed approach for determining the soil loading frequency eliminates the need to calculate the oil recovery factor while drilling wells, and it is the first estimate in justifying tool rotation frequency when drilling rocks of different strength.

Author(S) Details

Baranchik Vitaly Pavlovich
FSBEI, Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia.

Zakirov Marat Fanilevich
FSBEI, Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia.

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Standalone Thermopneumatic Micro Bellows Actuator using 3D Printing Technology | Chapter 10 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 Typical pneumatic soft micro actuators can be created without the use of heavy driving components like pumps and power supplies by using an independent battery-powered mechanism. The fabrication of a thermopneumatically operated soft micro bellows actuator and its experimentally proven standalone operation are presented in this study. Thermopneumatic actuation works by heating a compartment sealed by the actuator's elastomer to increase pressure, which causes the elastomer to deflect. To eliminate leakage, which is prevalent in soft lithography due to individual layer bonding, the bellows actuator was created by casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a 3D-printed soluble mould method. A heater constructed separately from winding copper wire was inserted into the cavity of the bellows actuator to make a thermopneumatic actuator. The use of both a 3D coil heater and a bellows actuator allowed for fast heat transfer as well as unrestricted movement of the actuator in the desired direction, which is impossible to do with traditional microfabrication. At a voltage of 0.55 V, the manufactured actuator produced a stroke of around 2200 m, or 62 percent of its body length, and exerted a force of roughly 90 mN. The thermopneumatic actuator was also able to demonstrate a repeating freestanding operation using the system consisting of alkaline batteries and a control circuit, rather than the traditional pneumatic operation.

Author(S) Details

Yongha Hwang
Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, Republic of Korea.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V10/article/view/6515

A Study on RC Beams with Externally Bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Fabrics | Chapter 09 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 The flexural behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforced concrete (RC) beams is investigated in this work. Externally bonded CFRP fabric has been proved to be adaptable to a wide range of structures. This approach is currently being used to reinforce constructions such as columns, beams, walls, slabs, and so on. For flexural strengthening, 10 RC beams were cast and tested up to failure under monotonic and cyclic loads over an effective span of 3000 mm. The beams were constructed using under-reinforced concrete beams. Eight beams were reinforced with bonded CFRP fabric in a single layer and two layers parallel to the beam axis at the bottom and tested to failure under virgin conditions; the remaining two beams served as control specimens. The static and cyclic responses of all of the beams were evaluated in terms of strength, stiffness, ductility ratio, energy absorption capacity factor, compositeness of CFRP fabric and concrete, and failure modes. FEA software ANSYS was used to forecast the theoretical moment-curvature relationship as well as the load-displacement response of the strengthened and control beams. The results of the numerical (ANSYS) and experimental analyses have been compared. The reinforced beams had higher flexural strength, flexural stiffness, and composite action till failure, according to the findings. To get the desired outcomes, it was determined that at least two layers of CFRP fabric should be bonded. When compared to the control specimen, the strengthened beams RB1 (single layer) and RB3 (two layer) have a 20 percent and 45 percent increase in flexural strength, respectively, and the experimental and numerical (ANSYS) results are in close agreement.

Author(S) Details

R. Balamuralikrishnan
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, NUST, Sultanate of Oman, Oman.

C. Antony Jeyasehar
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Retrofitting of RC Beams with Externally Bonded SIMCON Laminates: A Prospective Retrofit System | Chapter 08 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 The findings of experimental and analytical research on flexural strengthening of RC beams employing externally bonded Slurry Infiltrated Mat CONcrete (SIMCON) laminates are presented in this work. In the laboratory, four reinforced concrete beams with a total span of 3000 mm were cast and tested. Three beams were strengthened at the bottom with bonded SIMCON laminate and tested until failure, while the fourth beam served as a control specimen. The strength, stiffness, ductility ratio, energy absorption capacity factor, laminate-concrete compositeness, and associated failure modes of each beam were all evaluated. The test specimen's theoretical moment-curvature relationship, as well as the load-displacement response of the strengthened beams and control beam, were predicted using the FEA software ANSYS. According to the results of the experiments, externally attaching SIMCON laminates can result in a significant increase in strength at all load levels. This rise could be attributable to concrete's tensile cracking strength increasing as a result of confinement. It's also worth noting that increasing load carrying capacity is only possible if other types of failure aren't interfering. The numerical (ANSYS) results were compared to the experimental and theoretical results. The reinforced beams had higher flexural strength, flexural stiffness, and composite action till failure, according to the findings.

Author(S) Details

R. Balamuralikrishnan
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, NUST, Sultanate of Oman, Oman.

C. Antony Jeyasehar
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V10/article/view/6511

Design Considerations for Pumping Stations Using Variable Speed Pumps | Chapter 07 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 Constant speed pumps are commonly used in pressurised water distribution systems due to their simplicity. Constant-speed pumps, on the other hand, have a hard time dealing with changing water flow requirements. When the discharge demand differs from the design discharge, the required demand (discharge and head) can be met simply by changing the pump speed without affecting the rest of the system. In this study, the efficiency of stations with variable speed pumps outperformed stations with fixed speed pumps in all operating situations. Variable speed pumps not only improve efficiency, but they also help satisfy water demands. The use of variable speed pumps in pressured irrigation systems is studied in this study. Near Tabriz, Iran, the chosen pump station has an actual sprinkler irrigation system with three lateral lines and a 600-meter main pipe. The main pipes have diameters of 8 and 6 inches. According to the research, using a variable speed pump improves average pump efficiency by 18.7%. In addition, the variable speed pump technology saves 57.6% on electricity as compared to a fixed speed pump. As a result, in pressurised systems, variable speed pumps should be used. This study adds to the body of knowledge by providing step-by-step calculations for sprinkler irrigation system design. This understanding will aid engineers who are unfamiliar with the commutation technique.

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.

Arian Salmasi
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V10/article/view/6508

Prediction of Geological Parameters during Tunneling by Time Series Analysis on In-situ Data: A Recent Study | Chapter 06 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 A tunnel boring machine (TBM) is a piece of heavy-duty equipment used to construct underground tunnels. Geological conditions are crucial components in the tunnelling process, as they have a direct impact on the control of construction equipment. The goal of this work is to use continually gathered aerial characteristics to anticipate geological information ahead of TBM. This study focused on the underlying links between the sequential nature of tunnel in-situ data and the continuous interaction between equipment and geology, and used the long short-term memory (LSTM) time series neural network technique for processing in-situ data. A method for predicting geological characteristics in advance is proposed based on TBM real-time status monitoring data. The proposed method was used to predict five geological parameters for a tunnel project in China, with R2 values more than 0.98 for all five geological parameters. In terms of performance, the LSTM was compared to an artificial neural network (ANN). The LSTM's prediction accuracy was significantly higher than the ANN's, and its generalisation and robustness were also better than the ANN's, showing that the recommended LSTM approach could extract the in-situ data's sequence features. The rule of equipment-geology interaction was mirrored in the model's memory structure thanks to the adoption of the "gate" principle, allowing for precise prediction of geological parameters during tunnelling. The model's impact on the time frame and prediction distance is also investigated. The proposed method provides a novel approach to obtaining geological data during TBM construction, as well as a framework for analysing in-situ data with sequence properties.

Author(S) Details

Shanglin Liu
Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.

Kaihong Yang
Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.

Jie Cai
Design and Research Institute of Tunneling Machine, China Railway Construction Heavy Industry, Changsha 410100, China.

Siyang Zhou
Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.

Qian Zhang
Design and Research Institute of Tunneling Machine, China Railway Construction Heavy Industry, Changsha 410100, China.

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Study about Collaborative Optimized Routing Algorithm Based Optimized and Secure Routing in WSN | Chapter 05 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 Optimised routing in wireless networks is a hot topic in ad-hoc wireless communication. During the routing process in sensor networks, consistency and security issues have a significant impact on the functioning of outmoded security systems. Security is an unavoidable worry, despite the fact that current routing solutions are low-cost and do not need exact placement. The Collaborative Efficient Routing Algorithm (CORA) is proposed as an optimised routing approach for WSN in this study. CORA focuses on data progression optimization and security issues during routing. CORA's first phase involves identifying and categorising collaborative nodes based on lenient constants such as direct trust, link strength, and quality factors. Direct trust and link strength are direct measurements, but quality is also determined by link survival time and caused delay. In the second phase, the suit function is created for picking the best nodes utilising the proposed CORA, which is based on direct trust, link strength, quality, and distance. The performance of the proposed collaborative optimum routing system is tested using measurement metrics on a 50 dynamic nodes ad-hoc sensor network in the context of selective forwarding and denial-of-service attacks. This strategy can also be used to design more customised, optimal, and durable routing mechanisms in order to lower this factor based on the needs of certain applications.

Author(S) Details

Pritesh A. Patil
E&TC Department, VIIT Pune, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra, India.

R. S. Deshpande
JSPM ICORE, Wagholi, Pune, MS Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V10/article/view/6505

Drainage Gallery in Concrete Gravity Dams and Its Effect on Reduction of Uplift Forces | Chapter 04 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 Engineers consider stability controls such resistance to sliding and overturning when developing gravity dams. Allowable vertical strains at the dam's heel and toe are other important characteristics. The width and height of the dam are two crucial design characteristics to consider. Dam stability can also be improved by adding features like a drainage gallery. The location of the drainage gallery and its impact on dam stability are explored in this study. The relative uplift force (Up/W) in the Outardes-3 Dam without a drainage gallery has a constant value of 0.413, according to the results (where Up is the uplift force and W is the weight of the gravity dam). The favourable effect of drainage galleries is seen by the reduction of Up/W to 0.14 for installations with a drainage gallery at the dam heel. A vertical tensile stress occurs in the dam's upstream heel when b/B>0.32. As a result, this is not advised (B is the dam width and b is the distance of the drainage gallery from the dam heel). It is proposed that a value of 0.75B/H1.0 be used (H is the dam height). Without a drainage gallery, the safety factor against overturning is close to its maximum values in this case, which improves the dam's safety. With a B/H greater than 0.7, the vertical tension in the dam's upstream heel is compressive, and no tensile stress is generated.

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V10/article/view/6502

Direct Evaporative Cooling System for Year-Round Thermal Management with Solar Assisted Dryer: An Experimental Investigation | Chapter 03 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 Building cooling is accomplished through the significant usage of air conditioners. Mechanically powered gadgets provide thermal comfort, but they harm the environment by consuming more energy. As a means of decreasing environmental degradation, building cooling systems that are both energy-efficient and environmentally friendly are becoming increasingly significant. Evaporative cooling, a common passive cooling method, has the potential to meet energy demand while also addressing global climate issues. Traditional direct evaporative cooling achieves sensible air cooling through continuous water circulation over the cooling pad. Despite its ease of use, its use is limited due to the pad material issue and water stagnation in the sump. Furthermore, the pump's continuous operation increases the quantity of electrical energy used. The goal of this study is to replace the pump and sump with a porous substance that serves as a water storage medium. Experiments are being done in Vellore, India, to investigate the efficacy of a vermicompost-based evaporative cooling system under three distinct RH situations (low, medium, and high). The cooling capacity, efficacy, and water evaporation rate of a direct evaporative cooling system are all measured to determine its performance. Vermicompost is utilised to replace the pump and sump because of its great water retention qualities. There's no need to change materials all the time. The vermicompost, on the other hand, is regenerated using a solar dryer at the end of the experiment. The flow of hot air over the vermicompost also prevents any mould spores in the air from being transferred to the vermicompost. According to the data, vermicompost produces a temperature reduction of 9.5°C when the relative humidity is low. Vermicompost also adds to a 21.7 percent energy decrease by eliminating the pump. As a result, vermicompost may be a more energy-efficient alternative to the pad-pump-sump combination used in classic evaporative cooling systems. In addition, combining a solar-assisted dryer with a direct evaporative cooling system can create a healthy and long-lasting indoor atmosphere. This method could open the path for environmentally friendly year-round thermal management of building cooling applications.

Author(S) Details

Sujatha Abaranji
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology, Vellore 632002, Tamil Nadu, India.

Karthik Panchabikesan
Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.

Velraj Ramalingam
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V10/article/view/6501

Electronic Security System for Agricultural Field | Chapter 02 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 Agricultural field security is critical today. Threats to agricultural fields can come from a variety of sources. Producers must be mindful of the danger of crop loss or contamination that is done on purpose. Safe medications can be used to make dangerous or harmful mixes if they are used inappropriately or indiscriminately. Chemicals and bodily harm are two examples. The farmer must defend the field against all acts of deliberate destruction. A method has been created to protect the crop in the field. The technology developed will help in detecting and, in many situations, preventing intruders into agriculture fields. It's a fencing system that not only detects but also chases stray animals out of the field.

Author(S) Details

A. K. Rai
Director Instrumentation, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, (M.P.), 482004, India

P. K. Khare
Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Physics and Electronics, RDVV, Jabalpur, (M.P.), 482001, India

Prashant Mor
Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Physics and Electronics, RDVV, Jabalpur, (M.P.), 482001, India

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Study on the Effect of Nozzle Angle and Air Flow Rate during Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication Milling of Aerospace Alloy Al7075-T6 | Chapter 01 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 Industry nowadays is concentrating on developing various strategies and approaches for implementing sustainable manufacturing, which is a "need of the hour." With the advent of global competitiveness, industries are focusing their efforts on lowering machining costs, which account for a significant portion of a company's production cost per part.' The traditional method of cooling the machining zone by using a lot of coolant/cutting fluids at a rate of several litres per hour has a lot of people worried. Due to rigorous government requirements, industries must replace flood-coolant assisted machining with new techniques such as the 'Minimum Quantity Lubrication' (MQL) coolant delivery methodology. The goal of this investigation was to see if a novel approach called Minimum Quantity Lubrication cooling could be used to replace traditional flood cooling. The goal of this study was to see how changing the nozzle orientation angle and airflow rate affected MQL milling of aerospace aluminium Al7075-T6 alloy with an uncoated carbide tool. The three ways of coolant delivery that have been examined are dry, MQL, and nanofluid MQL (nanoparticle suspended oil with MQL). Cutting speed [150 m/min, 208 m/min, 264 m/min], feed rate [95 mm/min, 110 mm/min, 125 mm/min], and cut depth [0.5 mm, 1.3 mm, 2 mm] are employed as process variables. Two nozzle angles of 25° and 50° were evaluated with 1.5 kg/cm2 and 3 kg/cm2 air flow rates. At a 1.5 kg/cm2 air flow rate, the best results were obtained. 250 degrees was discovered to be the optimal nozzle angle. The use of nanofluid MQL machining to achieve the lowest temperature and generate the least amount of heat is a viable option. Nanofluid MQL technology is employed in the MQL technique to achieve a better surface finish with reduced workpiece surface roughness (Al7075-T6).

Author(S) Details

Harshit B. Kulkarni
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Udyambag, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V10/article/view/6497 

Microscale and Time Shortening Sample Preparation Procedure for Determining Malachite Green and Leucomalachite Green in Cultured eel | Chapter 12 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 To avoid residual chemicals in seafoods, it is necessary to improve residue monitoring in these foods, which necessitates the development of an accurate and efficient quantitative approach for each target chemical substance. An inexpensive, simple, rapid, and microscale sample preparation technique is described in this chapter, followed by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled photodiode array (PDA) detector for simultaneous quantification of malachite green (MG) and its metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG) in cultured eel. The HPLC-PDA was performed on a C4 column with an isocratic mobile phase. Analytes were removed from the sample using a handheld ultrasonic homogenizer, and the sample was purified using MonoSpin® C18 centrifugal monolithic SPE spin mini-columns. Analyses of spiked eel samples have shown that the recommended technique works, with recoveries > 95%, relative standard deviations 2%, and total analytical time 15 minutes per sample (24 samples 4 hours).

Author(S) Details

Naoto Furusawa
Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.

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Determination of the Neonicotinoid Thiacloprid in Vegetables by Using Photochemically Induced Fluorescence | Chapter 11 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 The insecticide thiacloprid, one of the most frequent neonicotinoids, is measured in lettuce samples using an automated luminescence sensor described in this work. In the last decade, the application of luminescence sensors has increased, reducing reagent waste and enhancing automation. A simple and automated manifold using multicommutated solenoid valves was created to handle all solutions. The analyte was exposed to UV light on-line, resulting in a highly fluorescent photoproduct (exc/em = 305/370 nm/nm) that was subsequently held on a solid support in the flow-cell. In genuine samples, a technique detection limit of 0.24 mg kg-1 was attained, meeting the European Union's Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) for thiacloprid in lettuce (1 mg kg-1). It was feasible to obtain an 8-sample-per-hour sampling throughput. Recovery yields of close to 100% and relative standard deviations of less than 5% were achieved in studies done at levels close to the MRL. As a result, this method might be utilised for routine quality control evaluations as an alternative to other existing approaches.

Author(S) Details

Antonio Ruiz-Medina
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.

Julia Jiménez-López
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.

Euologio J. Llorent-Martínez
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.

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Measurement of Complex Formation Process of Lead (II) with Fulvic Acids at pH= 8 | Chapter 10 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 The goal of this study is to look into the complex formation process between pure FA samples isolated from natural waters and Pb, as well as to determine the average stability constant of the lead fulvate complex.

The solubility method was used to investigate the complex formation process between Pb (II) and fulvic acids at pH=8.0. As a solid phase, a Pb(OH)2 suspension was utilised. The adsorption–chromatographic approach was used to separate fulvic acids from Paravani Lake. The value of average molecular weight of fulvic acids at pH=8 (Mw=6260) was taken into account while calculating molar concentrations of fulvic acids.

The lead dihydroxy fulvate complex with the structure 1:1 dominates the Pb(OH)2(solid) —Pb(II)(solution) —FA—H2O system at pH=8.0, with an average stability constant (Pb(OH)2FA) = 9,63x106, lg =6,98.

Author(S) Details

Tamar Makharadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, R. Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry,11 Mindeli Street,0186, Tbilisi, Georgia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V1/article/view/6531

Determining the Synthesis, Chemical Modification and Biological Properties of N-acylphenothiazines | Chapter 09 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 This review organised theoretical and experimental data on the many methodologies for the synthesis of N-acylphenothiazines. The goal of this study was to synthesise all of the literature published in the last 20 years around the world. This study also looked at the pharmacological effects of these heterocycles as one of the most promising chemotherapeutic targets in modern bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. The great biological potential of these moieties is assumed to be due to the radical quality of the acyl moiety. As a result, the new study will add to the literature and act as a springboard for medicinal chemistry experts to perform additional research on N-acylphenothiazine moieties as possible chemotherapy medicines.

Author(S) Details

Iryna Myrko
Department of General, Bioinorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska St.69, Lviv 79010, Ukraine.

Taras Chaban
Department of General, Bioinorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska St.69, Lviv 79010, Ukraine.

Yulia Matiichuk
Department of General, Bioinorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska St.69, Lviv 79010, Ukraine.

Mohammad Arshad
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia.

Vasyl Matiychuk
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Mefodiya St. 6, Lviv 79005, Ukraine.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V1/article/view/6530

Assessment of Illicium Verum Mediated Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: An Approach to XRD, Spectral and Microscopic Analysis | Chapter 08 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 Green synthesis is a popular topic among scientists. Instead of employing chemicals as a reducing agent, we use plant extract. With zinc nitrate as a precursor and Illicium verum extract as a reducing and stabilising agent, zinc oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesised. The reducing and stabilising agents were polyphenols and flavonoids found in Star anise. The synthesised Zinc oxide nanoparticles were examined using FT-IR, UV-visible, SEM, and XRD techniques. The nanoparticles were confirmed to be zinc oxide nanoparticles using UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy. XRD data was used to determine the structure and size of the created nano-sized particles. Based on XRD studies, the size was predicted to be 27.01 nm. According to SEM investigation, zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit a spherical and flake-like structure and morphology.

Author(S) Details

M. Kalaimathi
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

A. Maheshwaran
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

K. Hariharan
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

S. Vishnu
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

R. Chinnasamy
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore, 641021, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V1/article/view/6529

Development of Non-linear Mathematical Models for Mouse Cell’s Conductivity in Pulsed Electric Field | Chapter 07 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 Based on approximation by algebraic and transcendental functions, non-linear mathematical models were built for the empirically observed dependences of the conductivity of mouse reproductive and embryonic cells on the strength of the pulsed electric field applied. To estimate experimental data, the least squares method was employed. Extrema, inflections, crossings, and curvature of approximating functions were all discovered. These distinctive points were determined using typical mathematical analysis methods. This was accomplished using well-known analytical geometry and algebraic methods for solving equations. In order to calculate the coordinates of junction positions and curvature, the 1st and 2nd derivatives of non-linear functions were also computed. A link has been established between the estimated coordinates of distinctive spots and the modes of membrane electroporation during the linear growth of electric field intensity applied to a cell. The intensity of a pulsed electric field may be computed using mathematical models of experimental conductometric curves, which is necessary and sufficient for the implementation of any electroporation-based electro-manipulation technologies.

Author(S) Details

V. A. Shigimaga
Department of Technical Systems and Technologies of Animal Husbandry, P. Vasilenko Kharkov National Technical University of Agriculture, Moscovsky Prospekt, 45, Kharkov, 61000, Ukraine .

R. A. Faizullin
Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34, T. Baramzina st., Izhevsk, 426067, Russia.

A. S. Osokina
Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34, T. Baramzina st., Izhevsk, 426067, Russia.

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Possible Anti-cardiovascular Boosting Properties of Sphenostylis stenocarpa Seed Oil and Milk on Salt Loading-induced Hypertension in Rats | Chapter 06 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 Legumes have been demonstrated to have high nutraceutical potential, making them a good source of nutrients that are good for human health. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which have been one of the leading causes of death in middle and high-income countries, can be avoided by protecting the heart from malfunctioning. In 2015, 82 percent of the 17 million early deaths (before the age of 70) owing to noncommunicable illnesses occurred in middle and high income nations, with CVDs accounting for 37 percent. The primary prevention of risk factors is the most effective method for preventing cardiovascular disease. Most cardiovascular illnesses can be avoided by implementing population-wide programmes to address behavioural risk factors such cigarette use, poor diet and obesity, physical inactivity, and problematic alcohol consumption. People who have cardiovascular diseases or are at high cardiovascular risk (due to the existence of one or more risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or previously established disease) require early detection and therapy, which may include counselling and medications. Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst. ex. A. Rich) Harms is an orphan legume crop whose oil and milk considerably (p 0.05) reduced the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a robust marker for predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease, when given to hypertensive albino rats. Rats were given a saturated NaCl solution to produce hypertension. The rats were given varied concentrations of the extracted oil and milk. It was discovered that Sphenostylis stenocarpa seed has a low glycaemic index and that it reduced AIP considerably (p 0.05) at various doses and times.

Author(S) Details

Nwankwo Michael Olisa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

Ogbonna Innocent Okonkwo
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Yila Lakabra David
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.

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Safety Assessment of POLYSORB® ID a Fatty Acids-Diesters Isosorbide Used as a Plant-based Solutions for Plasticizers | Chapter 05 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 Phthalate esters, principally di-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), are a group of compounds that are commonly employed as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride in a variety of residential and industrial applications. These phthalate esters have a minimal toxicity in the environment. POLYSORB® ID 37, a combination of diesters derived via esterification of isosorbide with plant-based fatty acids, was created to solve these shortcomings. The toxicological and biodegradability investigations that were conducted to estimate both human and environmental risk assessments will be described in this article. POLYSORB® ID 37 was found to be non-toxic to mammalian life and rapidly biodegradable in all toxicological and biodegradability testing.

Author(S) Details

S. Simar-Menti`eres
Institut Pasteur de Lille-Laboratoire de Toxicologie G´en´etique, 1 Rue Du Pr. Calmette, Lille Cedex-59019, France.

F. Nesslany
Institut Pasteur de Lille-Laboratoire de Toxicologie G´en´etique, 1 Rue Du Pr. Calmette, Lille Cedex-59019, France.

M. L. Sola
ERBC, Chemin de Montifault, Baugy 18800, France.

S. Mortier
ERBC, Chemin de Montifault, Baugy 18800, France.

J. M. Raimbault
ERBC, Chemin de Montifault, Baugy 18800, France.

F. Gondelle
Ineris-Direction des Risques Chroniques, Pˆole VIVA, Unit´e EXES–Parc Technologique ALATA. BP 2, Verneuil-en Halatte-60550, France.

L. Chabot
Ineris-Direction des Risques Chroniques, Pˆole VIVA, Unit´e EXES–Parc Technologique ALATA. BP 2, Verneuil-en Halatte-60550, France.

P. Pandard
Ineris-Direction des Risques Chroniques, Pˆole VIVA, Unit´e EXES–Parc Technologique ALATA. BP 2, Verneuil-en Halatte-60550, France.

D. Wils
Roquette Frères, Toxicology & Safety Unit-Nutrition & Health R&D, 1, Rue de La Haute Loge, Lestrem-62136, France.

A. Chentouf
Roquette Frères, Toxicology & Safety Unit-Nutrition & Health R&D, 1, Rue de La Haute Loge, Lestrem-62136, France.

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Assessment of Biodegradable Blends of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and Chitosan for Food Industry and Biomedical Application | Chapter 04 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 Due to the presence of two types of reactive primary and secondary hydroxyl groups, chitosan (CS), an amino polysaccharide, is a stiff polymer (-OH). It is also a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, safe, and antibacterial polymer, making it suitable for use in the food and biomedical industries. As a result, biodegradable films based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (CS) are being developed for usage in food packaging and biomedical applications. The goal of this research is to create a low-cost biodegradable PVA/CS film using a solution casting process with glutaraldehyde as the cross linking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microhardness techniques were used to investigate the intermolecular interactions between constituents of polymer blends and mechanical properties. The degrading characteristics of PVA/CS films were investigated using composting. PVA and PVA/CS mixes had different absorption bands in their FTIR spectra, showing interactions between the blend's components. The marten hardness (HM) value changed from 83.08 MPa in pure PVA to 142.18 MPa (maximum value) with chitosan component of 40% wt. Chitosan boosted the mechanical stiffness of PVA/CS blends by up to 40%, and the optimal combination for the maximum improvement in mechanical properties was determined. This is because blending causes an intermolecular connection between two polymers, which improves the blends' mechanical strength. As the amount of chitosan in the mix rose, the rate of degradation increased.

Author(S) Details

Shanta Pokhrel
Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Rameshwar Adhikari
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Paras Nath Yadav
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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