In some cases, the setting in a pacemaker might be proarrhythmic. RNRVAS is one among them, and it can cause PMT and Atrial Arrythmias in patients, resulting in negative clinical outcomes.
Introduction: Surgical conditions are still overlooked in Sub-Saharan Africa's health-care systems. As a result, district hospitals have a limited surgical output, and many patients are sent to regional referral hospitals. Surgical camps in district hospitals, where volunteer surgical teams conduct a wide range of primarily elective surgical procedures, are frequently required. These surgical camps are pre-planned events that are provided free of charge to patients from low-income and difficult-to-reach regions. The goal of this surgical camp was to provide free specialised surgery in a rural hospital, hence improving surgical access to a poor and vulnerable community in Northern Uganda. The surgical camp also had the goal of teaching basic surgical skills and providing continuing medical education to medical personnel in the region.
Methods: Data from a one-week surgical camp held at St. Joseph's Maracha Hospital in 2011 was used to conduct a descriptive research. Date of procedure, patient gender, clinical diagnosis, operation conducted, and kind of anaesthetic were all acquired from operating log forms. The data was analysed for age, gender, surgical operation type and rate, and anaesthetic type. Specialist general surgeons, medical officers, clinical officers, theatre nurses, and anaesthetists were among the attendees.
105 surgical procedures were done in total over the seven-day course. The patients' average age was 39.54 years. 1:0.38 was the male-to-female ratio. Adult inguinal herniorrhaphy accounted for 68.6% of all surgical operations performed.
Inguinal hernias were the most common surgical illness found during the camp. Surgical camps increase access to surgical care for disadvantaged and hard-to-reach communities, and they should become an integral element of rural Africa's health-care delivery system. Surgical camps provide better understanding and fundamental surgical skills, leading in better surgical case management by local medical professionals.Background: As the COVID-19 epidemic continues to spread across the globe, healthcare workers (HCW) who care for patients are being affected mentally. Fear of catching the disease and spreading it to their family members, particularly their elderly parents and those with underlying medical concerns, leaves them vulnerable to stress and worry. The purpose of this study is to determine the psychological impact on HCWs as well as the psychosocial help they got.
From December 2019 to June 2021, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase for 376 studies on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCW mental health. 325 studies were ruled out based on our inclusion criteria. The eligibility of 51 full-text articles was determined. There were 19,232 HCW reported in 9 articles that fit our criterion and eligibility requirements, with 75.2 percent of the research participants being women.
High levels of stress, hypervigilance, weariness, sleep issues, PTSD symptoms, poor concentration, sadness, anxiety, burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, suicide and self-harm ideations, and somatic symptoms were reported by study participants as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Counseling and psychotherapy-based sessions on stress adaption, onsite mindfulness-based crisis intervention, an online version of the emotional freedom technique, and an effort-reward system are among the psychological services supplied to HCW.
Conclusion: Our review indicated that a variety of interventions were successful in reducing psychological stress among HCWs. These interventions should be considered as part of the help offered to HCWs who are experiencing psychosocial difficulties.
Background: Caesarean section (CS) is a potentially life-saving
surgery when done for the right circumstances. The number of CS deliveries has
increased dramatically in recent years. Because a CS is not without risks and
difficulties, its trends should be audited across all institutes to ensure that
obstetric care standards are optimised.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of all CS delivery over a 12-month period was conducted, with the purpose of evaluating and comprehending the indication for each CS administered at the institute using the WHO-recommended Robson ten group classification system. To acquire a better understanding of the circumstances under which the CS was performed in each group, the Robson was further subclassified.
Results: A total of 2831 deliveries were examined in this study, with 1557 (55%) of them being CS births. Emergency indications were given in 48.5 percent of these CS deliveries. The largest contributors to the CS rate were classes 5, 1, and 10, which accounted for 50.6 percent, 19.3 percent, and 10%, respectively. Only 12.1 percent of 799 patients who had previously had CS were able to complete a scar trial successfully. The most common reasons for Group 1 were foetal distress, cephalo pelvic disproportion, and extended labour, in that order. The majority of singleton pre-terms with a CS (92.3 percent) were operated on before the commencement of labour.
Conclusions: The audit aided in comprehending the institute's CS trends and recognising that all of the institute's CS had problematic signals. As a result, clinical and administrative adjustments were implemented to eliminate needless CS.Megameatus Intact Prepuce (MIP) is a rare form of glandular hypospadias that affects only around 3% of hypospadias instances. MIP was first defined by Juskiewenski et al in 1983, and the pyramid technique was first disclosed by Duckett and Keating in 1989. Elbatarny et al. published a study in 2011 that included seventeen individuals who had a modified Glanular Approximation Procedure (GAP). Our patient was a 2-year-old kid with a 6cm external urethral meatal orifice, which was successfully treated with a modified glanular approximation approach (GAP). Elbatarny et al. (6) described a modified Glanular Approximation Procedure (GAP) with removal of the excess skin, while Gittes et al. (6) documented using a size 6 French Foleys catheter as a stent. As documented by Zaontz et al. and Gittes et al., we monitored our patient for six months with outstanding results. Megameatus intact prepuce is a social emergency that must be addressed as soon as possible to avoid the potentially devastating psychological consequences.
Objective: To investigate the VeinesQol/efficacy Sym's (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) in identifying the quality of life of patients with Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) before and after therapy using metric statements other than the EQ5D.
IntroductionVaricose veins are a common symptom of Chronic Venous Disease (CVD), which is a serious health concern with socioeconomic implications in developed countries. Patients with CVD have aberrant ankle-brachial indices, as well as other treatable cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods: In order to arrive at results that respond to the study's specific questions, a descriptive-comparative approach was used to collect the necessary data in two private hospitals. Patients' responses to the EQ5D and VeinesQol/Sym health questionnaires were used to describe and compare the efficacy of the health questionnaires before and after therapy. The data was then put to a comparison study in order to determine the VeinesQol/efficacy. Sym's
After eliminating 13 patients due to failure to follow up after eight weeks of treatment, a total of 114 CVD patients completed the trial. The study found that VeinesQol/Sym and EQ5D are equally effective in assessing CVD patients' quality of life. VeinesQol/Sym, on the other hand, has higher accuracy (84.96 percent vs 76.99 percent), sensitivity (87.85 percent vs 83.87 percent), detects more mobility impairment, anxiety/depression, pain and discomfort, disruptions in usual activity, and lower quality of current state of health condition than EQ5D.This chapter focuses on Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia (PFD) and Its Relationship to Anorectal Bowel Dysfunctions, as well as Treatment Options. PFD is characterised by straining at stools and a sense of incomplete evacuation. A key indication to its diagnosis is the necessity for perineal or vaginal pressure with a relaxed pelvic floor to allow faeces to be evacuated. Anorectal Manometry is now frequently utilised to diagnose persistent constipation-related stool emptying issues. In the majority of patients, a bowel programme for appropriate evacuation is tailored with a defined time, diet control, and digital stimulation with and without a glycerin suppository; for those who have difficulties building an efficient bowel routine, more than one procedure may be required.
Prospective study with a basic crossover design.
Background: Maintaining joint and postural stability relies heavily on proprioception. Within these components, dynamic stability is highlighted in particular. In the realm of rehabilitation, this feature is critical. As a result, looking for items to improve these characteristics can provide benefits in sports. The Star Excursion Balance Test is designed to assess lower extremity stability, rehabilitation progress, and injury-related deficits in order to identify athletes who are at a higher risk of future injuries.
Objectives: Determine whether Kinesio taping improves the performance of a Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT).
Methods: Ten professional soccer players from Chile's women's national team were evaluated. They were divided into two groups at random. Kinesio taping was applied to one group, and their SEBT performance was assessed. The measurements were taken by the other group without the use of Kinesio Taping. Following that, each group completed the evaluation that they had not completed during the previous round. The performance attained with and without Kinesio Taping was then compared.
Results: There were substantial variations in performance between the players who used the SEBT bandage and those who did not. The non-parametric Wilcox test was used to check this for each of the SEBT positions.
Conclusions: Kinesio taping has been found to be beneficial in the SEBT. We can deduce that its application will improve dynamic balance, making it an important pillar in sports recovery.Tuberculosis (TB) and tobacco smoking are two major public health issues that result in high mortality rates over the world. Tobacco smoke increases the chance of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the development of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, severe forms of the disease, and death from tuberculosis. Smokers with tuberculosis are also less compliant with TB medicines. People who smoke heavily and for a long time are more likely to develop tuberculosis. Smoking cessation therapies assist TB smokers in quitting and lessen the disease's impact from tobacco use. Stopping smoking improves TB treatment adherence and helps emerging countries control the epidemic. In TB smokers, smoking cessation treatments are effective and require the participation of healthcare specialists.
Background: The Internet began in the 1950s with the invention of electronic computers. The use of the internet has rapidly increased in our daily lives, and it is having a direct impact on people's thoughts and behaviours. With the advancement of the Internet, both male and female users have become inextricably reliant on it as a means of exchanging ideas, forming communication networks, and seeking for information. The current study is an attempt to measure the gender difference in internet usage due to differences in opinion among researchers addressing internet usage among gender.
Materials and Methods: At a tertiary care centre, a cross sectional study was conducted on 120 first-year MBBS students. A questionnaire was used to gather information.
Results: In comparison to earlier studies, the current study found gender disparities in awareness and pattern of internet use among first-year medical students.
Conclusion: The Internet has become inextricably linked to today's educational system. Individual academics are becoming increasingly reliant on the Internet for educational objectives. Because both women have had more exposure to technology through their educational experiences, there is no gender gap in internet usage.Goal: Soccer takes less time to recover than other sports. If these situations are not appropriately managed, they can induce persistent fatigue in the athlete, as well as an increase in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and a drop in athletic performance. Several therapies have been tried to increase athletic performance, reduce the percentage of injuries, and improve soccer results. Training and recuperation situations provide possibilities to develop solutions to this problem. Understanding the physiology of healing is critical for speeding up some processes and reducing recovery timeframes.
Subjects: Cryotherapy could help soccer players enhance their functional performance tests and reduce pain. Our research is conducted in the form of an experimental prospective study.
Twenty men between the ages of 17 and 23, who were members of a university men's soccer team, took part in the study (10 experimental subjects and 10 control group subjects). Power, the number of leaps, the average height of a jump in a 30-second continuous jump test, and DOMS perception through visual analogue scale were all controlled factors (VAS). Both groups will be given a more active recovery and elongation by the coaching team. In addition, the experimental group will be subjected to three minutes of ice baths (42-47 °F).
Results: In the control group, we discovered substantial statistical differences in the number of jumps and the power of the same, resulting in improvements. The average jump height and percentage yield data showed no significant differences in either group. Significant variations were found in the assessment of DOMS, with the experimental group having a decreased sense of DOMS.
Conclusion: It may be inferred that the proposed strategy is effective in lowering DOMS, however it is difficult to establish its effectiveness in a short-term performance review. Ice baths improve various features of the 30-second continuous jump test, such as the sense of leg discomfort and exhaustion, and might thus be regarded a viable alternative in the treatment of these athletes.The vermiform appendix, as the name implies, is a small, worm-shaped tube that emerges from the caecum's posteromedial wall. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the vermiform appendix's inner lining that spreads to its other sections. In most Surgical Emergency Rooms, acute appendicitis is the most prevalent surgical emergency. It is critical to make the accurate diagnosis; nevertheless, if you wait too long, you risk perforation and a considerable increase in morbidity and mortality. Scoring systems, ultrasound, computer programmes, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and laparoscopy are all recommended for assisting in the diagnosis of appendicitis. For the early identification of acute appendicitis, several scoring systems have been employed around the world. The Alvarado scoring system, which is based on history, physical examination, and some laboratory findings, is one of the most practical rating systems. The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, and Negative Predictive Value of the Modified Alvarado Score are all acceptable. In surgical emergencies, modified Alvarado and ultrasonography can be used combined to diagnose cases of acute appendicitis.
The purpose of this study is to examine the recurrence rate and consequences of primary pterygium surgery employing a conjunctival flap vs an autograft.
Methods: At AL-Hussain teaching hospital in Kerbala, a total of 70 patients (thirty males and forty females) were operated on for primary pterygium utilising conjunctival autografts (36 eyes) or conjunctival flaps (34 eyes) with an 18-month follow-up. Patients were asked to examine their ocular surface state on their own time.
The average age of the participants was 43.5 years (range 21-70) Males made up 42.65% of the patients, and 70% of them worked largely outside. The average follow-up time was 12 months (3-18).
The graft recurrence rate was 8.3 percent, while the flap recurrence rate was 8.8 percent; however, the graft had greater oedema, while the flap had no granuloma.
Conclusions: Despite the fact that autograft surgery is a longer procedure with higher postoperative oedema, there were no statistically significant differences in recurrence rates after this extended follow-up period for conjunctival flap and autograft procedures.Brachial plexus is created by the ventral rami of spinal nervers C5-T1, with C4 and T2 contributing to the creation of the plexus on rare occasions. It gives rise to a variety of motor and sensory nerves that innervate the upper limb, including the median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm, among others. Trauma and birth injuries can harm these nerves, resulting in disabilities such as erb's palsy, which makes it difficult to carry out day-to-day tasks. As a result, the study's goal is to compile knowledge about the brachial plexus, how it is harmed, and what the consequences are. To achieve this goal, a literature review was conducted utilising various databases such as Scielo, PubMed, Medline, Researchgate, and others. Surfing terminology included brachial plexus, brachial plexus injuries, and brachial plexus significance. Erb's point injury is most common in children who are delivered using forceps. Erb's palsy is the name for the malformation. Similarly, injuries to the lower trunk, lateral, and medial cords can result in a variety of abnormalities. Thus, neurosurgeons need a thorough understanding of the brachial plexus in order to recognise the handicap and treat the malformation.
The COVID-19 disease has had a significant impact on the world. The condition can present itself in a variety of ways, ranging from asymptomatic persons who recover on their own to those who require acute care due to multi-system involvement. The severity of the condition is determined by a number of characteristics, including age, gender, and co-morbidities. Because the cardiovascular system is one of SARS-CoV 2's target organs, it contributes to considerable morbidity and mortality in these individuals. Non-invasive cardiac autonomic function tests can easily detect autonomic imbalance associated with cardiac involvement.
The goal of this study was to see if cardiac autonomic function tests could be used to predict disease severity in COVID 19 patients.The goal of this study is to evaluate a mother's amount of warmth, autonomy, and hovering with a student's level of stress, loneliness, and depression.
Background: Efforts to develop one's identity in areas such as love, work, and worldview constitute emerging adulthood. Work is viewed as a means of preparing for a later adult profession throughout the adolescent years. This is the moment when the foundations are established for future employment and careers. Jobs with short-term obligations have a higher amount of freedom and more time spent exploring various career choices.
Methods: At MGM Medical College in Indore, a cross-sectional research of 150 medical college students was done to investigate the existing interaction between medical students and their moms.
The data was acquired using a 16-question semi-structured questionnaire that had been pre-designed.
The Pearson co-relation test demonstrates a strong link between mother warmth and stress, loneliness, and depression, according to the findings. Loneliness and despair are reduced as the temperature rises.
Conclusion: Children feel more safe and able to communicate better with their moms when their mothers are warmer/affectionate to them, which establishes a habit in them that helps them communicate better with others as well. The autonomy of a mother has a favourable impact on stress, loneliness, and sadness. Stress, loneliness, and melancholy increase as a mother acquires greater control over her three children.Background: The higher the number of cell divisions, the more senescent cells. In human and animal beings, senescent cells are one of the most poisonous cells. When their number reaches a certain level, it causes a lot of ageing indicators to appear. During the division phase, the cell's generation reaches ultimate morphogenetic state, according to the citogenetic centriolar hypothesis of ageing. As a result, programmed cell death (apoptosis) must be triggered; otherwise, the cell would enter a senescent state if it does not kill itself.
Senescent cells are responsible for age-related diseases. Partially eliminating senescent cells should theoretically result in increased life capacity. On Ercc1 -/ mice, this idea was confirmed. Dasatinib and quercetin were given to Ercc1 -/ mice on a regular basis, extending their lifespan and postponing age-related signs and diseases. We decided to put dasatinib and quercetin together to see if they had a senolytic effect in humans.
The clinical trial was conducted on 64 male volunteers over the age of 36 for this objective. To put things in perspective, our volunteers were divided into four groups, each with 16 members. Within 5 days, the D+Q group was given 50 mg of dasatinib and 500 mg of quercetin orally.
Methods: The entire trial was supplemented with thorough medical screening and a stair ascending test in order to register and analyse changes caused by the medication components.
As a consequence, 50mg of dasatinib combined with 500 mg of quercetin had a clear senolytic effect, which was supported by improved stair ascending test results and a calmed state of systolic blood pressure. This dosage combination of these two drugs is almost certainly safe.From a biological standpoint, alpha-2-macroglobulin's potential to generally suppress proteases in chronic and neuropathic pains, as well as inflammatory joint disorders, showed promise. Nerve damage and inflammation cause the release of cytokines. As a result of the inflammation, axonal damage and neuropathic symptoms may occur. Intradiscal autologous A2M injection indicated clinical improvements in a degenerative disc disease where the cartilage degradation product, the Fibronectin-Aggrecan complex (FAC), was discovered, albeit more research is needed to achieve consistent outcomes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF were found to be elevated during inflammation not only in peripheral nerves but also in inflammatory joint problems, cardiovascular events, and athrosclerosis events. It's worth noting how this could be used to treat inflammation, neuropathic pains, and other inflammatory conditions.
Introduction: Although pap tests are successful in detecting abnormal cervical cytology prior to treatment, they are ineffective after treatment due to radiation-induced alterations. Post-therapy Papanicolaou (pap) tests have a low diagnostic accuracy because it is difficult to distinguish benign from malignant lesions due to post-radiation cellular alterations, also known as post-radiation dysplasia.
The usefulness of the biomarkers p16INK4a and Ki67on conventional cell blocks (CCBs) in post-therapeutic surveillance of cervical cancer to detect residual disease and site recurrence was investigated in this work. We've also looked into using CCBs as a key screening tool.
Patients who were diagnosed with cervical cancer less than a year ago were followed in this cross-sectional study between April 2018 and April 2019. For CCBs, we used typical pap smears and samples in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Ki67 and p16INK4a were used as primary antibodies in immunohistochemistry on all cell blocks.
Recurrences and residual disease were identified in 8 patients out of a total of 35. For detecting cervical cancer, pap, cell blocks, and p16INK4a had sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 75 percent, 74.07 percent, and 88.57 percent; 100 percent, 88.89 percent, 91.43 percent; and 37.50 percent, 96.30 percent, and 82.86 percent, respectively. We discovered that the Ki67 labelling index of 20% had a diagnostic accuracy of 100%.
Conclusion: Ki67 labelling index of 20% on CCBs may distinguish persistent and recurrent cancer from post-radiation dysplasia in post-therapy surveillance cytology (p value 0.001). In addition, we discovered that CCBs have a higher diagnostic accuracy than pap tests (Mac Nemar p value, 0.027). We did not find p16INK4A to be very beneficial as a biomarker for recurrence/residual illness evaluation.Inguinal hernia is a frequent surgical ailment in Africa, with an annual incidence of 175 inguinal hernias per 100,000 persons. Chronic groyne discomfort is defined as pain that lasts for at least three months after an inguinal hernia has been repaired. Chronic groyne discomfort is a potentially incapacitating consequence that presents the surgeon with a therapeutic and diagnostic dilemma.
The goal of this study was to find out how common persistent groyne pain was in a group of patients in a rural African hospital setting.
Methodology: Between April 1, 2008, and July 31, 2012, a descriptive retrospective analysis was conducted on all patients under the age of 15 who received an inguinal hernia repair. Age, sex, recurrence of hernia, and post-operative pain lasting at least 3 months were all extracted from patients' clinical notes and theatre log books. The duration of discomfort, pain at the operation site, and kind of postoperative analgesia were all collected in the interview questionnaire, and a physical examination to assess recurrence was performed at the surgical-out-patients clinic.
The results of 158 individuals who had an inguinal hernia repaired with the modified Bassini technique were studied. The average age was 44.84. With a male predominance, the male:female ratio was 3.65:1. Chronic groyne pain/discomfort was reported by 22 people (13.92%), and it remained for at least 3 months after surgery.
Conclusions: The low frequency of persistent groyne pain in our study could be attributable to the fact that the majority of them were performed as elective procedures under local anaesthetic with regular ilioinguinal nerve identification. To determine the true prevalence of chronic groyne discomfort after inguinal hernia surgery in rural Africa, a bigger sample size and longer follow-up may be required.This paper presents instructional software for analysing complex networks and visualising algorithms using spectral graph theory. The system was written in the Java programming language and can run as a standalone Java application or a Java applet. A genuine system, such as a web or social network, or an Internet infrastructure network, is often referred to as a network. The mathematical representation of the network is a graph. To comprehend a system, one must first comprehend the graph that represents the system's network. The spectral graph theory explores the relationship between graphs and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Specific topological aspects of a graph are used to characterise connectivity and have a significant impact on dynamic processes in complex networks. The technology allows for the design of a variety of laboratory tasks that allow students to visually track the processes that occur in complicated networks.
Identical twins were assumed to share the majority of their characteristics. Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of fingerprints (from ancient Greek derma=skin, glyph=carving). The ridges and groves on the palms and soles are distinct and are influenced by DNA. Between the 10th and 17th weeks of pregnancy, palmar and finger dermatoglyphics arise, and their morphology can be altered by genetic or environmental factors, interfering with normal intrauterine development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dermatoglyphic patterns in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, as well as the amount to which they share. The fingerprint patterns were analysed from the photos acquired after gaining informed verbal consent from three pairs of twins. Two sets of dizygotic twins (one set of females and one set of males) and one set of monozygotic twins (females) produced the following results: 1st pair-: The designs on the left hand did not match at all, but three fingers on the same hand do. 2nd pair-: The dermatoglyphics of two right-hand fingers and three left-hand digits were identical. The remaining digits did not have the same pattern. 3rd pair-: Dizygotic males were found to have the same pattern of two digits on the left hand, but no digits on the right hand. The patterns were discovered to be identical on a few digits but distinct on the others, according to the current study. A higher number of twins might be evaluated in this study, which would improve it.
Objectives: Nigeria has a significant conventional and heavy oil resource base. Despite the fact that the bulk of conventional oil reserves have been produced since independence, heavy oil reserves have gone unexplored due to low primary production recovery and, as a result, worries about economic viability under the current budgetary framework. This chapter investigates the use of the Steam Flooding enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method utilising appropriate Nigerian heavy oil reservoirs as a case study, aims to construct a diagnostic model to predict performance, and assesses the economics to determine the EOR method's viability. As heavy oil is developed, Nigeria's oil reserves and production will grow.
Study Design: Following a non-disclosure agreement, data for two heavy oil reservoirs in Nigeria was acquired from two oil corporations (NDA)
Studying at the Emerald Energy Institute at the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria from 2016 to 2021.
Methodology: To select steam flooding for the examined reservoirs, the screening criteria of commercially effective EOR technologies were used. The Design of Experiment (DoE) method was used to analyse the reservoirs and operational parameters, as well as to find their optimum values, which were then utilised to forecast reservoir performance. Using Discounted Cash Flow Analysis, the economics of the steam flood technique recommended for the reservoirs in question were also assessed (DCFA).
Results: The steam flooding technique was shown to be technically and economically viable for the heavy oil reservoirs studied. In comparison to the water flooding approach, which had a 13 percent OOIP and natural depletion of 9 percent for the offshore reservoir, the steam flood had an excellent recovery efficiency of 24 percent. The recovery efficiency for the onshore reservoir was 20% for steam flood and 4% for natural depletion. The project was found to be viable even at a worst-case heavy oil price of US$15, according to the economic analysis.
Conclusion: Steam flooding is a viable method for developing heavy oil reservoirs in Nigeria that match the screening criteria, hence increasing the country's oil reserves and production.
Recommendation: Fiscal policy should be changed, particularly the petroleum profit tax, which should be reduced from 85% to 50% to encourage operators and investors to pursue steam flooding and other EOR approaches.Soybean is well-designed to be a main crop and a vital source of nutrition for both humans and animals. The current study was carried out to distinguish between different soybean genotypes based on morpho-physiological parameters and SSR genetic markers. Data for various morpho-physiological variables were collected from experiments carried out in the field using the RBD design, while molecular work was carried out in the lab using 32 microsatellite markers to see whether there was any conceivable variation among different soybean genotypes. The incidence of significant magnitude of variability was discovered by morphophysiological inquiry. The genotypes were sorted into major and minor clusters using a phylogenetic tree based on morpho-physiological features. There were fifty genotypes in the major cluster, but only three genotypes in the smaller cluster. The marker Satt520 had the most genetic diversity (0.66) and the lowest genetic diversity (0.037) across polymorphic 32 microsatellite markers, with an average of 0.35. The highest PIC value was 0.59, which was planned by the same marker, Satt520, and the lowest was 0.036, which was prearranged by marker Satt557. The average PIC value was 0.32, while the average major allele frequency was 0.69. Data based on microsatellite markers also grouped the genotypes into one major and one minor cluster. The presence of genetic variability among genotypes under examination is confirmed by a molecular analysis based on microsatellite markers. The results of this study could help to improve soybean genotypes and promote high-yielding varieties by incorporating a variety of genotypes with good agronomical qualities into a breeding plan.
