A Comprehensive Review of Carbon-Based Materials for Energy Storage Devices: Types and Characterization Techniques |Chapter 8 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

     

Nowadays, there are different types of supercapacitors in terms of charge-storing mechanisms. The urgent need for efficient energy storage devices (supercapacitors and batteries) has attracted ample interest from scientists and researchers in developing materials with excellent electrochemical properties. Conducting polymers (CPs), transition metal oxides, and carbon have all been utilized as electrode materials. Among these materials, carbon has drawn a lot of interest for use in Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) because of its exceptional electrical and mechanical qualities, as well as its changeable pore shape and structural characteristics. In this context, the present review article summarizes the history of supercapacitors and the basic function of these devices, the type of carbon electrode materials, and the different strategies to improve the performance of these devices. In addition, we present different approaches to studying the charging mechanism of these devices through different electrochemical techniques existing in the literature, since a deeper understanding of the interfacial charge storage mechanisms is also crucial in the elaboration and performance of the electrode material. We contrast the various methods and outline the benefits and drawbacks of each. Considering these developments, we believe that combining two approaches/techniques leads to a deeper comprehension of the charge storage mechanisms in energy storage devices. The choice of type of material and electrolyte ion to improve the performance of the supercapacitor electrodes has been widely studied in the literature. However, the choice of a characterization technique that allows us a deeper understanding of the interfacial charge storage mechanisms is also crucial in the elaboration and performance of the electrode material.

 

Author(s) Details

Freddy Escobar-Teran
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE UMR 8235, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France and Departamento de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas – ESPE, 171103 Sangolqui, Ecuador.

Hubert Perrot
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE UMR 8235, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.

 

Ozlem Sel
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE UMR 8235, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1304

 

Comparative Stiffness Analysis of Treated vs Untreated Meshed Coir Fiber Reinforced Cement Concrete | Chapter 7 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

 

This study investigates the impact of meshed coconut coir on the mechanical and durability properties of coir-reinforced cement concrete, aiming to control internal and external cracks. The meshed form of coir is known for its ability to mitigate shrinkage, enhancing both strength and durability. Phase I of the experimental investigation involved preparing 49 samples: 28 cubes (150x150x150mm) and 21 beam prisms (100x100x500mm). The tests included water absorption, porosity, sorption rate for physical properties, acid and alkaline attack resistance for durability, and compression and flexural bending strength for mechanical properties. The coir was tested in treated and untreated forms, with single and double layers in the concrete. Results indicated that while compressive and flexural bending strengths showed modest improvements, post-crack properties such as ductility, residual strength, and toughness significantly increased with higher fractions of meshed coir. Meshed coir reinforcement, used in layers, is proportioned between 5% to 25%. This natural fiber enhances material strength and durability, offering an eco-friendly alternative for construction and manufacturing applications. Its usage improves structural integrity while promoting sustainability. The findings suggest that meshed coconut coir can be a valuable addition to concrete, providing better crack control and improving post-crack behavior.

 

Author(s) Details

R. Parthasaarathi
Department of Civil Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

R. Sakthivel
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna Polytechnic College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

R. Senthil Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1350

Study on the Development of Remote Health Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things (IoT) for Patients Integrated with Mobile Application | Chapter 6 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

 

Nowadays health monitoring is very important. A lot of changes occur in the human body due to rapid changes in the environment.  The Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled incredible attributes in various applications of human health monitoring systems. The IOT-embedded hand-held mobile application technology is a hasty technology to measure the performance of the human health environment. The present study focuses on the practical usage, factors of consuming low power, and real-time system on remote monitoring based on the technology of IoT. This startup has provided an enhanced step in the field of cloud-mode monitoring of health. The assistance of IoT with the systems of wearable sensor technology is one of the emerging fields in healthcare applications. People are spending a lot of money on their health issues. The cluster of population that were availing the requirements for health care monitoring are increasing year by year and the development of standard smart digital intelligent systems that have to be virtually connected with the hospitals. This could formulate an unhealthy circumstance for providing care to the patients who are affected with disease specifically those with unstable and serious disorders. Therefore, the advancement of contemporary electrical and electronic devices that are internet-integrated may offer globally sustainable alternatives. This study uses a smartphone application that operates on the Internet of Things platform to access biological signals for humans, including blood pressure, heart rate, brain frequency, pulse rate, and electrocardiogram (ECG). Measurement and processing of certain symptoms are being utilized with the maximal speed and high memory microcontroller. The primary contribution is to transmit an ECG signal to the cell phone for clinical examination. This assists in diagnosing cardiac disease prior to the serious disorders or hazardous effects to occur for humans. Lastly, the acquired results are built as an output of an Intelligent mobile application. The proposed design is illustrated with proof as very simple and useful to human in proper monitoring of their individual health especially under emergency conditions could easily seek doctors for further medication and treatment. This reduces the risk of death and serious illness.

 

Author(s) Details

 

P. P. M. Prasad
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh - 522102, India.

 

N. Kanagasabai
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu - 608002, India

 

P. Surendra Kumar
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh - 522102, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1407B

Evaluation of Water GEMS Software Modeling Loop and Tree Distribution Systems on Water Quality in Iraqi Supply Networks | Chapter 5 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

 

The aim of this study is to evaluate the GEMS software modeling loop and tree distribution systems on water quality in Iraqi Supply Networks. Evaluation of the water distribution system is very important to improve quality and quantity for this vital part of our life. There are a lot of Iraqi cities in Iraq that use a tree supply water distribution system, it is also an old supply water network, which produces poor water quality in this network. This paper has studied water quality in two system loops and a tree net in one of Iraqi’s cities requires water GEMS. In loop system: minimized head loos and minimization of water age retention time in a network, also its effect on water flow rate. Water age is considered a major factor in water efficiency and quality of supply water network because of its effect on the physical and chemical water supply characteristics. This document's goal is to review the effect of the main type of supply distribution system in Iraq. The results of the analysis of two water systems show the efficiency of the loop distribution system of supply water networks compared to the tree distribution system ones in preventing water pressure drop, preserving water type, and preventing pollution. Where the dead ends in the tree network cause the deposition of pollutants, which increases the possibility of an increase in organic pollutants, unlike the loop distribution system ones, which makes the water in constant movement, which prevents the occurrence of pollution and gives water pressure stability.

 

These results are confirmed by laboratory tests for water in both cases loop and tree distribution systems of supply water networks, in addition to QWI which showed that the loop system can maintain the quality of water and reduce the causes of pollution through the absence of this system from dead ends and the continuous movement of water. However, the water quality in the two networks was very poor because the network is old and the treatment system is ineffective. The use of engineering programs in design and analysis gives greater possibility and accuracy for designing and evaluating and operating the project, especially huge projects such as supply water network projects.

 

Author(s) Details

Samaher Jasim Mohammed
Tikrit University, Saladin, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1294

Calculation of the Magnetic Penetration Depth with the Mechanism of “Close-Shell Inversion” for Superconductors | Chapter 4 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

 

The mechanism of superconductivity is still controversial and there is no consensus on this topic, particularly on the high-temperature superconductivity. In an earlier work, we proposed a simple universal model of superconductivity called “close-shell inversion” [1]. Based on this model of superconductivity we proceed in the present work to calculate the superconducting magnetic penetration depth λ , a physical quantity that can be experimentally measured and verified with the theory. Due to the “close-shell inversion” effect, any unbalanced local magnetic field will cause a difference among the atomic magnetic moments of any two nearest-neighboring lattice atoms in the superconductor, resulting in a net induced atomic magnetic field against the externally applied magnetic field, which is thus gradually attenuated after some number of layers of lattice atoms. The superconducting magnetic penetration depth is just determined by counting the number of the layers because, at the last one of these layers, the magnetic field intensity is reduced to 1/e (with e; theEuler’s number) compared to that on the surface of the superconductor. The calculation results show that the net magnetic field decays exponentially from the surface to the interior of the superconductor, in agreement with the existing theories and experimental data, and are also compared with experimental measurement data, which are consistent. The equation of the penetration depth is also derived, which depends critically on the effective circulation radius of the conduction electron.

 

Author(s) Details

Wangzuo Shangguan
School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

 

Xu Sheng Wang
School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.

 

Zi Qian Huang
School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1065

The Association between Craniovertebral Angle and Hand Grip Strength in Individuals Working on Computers: An Observational Study Protocol | Chapter 3 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

 

Background: The software business is expanding at a rapid pace. Computers are vital in every industry. To use a computer, you must spend most of your day sitting in front of a computer screen. Prolonged computer use combined with an inadequate work-rest cycle, particularly when using input devices, causes postural stress due to poor workstation ergonomics, which is directly linked to musculoskeletal issues and can cause neck pain and changes in the craniovertebral angle, resulting in forward head posture (FHP). It is measured with a modified universal goniometer. Neck pain was found to be common among office workers over the previous 12 months. Extended mouse use, long typing sessions, and uncomfortable hand placement may all have an impact on grip strength in computer workers. Dentists, surgeons, hairdressers, and basket weavers also have a forward head posture. This study is needed to investigate the association between craniovertebral angle, handgrip strength, and neck pain in people who use computers.

 

Outcome Measures: Craniovertebral angle measured with a modified universal goniometer, neck pain using the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire, and hand grip strength measured using a digital handheld dynamometer.

 

Statistical Analysis: The data will be collected and descriptive statistics like mean, and standard deviation after ensuring the normal distribution will be analysed using SPSS version 21 software. Shapiro-Wilk Test will be used to check the normal distribution of data. If the data follows a normal distribution then the Pearson correlation coefficient will be used and if data does not follow a normal distribution then the Spearman Correlation will be used to find a correlation among normal and abnormal craniovertebral angle, neck pain, right and left hand grip strength.

 

Conclusion: This observational study will be helpful for understanding and building up essential information for the association between forward head posture, neck pain, and grip strength.

 

Clinical Trial Registration: The study is registered with the Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI), with the registration number for the trial being CTRI/2022/07/044312.

 

Author(s) Details

Noel Samuel Macwan
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India.

 

Tanvi Radadiya
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1252

A Modeling of the Compressibility Effects on the Turbulent Shear Flow | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

Due to its great ability to capture almost all the characteristic properties of turbulent structural flows, the second-order model is successful in many different interest industries and environment complex problems. These successes are attributed to the modeling advances of the pressure strain correlation which controls the strong changes in the turbulence anisotropy. For this reason, this term is regarded as a modeling Carrefour in this chapter. In the present work, compressible models involve the turbulent Mach number. the gradient Mach number and the convective Mach number for this term are examined in different cases of the compressible homogeneous shear flow and the developed mixing layers. Comparisons to the universal models and the accepted numerical data show that the modeling of the pressure strain can be useful for studying and then understanding the structural compressibility effects.

 

Author(s) Details

Khlifi Hechmi
School of Military Aviation, Carthage University, IPEIB, Bizerte, Naval Academy,Menzel Bourguiba, Bizerte, Laboratory SACES, Borj El Amri 1142, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1131

Towards an Effective Communication in Kenyan Long-Term Disease Patients' Care via Cybernetic- A Systematic Review | Chapter 1 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

 

In this paper, to effectively treat chronic disorders and improve the standard of care, effective communication between patients and healthcare professionals is essential. The aim of the study was to review the literature on how good communication might improve treatment outcomes for Kenyan patients with chronic and terminal illnesses and to determine whether Cybernetic electronic communication can improve those outcomes even more. The word Cybernetics comes from the Greek word, kybernetes, meaning rudder, pilot, a device used to steer a boat or to support human governance. Cybernetics is concerned with concepts at the core of understanding complex systems such as learning, cognition, adaptation, emergence, communication, and efficiency. We uncovered the history of treatment outcomes for chronic and terminal dis-eases in this research study, both with and without communication at the core of the patient’s care plan. We discussed the importance of good communication in the treatment of patients with chronic and terminal illnesses and why it is a momentous endeavor comparable to medical diagnosis and treatment for the long-term health of patients. To locate pertinent material for the background literature study, we carried out a comprehensive literature search. Although the preliminary literature review was a continuation of the introduction research, it also highlighted the paucity of local Kenyan literature and suggested that improved communication might help patients with chronic and terminal illnesses have better treatment outcomes. Methodology maintained the literature search, as a systematic literature review focused on the core of the study, making separate sections of the same body necessary. This ensured that a methodological literature search section is as comprehensive as possible. We used an integrated PRISM model to limit a comprehensive literature search and a systematic literature review design as part of the overall process. Non-probability sampling and snowball approaches on literary pa-pers over the previous 17 years were used in this arrangement. Since this was a multidisciplinary study, the four experts who also serve as authors were chosen from within their respective fields of expertise to design the study. They created search strategies, generated key words, looked up keywords in database engines, assessed the results of the literature using the PRISMA logical model, looked over successful literature, and triangulated their findings. The conclusions of the experts individually revealed a convergence of thoughts, beliefs, and practices. The study concluded that even though there isn’t much research done in Kenya on the same subject; what is available illustrates how crucial good communication is for patients with chronic illnesses. The study’s findings also highlighted the positive effects of effective communication between patients and healthcare professionals on treatment plan adherence, patient satisfaction, and overall health outcomes. The findings stated that to ensure truly effective communication at the center of care to patients with long-term disease, then adoption and integration of Cybernetics is supreme. The results also noted that in order to improve patient care and outcomes, Kenyan healthcare workers should underscore developing their communication skills. The study also found that the incorporation of cybernetics is crucial if truly effective communication is required so as to enable centered care for patients with long-term diseases in Kenya. The goal of Cybernetics is to activate genuinely effective communication in the care of Patients with long-term disease in Kenya. This study is organized by beginning with an abstract, followed by keywords, an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, discussion, and finally conclusions.

 

Author(s) Details

Christopher Oyuech Otieno
Department of Computer Science, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya

 

Martha W. Kiarie Makar
Department of Computer Science, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya

 

Naomi N. James
Department of Computer Science, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya

 

Grace Mbogo Liyai
Department of Computer Science, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1020

A Systematic Review of the Implementation, Benefits, and Challenges of the Energy Management System Based on ISO 50001 | Chapter 8 Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

A serious challenge in facing climate change is how to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from industrial activities. On the other hand, there is an increase in demand for energy consumption which has been followed by significant support efforts to encourage sustainable supply by exploring new low-emission resources, developing technology and conservation, and implementing energy mix strategies. In line with this, the development and implementation of a management system in energy utilization plays an important role. Based on several studies, the implementation of ISO 50001 has a significant influence on improving energy management performance, energy cost savings, and reducing CO2 emissions. This paper will review the current state of the implementation of this standard, its benefits, and challenges based on literature studies from several scientific journals and publications released by international organizations, associations, and government policies. The cost of implementation of this standard varies depending on the business model, sector, and period of implementation. Besides that, implementation of this standard also has a positive influence on the management of energy assets, evaluating and prioritizing the use of energy-efficient technologies, and driving efficiency throughout the supply chain. Several selected case studies that describe quantitative energy performance affected by the implementation of ISO 50001 at the international level with various sectors and several role models from Indonesia are explained. In general, it can be concluded that the implementation of ISO 5001 contributes significantly to increasing energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions. In addition, the challenges and difficulties faced by the implementation of this standard are also reviewed.

Author(s) Details

B. Prasetya
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

D. R. Wahono
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

A. Dewantoro
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

W. C. Anggundari
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

Yopi
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1653

An Efficient Evaluation of Web Accessibility for E-Learning Websites Using Multi-tool for Visually Challenged Users | Chapter 7 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

Nowadays, using a website is practically necessary to communicate information, learn new things, etc. in daily life. Web accessibility gives a wide range of people, regardless of age, language, culture, handicap, nationality, or other factors, access to online information. For scholars and website creators, the topic of websites' worldwide accessibility remains paramount. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the online accessibility of various websites. E-learning websites have become the most significant websites in recent times since they serve as the foundation for the learning process. Since e-learning technology benefits students of all skill levels, it is important to assess the website's accessibility. In recent years, there has been a global surge in the variety of e-learning websites. Laws have been established in numerous nations to ensure that websites adhere to online accessibility guidelines and standards, thereby ensuring that these websites are also accessible to students with disabilities. However, not every website complies with web accessibility standards. This study assesses the online accessibility of nearly all Indian e-learning websites. This study uses accessibility evaluation techniques to provide web accessibility compliance statistics. Using seven industry-standard web accessibility assessment tools—AChecker, WAVE and Cynthia Says, Evalaccess 2.0,      Hera 2.1, TAW, and Tenon—we examined 25 e-learning websites for this work. The main finding of this study suggests that there is a lot of scope for improvement in terms of web accessibility for many Indian e-learning websites. The outcome suggests that websites should be improved so that everyone can view them.

 

Author(s) Details

Chinna Rao Kurangi
Department of CSE, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Nitalaksheswara Rao Kolukula
Department of CSE, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Jayasree Pinjala
Department of CSE, Chaitanya Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Gopi Krishna Sikhakolli
Department of CSE, SMCE, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Pavan Sathish Chandaka
Department of CSE, Chaitanya Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

 

James Stephen Meka
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1624

Advanced SIWR Model: Optimal Control of Multiple Transmission Pathways in Water-borne Diseases | Chapter 6 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

In this paper, a controlled SIWR model was considered which was an extension of the simple SIR model by adjoining a compartment (W) that tracks the pathogen concentration in the water. New infections arise both through exposure to contaminated water, as well as by the classical SIR person-person transmission pathway. The objective of optimal control is to effectively manage and minimize the transmission of waterborne diseases through strategic interventions and management strategies. The two controls were employed which represent immune boosting and pathogen suppressing drugs. The objective function is based on a combination of minimizing the number of infected individuals and the cost of the drug dose. Pontryagin's maximum principle has been used to characterize the optimal levels of the two controls. The optimal control is obtained by solving the optimality system which was composed of four nonlinear ODEs with initial conditions and four nonlinear adjoint ODEs with transversality conditions. The results show that the optimal combination of immune-boosting and pathogen-suppressing drugs required to achieve the set objective will depend on the relative cost of each of the control measures. The results were analysed and interpreted numerically using MATLAB.

 

Author(s) Details

G. Devipriya
Sri Krishna Adithya College of Arts & Science, Kovaipudur Coimbatore – 641042, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1518

Economic Impact of Global Water Scarcity: An Overview |Chapter 5 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

The aim of this paper is to examine the economic impact of global water scarcity on both developed and developing nations. Water, like any other natural resource, is vital to a nation’s economic growth and existence. Water scarcity is dynamic and complex, emerging from the combined influences of climate change, basin-level water resources, and managed systems’ adaptive capacities. Beyond geophysical stressors and responses, it is critical to also consider how multi-sector, multi-scale economic teleconnections mitigate or exacerbate water shortages. Without adequate water supplies, a nation will face severe economic problems as well as social unrest and political instability. The current problem many nations face is their dwindling water supply. This paper will also examine how a lack of clean water will hurt a nation’s economic growth and its ability to be a viable player in global trade and be able to provide for its people. This study will also look at the causes of water scarcity and how the problem can be rectified. Policymakers and government leaders can act in a clear and decisive manner to improve the infrastructure in their respective cities, towns, states, and countries, global water scarcity will only get worse.  Improving infrastructure to provide abundant water is no longer an option, but a vital necessity.

 

Author(s) Details

Arthur S. Guarinoa
Department of Finance and Economics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1494

Progress on Family Environmental Factors and Family Interventions in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | Chapter 4 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

Background: The prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children is increasing year by year, and it has a profound negative impact on children's behavior development and academic performance and brings great economic and medical burdens to families and society.

 

Objective: To elucidate the impact of family factors on children with ADHD, and introduce the main techniques and therapeutic effects of family intervention for children with ADHD.

 

Methods: Literature search is used to organize and analyze 88 influential articles in the past 30 years.

 

Results: Family factors play an important role in the onset, development, and outcome of ADHD in children, and family intervention is an important research direction for non-pharmacological intervention in children with ADHD.

 

Conclusion: The role of family factors and family interventions in children with ADHD is increasingly attracting academic attention, but there is still no clear conclusion on some issues that require confirmation from evidence-based medicine.

 

Author(s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1449

Influence of Material Property and Geometry on Acoustic Wave Propagation| Chapter 3 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

The numerical analysis by finite element method offers new and efficient possibilities for different parameter calculus of acoustics phenomena. This paper presents some authors’ results regarding numerical modelling of the acoustic wave propagation, using the Ansys program. The Ansys program has in its finite element library dedicated elements for plane and spatial problems and other specific facilities about which more information is presented in this paper.  The acoustic wave propagation is studied under conditions of the existence of acoustic absorbing panels. Different materials are taken into account (aluminium, foam, oak, polystyrene) for considered acoustic absorbing panels. Also, different dimensions and different cases for fixing the panels were considered. The acoustic wave propagation was studied in stationary conditions and dynamic conditions at different values of sound frequencies. A comparative analysis is performed regarding the influence of different conditions on acoustic wave propagation. Our studies presented in this paper refer to acoustic propagation in an open space, like in airports or around acoustic sources placed in the open space. The aim of this paper is to offer our experience in this field for a numerical analysis of the ways for sound level reduction. Also, the facilities of the Ansys program for the solving of such problems are presented in a practical manner of use.

Author(s) Details

Vasile Nastasescu
“Ferdinand I Military” Technical Academy, Bucharest, Romania.

Ghita Barsan
“Nicolae Balcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania.

 

Oana-Alexandra Mocian
“Ferdinand I Military” Technical Academy, Bucharest, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1245

Biopigment from Marine Soil Bacteria Citricoccus sp. | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

Despite the complications in the isolation of pigments from natural resources, microbial pigments are increasingly gaining the attention of researchers because of their potential to be used in the textile, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food industries, etc. The aim of this study is to isolate, and characterize pigmented bacteria from marine soil and optimize the culture condition for optimum pigment production. The yellow-pigmented bacteria were isolated on a nutrient agar medium and screened for motility, gram staining, and biochemical tests.  The study mainly focused on using microbial pigment for dyeing cotton fabrics and woolen threads. We found out that the rate of pigment production was increased by optimizing the pH and temperature along with supplementing 1% glycerol as carbon and 0.5% beef extract as nitrogen sources. The pigment was extracted using methanol as solvent and was characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy whose values and phytochemical analysis results proved that the pigment belongs to the carotenoid group. Through 16s rRNA sequencing the bacteria was identified as Citricoccous sp.

 

 

Author(s) Details

D. Ezhil
Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Meignanalakshmi
Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

B. Haritha
Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/2

 

Evaluation of the Energy and Exergy Performance of a Box-Type Solar Cooker with an External Reflector during Intermittent Cloud Passages| Chapter 1 |Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 The growing importance of renewable energy and the need for ecological cooking solutions has led to the design and evaluation of various solar devices. This article presents the experimental results and the evaluation of the energy and exergy performance of a solar cooker. The specific objectives aim to determine indicative parameters such as the "First figure of merit F1," the thermal loss coefficient UL, the peak exergy power, and the product of the exergy temperature difference (\(\Delta\)T \(\Xi\)xo); to compare the theoretical and experimental thermal loss coefficients; and to evaluate the overall energy efficiency of a box-type cooker. This prototype, trapezoidal in shape, is equipped with an external reflector coated with a mirror and interior side panels are also lined with mirrors. The performance of the cooker was evaluated by determining various indicative parameters such as the "First figure of merit F1," the thermal loss coefficient UL, the peak exergy power, the product of the exergy temperature difference (\(\Delta\)T \(\Xi\)xo), etc. The theoretically calculated thermal loss coefficient is 5.07 W/m²·K, while the one obtained from the exergy curve of thermal losses as a function of temperature difference is 5.76 W/m²·K, showing a discrepancy of 0.69 W/m²·K. This discrepancy can be explained by the differences between theoretical and experimental conditions. All performance indicators were calculated from experimental tests conducted in accordance with international solar cooking standards. The energy efficiency of the cooker was determined to be 27.97%. The results obtained, when compared to those in the literature, indicate that the studied prototype exhibits satisfactory performance.

 

Thus, this study confirms the effectiveness of the box-type solar cooker, demonstrating performance comparable to, or even superior to, the best devices reported in the literature. These results highlight the importance of this prototype for the development of sustainable and ecological cooking solutions.

 

Author(s) Details

Donafologo Soro
Département des Sciences et Technologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) d’Abidjan, 08 BP 10 Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire.

M. Sidibé
LASMES Laboratory (Laboratory of Material Sciences Environment and Solar Energy), Université FHB D’Abidjan-Cocody, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

A. Gbané
LASMES Laboratory (Laboratory of Material Sciences Environment and Solar Energy), Université FHB D’Abidjan-Cocody, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Amal Bouich
Departament de Física Aplicada-IDF, Universitat Politècnica de Vàlencia, Camí de Vera s/n, Vàlencia, 46022, Spain.

 

Siaka Toure
LASMES Laboratory (Laboratory of Material Sciences Environment and Solar Energy), Université FHB D’Abidjan-Cocody, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

B. Marí
Departament de Física Aplicada-IDF, Universitat Politècnica de Vàlencia, Camí de Vera s/n, Vàlencia, 46022, Spain.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1129

Innovation Rumen Microbial Degradation of Tropical Legume Seeds in a Consecutive Batch Culture System In-vitro | Chapter 10 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

An experiment was conducted to examine rumen microbial degradation of selected tropical legume seeds incubated in a consecutive batch culture (CBC) system. The oilseeds are generally lower in their dry matter (DM) loss, gas production and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration compared to legume seeds showing that legume seeds are more readily degradable and fermentable by rumen microorganisms. Compared to whole cottonseed (WCS) all legume seeds are better in their DM loss, gas production and VFA concentrations.  These suggest that the relatively high protein content and low oil content of legume seeds compared to those of oilseeds might contributed to their better fermentation.  The reasons for the poor degradability and fermentability of WCS might involve the presence of antinutrient compounds such as gossypol.  Other factors limiting the fermentation of WCS could include the structure and composition of fibre, fat content, and possibly other antinutrient compounds such as tannin.

 

Author(s) Details

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, The University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1686

Spider Diversity (Arachnida: Araneae) at Sree Krishna College Campus, Thrissur (Dist), Kerala, India | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Spiders are the most diverse groups of censoriously analysed biological species in diversity on the planet. The present study surveyed and listed out the spider fauna inside the campus of Sree Krishna College, Kerala, India to reveal the distribution and diversity of spider fauna. There were 51 species of spiders belonging to 37 genera of 14 families collected from different locales of Sree Krishna college campus. For the study the entire campus has been surveyed, by dividing the area into four sites, Site A (main block of the campus), Site B (south region of the campus), Site C (botanical garden) and Site D (the women’s hostel and its premises). Site C showed the highest species richness and the lowest species richness was recorded from Site B. Salticidae was the dominant family with twelve species followed by Araneidae (10 sps.), Oxyopidae (5 sps.), Theridiidae (4 sps.), Lycosidae, (3 sps.), Tetragnathidae (3 sps.) and Sparassidae (3 sps.), Thomisidae (2 sps.), Pholcidae (2 sps.). But, a single species of spider has been identified within the families Hersilidae, Linyphiidae, Uloboridae, Cheiracanthiidae, and Sicariidae. Diversity indices, including evenness, richness, and diversity, were calculated. The evaluated values for the Shannon, Simpson, Margalef Richness, Berger-Parker, and Menhinick's indices were 3.423, 0.9580, 9.540, 0.9101, and 3.709, respectively. It is concluded that the study site had a good abundance and evenness index (e = 0.871). There was variation in the distribution of the various spider species, as indicated by their abundance and % occurrence. Seven functional groups were identified by analysing the guild structure of the spiders that were collected: stalkers (32.28%), orb-web builders (31.75%), space-web builders (15.87%), foliage runners (13.76), ground runners (3.70%), ambushers (1.59%), and wandering sheet-web builders (1.06%). This work establishes a biodiversity database to support future investigations into the spider fauna and provides useful data on the predominance of the spider population in the study area.

 

Author(s) Details

Raji R.
Department of Zoology, Sree Krishna College, Ariyannur, 680102, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

 

Aja M.
Department of Zoology, Sree Krishna College, Ariyannur, 680102, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

 

Jaya M.
Department of Zoology, Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1447

Wutai Mosquito (Phasivirus wutaiense): Identification and Characterization in Rio de Janeiro's Field Mosquitoes | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Aim: Numerous RNA viruses have recently emerged, posing threats to humans and causing harm to animals and plants. Among these, bunyaviruses stand out as one of the largest RNA virus groups capable of infecting a wide range of hosts, including invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. In recent years, new insect-specific viruses have been isolated from mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies worldwide. However, little is known regarding the impact of these viruses on the vector life cycles and the stages of oviposition, breeding, blood feeding, and the mosquito’s lifespan. This study describes the first detection and characterization of a recently discovered bunyavirus known as the Wutai mosquito phasivirus in South America.

 

Study Design: A prospective study was conducted in Rio de Janeiro to monitor arbovirus presence in mosquitoes.

 

Place and Duration of Study: The fieldwork, 2013-2017, was carried out in the neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro city, where the Olympic games' sports facilities were set up. In addition, collections were carried out during a dengue outbreak in two municipalities in the north of Rio de Janeiro State in 2015.

 

Methodology: Passive traps were set in 11 health units and seven additional locations. Trapping also occurred in two northern municipalities with high dengue fever incidence. Weekly collections used BG sentinel traps, and captured mosquitoes were analyzed in the laboratory. Mosquitoes were identified to the genus level, and species confirmation was done via molecular analyses. Pools of up to 250 mosquitoes were prepared for molecular analysis. RNA was extracted from mosquito homogenates and analyzed via RT-PCR. The resulting amplicons were sequenced, aligned, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood methods to understand evolutionary relationships.

 

Results: A total of 1,866 adult mosquitoes were trapped for bunyavirus screening, with 1,465 identified as Culex spp. and 401 as Aedes spp. Blood meal analysis from engorged females revealed human and dog sources. Wutai mosquito phasivirus was confirmed in complex Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and other Culex species, with one pool of male Aedes aegypti also testing positive. The transmission route and ecological impact remain unknown. Strains in Rio de Janeiro clustered together, but further research is needed to understand the virus's diversity and evolution.

 

Conclusion: This study reports the first detection and characterization of the Wutai mosquito phasivirus in Brazil. It confirms the virus's presence in primary urban vectors, Culex spp. and Aedes spp., with a high prevalence and wide distribution in Rio de Janeiro. These findings enhance our understanding of mosquito-specific virus distribution and contribute to studies on virus evolution and vector competence for transmitting pathogenic viruses.

 

Author(s) Details

Mário Sérgio Ribeiro
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Institute of Collective Health Studies, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, S/N, CEP: 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Tania Ayllón
Acute Febrile Diseases Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Sentinel Operational Nucleus of Mosquito Vectors, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Viviana Malirat

Human and Animal Virology Center, CONICET-UAI, Av. Montes de Oca 745, CP: C1270AAH, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

 

Daniel Cardoso Portela Câmara
Sentinel Operational Nucleus of Mosquito Vectors, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Laboratory of Transmitters of Hematozoa, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Cristina Maria Giordano Dias
Epidemiological and Environmental Surveillance, State Health Secretariat of Rio de Janeiro, R. México, 128, CEP: 20031-142, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Guilherme Louzada
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Davis Fernandes-Ferreira
Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, 27710, USA.

 

Roberto de Andrade Medronho
Institute of Collective Health Studies, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, S/N, CEP: 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

 

Renata Campos Azevedo
Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP: 21941-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1348