Development and Validation of a Simple and Reliable UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride and Pravastatin Sodium | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Background: Metformin hydrochloride is a drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It exhibits high aqueous solubility, limited solubility in ethanol, and negligible solubility in organic solvents such as acetone, ether, and chloroform.

 

Aim: A straightforward and reliable ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride (MH) and Pravastatin Sodium (PS) in their pure forms.

 

Methodology: The proposed method employs an absorbance subtraction approach using UV spectrophotometry. Quantification was carried out by measuring absorbance at two selected wavelengths, 232 nm for Metformin Hydrochloride and 238 nm for Pravastatin Sodium. Method validation was performed in accordance with ICH guidelines, including accuracy studies conducted at three concentration levels (75%, 100%, and 125%), and percentage recovery was calculated for both drugs.

 

Results: The method demonstrated acceptable sensitivity, with limits of detection and quantification determined as 0.481 μg/mL and 0.670 μg/mL for MH, and 1.15 μg/mL and 1.68 μg/mL for PS, respectively. Statistical evaluation of validation parameters confirmed that the method exhibited satisfactory precision, accuracy, and selectivity within the specified limits.

 

Conclusion: The validated UV spectrophotometric method is simple, precise, and accurate, making it suitable for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride and Pravastatin Sodium. The method can be effectively applied for routine analysis of these drugs in pure form and pharmaceutical dosage formulations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ankita Sharma
Shiva Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur, H.P., India.

 

Kapil Kumar Verma
Minerva College of Pharmacy, Indora, Kangra, H.P., India.

 

Inder Kumar
Minerva College of Pharmacy, Indora, Kangra, H.P., India.

 

Anju Bala
Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Kharar, Greater Mohali, Punjab, India.

 

Bhumika Thakur
Shiva Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur, H.P., India.

 

Vandana Thakur
Abhilashi College of Pharmacy, Nerchowk, Mandi, H.P., India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7061

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: An Overview of Their Combination with Oral Hypoglycemic Agents | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the most prevalent form, is characterised by insulin insensitivity as a result of insulin resistance, declining insulin production, and eventual pancreatic beta-cell failure. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a new class of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs (OHD) that can control T2DM. This chapter aims to provide a critical and systematic update of the specialised literature on the therapeutic effects and safety profile of hypoglycemic drugs, used in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors, in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the rapid advances in the field of medicine and the pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic strategies for this pathology have undergone significant changes, oriented not only towards effective glycemic control but also towards reducing cardiovascular risks and mortality associated with the disease. Numerous studies have investigated the impact of different therapeutic combinations on the evolution of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, paying particular attention to the associations between metformin and other classes of hypoglycemic drugs. An important part of the research has focused on comparing the classic metformin–sulfonylurea combination with more recent therapeutic regimens, such as metformin associated with DPP-4 inhibitors. The data suggest that the use of sulfonylureas combined with metformin is associated with a significantly increased risk of severe hypoglycemia compared with metformin–DPP-4 inhibitors. Another relevant observation is related to the use of insulin in combination with metformin. According to the analysed data, this therapeutic combination was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality, compared with treatment based on DPP-4 inhibitors combined with metformin. In conclusion, the current evidence supports the use of DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin as a safer therapeutic alternative to sulfonylureas or insulin, especially in terms of reducing the risk of severe hypoglycemia, cardiovascular events and mortality. These results highlight the need to integrate recent clinical data into medical practice guidelines and to individualise the treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nina Filip
Department of Morpho Functional Sciences II, Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Cristina Elena Iancu
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Diana Zamosteanu
Department of Morpho Functional Sciences I, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Cristiana Filip
Department of Morpho Functional Sciences II, Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Magdalena Birsan
Department of Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Madalina Mocanu
Department of Dermatology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7009

Vaccine and Adjuvant-Induced Autoimmune Responses: Mechanisms and Evidence | Chapter 7 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases. The efficacy of a vaccine depends not only on the antigen components but also on adjuvants that are often used in order to stimulate the immune system in a more effective way. Human beings, in a normal immune homeostatic state, immune cells like macrophages, natural killer cells, iNKT, MAIT, g delta T cells and conventional B as well as conventional T cells, in one way or other recognise the host body components as self via the immune surveillance mechanisms. Though when there was a shift in immune homeostasis due to chronic induction by environmental stimulus, interplay of predisposing genetic elements, family history, bystander pathologic inflammatory system, innate and adaptive immune dysregulation, change in proteomic signature, as well as microbial interactions in a unified collective theme “Unified autoimmunity theme”. Immune cells become prone to recognise the self or self as a non-self with subsequent induction of autoimmune diseases. Vaccines and adjuvants associated with autoimmunity are currently being reported all over the world. The present chapter was aimed at vaccine and adjuvant-mediated autoimmune diseases. Different human-approved vaccines induce different autoimmune diseases; more than one vaccine may induce the same autoimmune disease. Shoenfeld Syndrome encompasses adjuvant-induced autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome, including Postvaccination reactions with an adjuvanted vaccine, macrophagic myofasciitis, sick building disease condition, Gulf War disease condition and siliconosis. A protocol for the practical evaluation of these diseases was suggested. Understanding the unified autoimmune theme and Shoenfeld Syndrome is crucial for producing vaccines with a safer side effect profile. Clinicians and researchers can use this knowledge to monitor, prevent, and manage vaccine-related autoimmune reactions more effectively.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Qasim, Babylon, 5001, Iraq and Department of Prosthodontics, College of Health and Medical and Medical Technologies, University of Hilla, Babylon, 5001, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7004

 

Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Characterisation, and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Types of Medicinal Plants against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Medicinal plants represent the most ancient form of medication, used for thousands of years in traditional medicine in many countries around the world. Essential oils and plant extracts are sources of beneficial chemical compounds that have potential applications in food, cosmetics, agriculture and the medicine industry.  The purpose of this study is to extract three medicinal plants, including seeds of Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum), leaves of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) and Myrtus communis (M. communis) using the steam distillation method. It evaluated their ability to inhibit pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from skin ulcers. Seeds of S aromaticum and leaves of T. vulgaris were purchased from the local markets in the holy Karbala, Iraq, while the leaves of M. communis were collected from local farms in the same governorate. Moreover, the extracts were analysed to evaluate their phytochemicals and chemical constitutions using classical methods and GC-mass spectroscopy. The phytochemical screening of these three crude extracts has been evaluated to present chemical groups, i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, phenols, and saponins. The phytochemicals results showed that the Flavonoids and terpenoids were observed in all samples, while the Alkaloids didn't appear. The extracts of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis showed interesting compounds during the GC-mass spectroscopy test. It showed the presence of chemical compounds with active groups that could have a significant role in bacterial treatment, such as 9-octadecenamide, Caryophyllene, and Limonene. Moreover, the results of the bacterial test showed a high effectiveness of these oils on the types of bacteria used, especially S. aureus and E. coli, where the highest results were for Myrtus on E. coli bacteria, with an inhibition diameter of 56 mm, while clove oil did not show any effectiveness against S. aureus; the inhibition zone diameter is zero. In general, the effectiveness of these essential oils against Gram-negative P. aeruginosa was very weak compared to the effectiveness of these essential oils on other bacterial species used in the study, where the highest diameter of inhibition of these bacteria was by clove oil and reached 15 mm. In conclusion, the essential oils of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against certain pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus and E. coli, but showed limited efficacy against P. aeruginosa.

 

Author(s) Details

Maryam Mansoor Mathkoor
Department of Therapeutic Nutrition Techniques, Al Taff University College, Kerbala, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/6970

 

Phenotypic Variability and Stability of Okra Accessions Using Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability Descriptors |Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Background: Okra is a vegetable of major nutritional and economic importance in tropical and subtropical regions. In Benin, its production remains limited by disease and pest pressure and the lack of high-performing varieties. Genetic improvement of okra is emerging as a strategic solution. Morphological characterisation based on qualitative traits of crops is a very crucial and essential first step in any crop improvement and breeding programme.

 

Study Aim: This study aims to assess agro-morphological traits of five varieties (TZSMN86, AVOK1501, AVOK1505, AVOK1502 and C101), as part of the requirements for their inclusion in the Beninese Catalogue of Plant Species and Varieties (CaBEV).

 

Methodology: Field trials were conducted using a Fisher Block design with five treatments and four replicates. Sowing was carried out on September 12, 2023, and April 19, 2024, for the first and second cycles, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were collected from 20 plants per variety following the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). The criteria of Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) were assessed over two cycles of on-station trials. Agreement between qualitative parameter classifications across production seasons was assessed using Cohen's Kappa coefficient, while phenological and agro-morphological data were analysed using generalised linear and linear mixed-effect models, followed by Tukey's post hoc tests for mean comparisons, in R (v4.3.0) with variety and season as fixed factors and block as a random factor.

 

Results: Findings revealed that several qualitative traits were uniform, while significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted in leaf blade colour and fruit shape. Quantitative data indicate significant variability between genotypes across seasons. Total fruit yield (including both commercial and non-commercial fruits) did not show any significant difference between cycles (P = 1). Ascending hierarchical clustering (AHC) grouped the varieties into three distinct clusters. Accessions AVOK1502 and AVOK1505 also showed good stability across seasons.

 

Conclusion: These results provide a scientific basis for the approval and registration of high-performing okra varieties (TZSMN86, AVOK1501, AVOK1505, AVOK1502 and C101) in the national variety catalogue. Directed crosses between the best-performing accessions, such as AVOK1502 and AVOK1505, could be considered with the aim of creating new hybrid varieties with improved characteristics.

 

 

Author(s) Details

A. C. G. Mensah
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Centre de Recherches Agricoles en Horticulture (CRA-H), Programme de Recherches sur les Cultures Maraîchères, 01 BP 884, Cotonou 01, Bénin.

 

A. B. B. Kouderin
Unité de Recherche Horticole et Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales, Horticoles et Forestières, Ecole d’Horticulture et d’Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, BP 43 Kétou, Bénin.

 

W. T. Koura
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Centre de Recherches Agricoles en Horticulture (CRA-H), Programme de Recherches sur les Cultures Maraîchères, 01 BP 884, Cotonou 01, Bénin.

 

M. Sikirou
Unité de Recherche Horticole et Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales, Horticoles et Forestières, Ecole d’Horticulture et d’Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, BP 43 Kétou, Bénin.

 

D. A. J. Azagba
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Centre de Recherches Agricoles en Horticulture (CRA-H), Programme de Recherches sur les Cultures Maraîchères, 01 BP 884, Cotonou 01, Bénin.

 

F. Yalinkpon
Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d’Estimations Forestières, École Doctorale des Sciences Agronomiques et de l'Eau (EDSAE), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin.

 

M. Zandjanankou-Tachin
Unité de Recherche Horticole et Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales, Horticoles et Forestières, Ecole d’Horticulture et d’Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, BP 43 Kétou, Bénin.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7169

Human–Leopard Conflict and Coexistence: A Case Study from Gir Somnath, Gujarat, India | Chapter 4 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Globally, the escalation of human-wildlife conflict poses a severe threat to both biodiversity conservation and the livelihoods of rural communities. In the semi-arid landscapes of Western India, the proximity of human settlements to protected areas has created complex dynamics of co-existence and confrontation. This study assesses the diel and seasonal patterns of human-leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) conflict in the Gir Somnath district of Gujarat, utilising a comprehensive dataset spanning a decade (2014–2023). By integrating secondary records from the Gujarat Forest Department with primary field observations and community discussions, we identified critical spatio-temporal hotspots. Analysis reveals that regions like Gir Gadhada (29%) and Talala (18%) are particularly vulnerable due to their forest-fringe location. While winter saw a peak in 2023, the monsoon remains the most consistently hazardous season over the 10-year period. Chronobiological findings highlight a significant nocturnal bias, with most incidents occurring between 12:00 AM and 6:00 AM, a period when leopards frequently visit settlements or multiple-use zones in search of prey. The study advocates for a shift from traditional mitigation to adaptive conservation strategies, emphasising the importance of "relief" mechanisms and nocturnal vigilance to foster a balanced co-existence.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Rahul B. Solanki
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Noble University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat State, India.

 

Vibhuti B. Raval
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Noble University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat State, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7129

 

Surgical Correction of Unilateral Cherry Eye in a Beagle Dog: A Case Report | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Cherry eye is a disorder of the nictitating membrane, also called the third eyelid, present in the eyes of dogs. Several surgical techniques have been described for the management of cherry eye. Consequently, surgical repositioning of the prolapsed gland, rather than removal, is currently regarded as the gold standard for treatment. Among the various repositioning methods, Morgan’s Pocket Technique is widely preferred as it allows stable repositioning of the gland while preserving its physiological function. In this study, A 6 month-old Beagle dog was presented with a history of a swollen mass at the medial canthus of the right eye for 3 months. Clinical examination revealed a protruding reddish mass, congestion of conjunctival blood vessels, excessive lacrimation and frequent blinking of the affected eye. Based on the clinical history and ophthalmic examination, the condition was diagnosed as prolapse of the third eyelid gland. Surgical correction was done using Morgan’s Pocket Technique. Preservation of the third eyelid gland function, which has a role in tear production, was the main objective for this surgical approach. The dog showed complete recovery without postoperative complications during the follow-up period. Based on the outcome of this case, it is concluded that Morgan’s Pocket Technique is a safe and effective method for the surgical correction of cherry eye in dogs with excellent preservation of gland function and minimal risk of recurrence.

 

 

Author(s) Details

K. Mohan Rao
Hannah’s Pet Hospital, Madeenaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana-500049, India.

 

Ch. Ramya Sudha
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Garividi, Andhrapradesh-535101, India.

 

Sajitha Franco
Hannah’s Pet Hospital, Madeenaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana-500049, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7116

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Candida Infection in Post-menopausal Women: A Single-Centre Experience from the State of Odisha, India | Chapter 2 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Background: Vulvovaginal infection is a common medical problem in India, presenting with many clinical signs and symptoms. Due to changes in the vaginal microbiomes, post-menopausal women are susceptible to many vulvovaginal infections, including Candida. The reported prevalence of Candida infections in this population varies, and there is limited literature on associated risk factors in postmenopausal women in India.

 

Aim: This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence as well as the association of risk factors for Candida infection in post-menopausal women.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in post-menopausal women attending the out-patient department (OPD) of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla, Odisha, India, from December 2016 to November 2018. Post-menopausal women presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge, itching and burning of genitalia, erythema, etc., were considered. Vaginal specimens from the posterior vaginal fornix were collected, and Candida albicans infection was investigated by using the Albi QuickTM rapid test. Various data, including socio-demographic features, sanitation access, and clinical presentations, were analysed statistically for possible association with Candida infections.

 

Results: From 209 post-menopausal women included in this study, Candida infection was found in 9.09% of women. Candida infections were found to be significantly high in post-menopausal women who were married (P=0.001), who had no formal education (P=0.044) and who were staying with >5 persons in their home (P=0.017).

 

Conclusion: The occurrence of Candida infections, along with the significant association of various factors reported in this study, calls for routine vaginal swab analysis in every woman presenting with symptoms, as well as the need for proper awareness of women's hygiene practices.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nayak Madhumita
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India.

 

Debta Alliyatri
School of Life Sciences, Asian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Purohit Prasanta
Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Maharaja Krishna Chandra Gajapati Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India.

 

Patel Ojaswini
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Burla, Odisha, India.

 

Sahoo Sunanda
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India.

 

Das Padmalaya
School of Life Sciences, Asian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/6865

Severity Assessment of Dieback in Green Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) within the Western Traras Mountains (Northwestern Algeria) | Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

The Common Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) is a tree representative of the Mediterranean flora, and is traditionally associated with cemeteries, symbolising mourning in the Mediterranean region. Dieback in forest trees is a complex phenomenon whose responsible factors can be diverse and not easily identifiable and prioritised, and they lead to general deterioration, which often ends with the death of the trees. The objective of this study is to characterize symptomatologically the decline of green cypress in the mountains of the Western Traras. The experimental approach prevails in the installation of the sampling units through all the tasks of Cyprès desperis in the region of Bab El Assa and Marsa Ben M'hidi. These sampling units number 25, with a surface area of 10 ares, or 450 stems sampled. The overall dieback index estimated at 2.6564 shows that the stands sampled are at the beginning of dieback. The results obtained show that 36% of the stands are at the beginning of dieback. 24% of the stands are declining, while 16% exhibit severe decline. Therefore, monitoring and precautions are necessary for maintaining the health of the Cypress tree.

 

Author(s) Details

Nichane Mohamed
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sciences, University of Naama, Algeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/8653A

A Machine-Aided Framework for Real-Time Gas Leak Detection: Case Study of the JK-52 Gas Processing Plant | Chapter 4 | Current Concepts in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

 

Natural gas is considered a fossil energy source from under the earth's surface. Its main component is methane, but it can contain non-hydrocarbon gases and natural gas liquids as well. Leaks are considered very dangerous since they can build up into an explosive concentration. Gas leaks can be hazardous to health as well as the environment. Leak detection is a method in which the existence of a leak within a system is determined. Many fluid leak detection mechanisms rely on observation of volume changes and physical evidence of a leak, which may take hours, days and sometimes weeks or months to be seen. This is a concern in gas plants where the proximity of the leakage may constitute environmental pollution as well as health hazards for personnel in the vicinity. Economic losses have also resulted from delays in mitigating a gas leak problem due to late detection.

 

This study applies a machine learning technique to develop an algorithm that can detect gas leaks in real-time, where the only possible delay is the lag-time between the inlet gauges at the upstream valve and the outlet gauge at the downstream valve. The dataset for the study was collected, and a pre-processing phase was performed, which included cleaning the data, attempting a linear regression model and other regressions (Random Forest). This study also proposed a model and evaluated its performance. In this case study of the JK-52 gas processing plant, the difference in pressure gauge readings was calibrated against the volume of the gas in the inlet section to quantify the leak volume. Because gaseous fluids do not present a physical indication of volume, a pressure-based method was used for the detection, where a drop in gauge pressure due to depressurisation indicates leakage in the absence of a recorded gas supply or collection. 

 

To build the model, the dataset was divided into samples to train and test the model. Python coding language, using Jupyter and PyCharm Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), was used for the programming. The machine learning algorithm analyses the incoming streaming pressure versus time datasets from the gauges during the residual and ramp-up flow phases to set the acceptable pressure difference cut-off. A minimum difference in gauge reading may be normal within an acceptable error margin. The change in the consistency of reading within this acceptable window defines the tolerance. The system is set up to blare an alarm when there is leakage, usually based on a cut-off or tolerance, to be detected by the machine-aided process. Even if no immediate event triggers the alarm, a leak can still be suspected and later confirmed through further analysis. Over time, the model becomes predictive, improving detection accuracy as it learns from experience.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Godsday Idanegbe Usiabulu
World Bank, Africa Center of Excellence, Center for Oil Field Chemicals Research, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Eddy Ifeanyi Okoh
FHN 26 Limited (First Hydrocarbon) Block W Shell Estate agent Edjeba, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Lucia Ndidi Okoh
Environmental Management and Toxicology, Southern Delta University, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ccert/v1/7080

 

The Vector Control of Induction Machines with MRAS-Based Third-Order Sliding Mode Speed Observer | Chapter 3| Current Concepts in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

 

The effectiveness of vector control depends heavily on the accurate estimation of rotor flux and speed. Among sensorless techniques, Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) are widely used due to its simplicity and low computational cost. This chapter presents an advanced vector control strategy for induction machines that combines a Third-Order Sliding Mode (TOSM) control scheme with a MRAS–based speed observer. The proposed MRAS-TOSM structure ensures precise and reliable rotor speed estimation under parameter uncertainties and varying operating conditions. By integrating third-order sliding mode control, the system exhibits enhanced robustness against disturbances and parameter variations (such as stator resistance and rotor inductance), fast convergence, and minimised estimation errors. Key performance metrics, including overshoot reduction, settling time, and steady-state accuracy, are analysed in detail through extensive simulation studies. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly improves dynamic performance, stability, and robustness compared to conventional control methods. The results also highlight its potential for high-performance industrial drive applications and practical implementations, making it a suitable solution for both academic research and real-world engineering systems.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rakia Tarkhani
Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia and Laboratory of Automatic, Electrical Systems and Environment, National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Saber Krim
Laboratory of Automatic, Electrical Systems and Environment, National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Mohamed Faouzi Mimouni
Laboratory of Automatic, Electrical Systems and Environment, National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ccert/v1/7058

Development and Performance Evaluation of Vehicle-Mounted Wind Turbine for Electrical Power Generation | Chapter 2 | Current Concepts in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

Environmental degradation from continuous use of fossil fuels and the attendant effects on human and animal environments demand sustainable, renewable energy alternatives to protect the environment from further deterioration. Wind energy offers a promising solution as it is available everywhere, inexhaustible, and can be accessed anytime for the continuous powering of electric vehicles while in motion. The present study aims to investigate the effects of wind speed, car speed, and altitude on power generation using a vehicle-mounted wind turbine (VMWT) on a moving vehicle. A VMWT was developed and tested at varying altitudes, wind and vehicle speeds across the northern and southern zones of Nigeria to assess its energy generation potential for use in powering electric vehicles. The Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) utilised a dynamo rated at 12V 10 W at 325 rpm, a swept area of 0.159 m2 operating directly without a mechanical multiplier system, a cup anemometer and a data logger to capture real-time data. The data obtained was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) SPSS16 and Minitab software and Design Expert.v.18. The data obtained was grouped using six driving speed ranges (0-20km/hr,20- 40km/hr,40-60km/hr,60-80km/hr,80-100km/hr and 100-120km/hr), four altitude ranges (0- 100m,100-200m,200-300m, and 300-400m) and four wind speed ranges (0-50m/s,50-100m/s,200- 250m/s and above 250m/s). The lowest mean wind speed of 8.68m/s was recorded at a car driving speed range of 0-20km/hr and at an altitude range of 0-100m and the mean power generated was 266.476mW, while the highest mean wind speed of 108.47m/s occurred at a driving speed range of 100-120km/hr at altitude range of 100-200m with a peak electrical power of 6479.242mW. The peak power output of 6662.131mW for this research was recorded at the altitude range of 300-400m, driving speed range of 100-120km/hr and wind speed 570m/s. This output can be further enhanced by utilising both a mechanical multiplier and a buck-boost converter to efficiently charge the car battery, thereby extending the vehicle's driving range. The result of this Study shows that electrical power generation increased with higher vehicle speeds and wind speeds across all altitude ranges. Further studies are required to be carried out on the turbine blades for increased power generation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

B. Olajiga
Centre for Renewable Energy Technology (CRET), Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

 

O. J. Olukunle
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

 

J. Isa
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ccert/v1/6995

Investigating the Grindability Behaviour of Anka’s-Zamfara State, Nigeria Manganese Ore, Towards Effective Manganese Mineral Liberation | Chapter 1 | Current Concepts in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

 

Mineral processing involves the enrichment of concentrate by separating the grains of valuable mineral from the gauge, and since most ore minerals are usually finely intimately associated with gangue minerals, the various minerals must be liberated before they can be collected as separate products. The Bond standard grindability test provides a Work Index that is widely used to estimate the energy required for ore grinding. The research investigates the work index of Anka Manganese ore at the Anka deposit in Zamfara state, Nigeria. The reference ore (Quartz) was sourced from the studied ore overburden in the mine. 500 g each of the manganese ore and quartz were sampled and prepared by crushing and grinding to 100% passing a 1200 μm sieve. 100 g of prepared ores were charged into an array of sieves arranged in √2 series from 1000 μm to 63 μm. A set of sieves was mounted on the Automated Pascal Denver sieve shaker (16153) and was in operation for 20 minutes. The work index of reference ore was used to calculate the work index of the test ore using Gaudin Schuman expression to obtain a work index of 14.16 Kwh/ton for test ore and it lies within the work index of 10-15.14 Kwh/ton for manganese ore stated in the literature and the energy expended to achieve communition at mineral liberation size was calculated to be 3.3984 Kw/ton. Assessing the grindability behaviour of  Anka manganese ore towards effective manganese mineral liberation was investigated. This is very important to know the grinding characteristics of the ore towards the determination of suitable power to be selected for its comminution process and hence selecting suitable design parameters for the construction of grinding machine suitable for communition process of studied test ore to its liberation size avoid excess grinding or under grinding.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Y. E. Gbadamosi
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

 

O. O. Alabi
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

 

J. O. Borode
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

 

F. O. Aramide
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ccert/v1/6919

 

Internet of Things Security: Requirements, Challenges and Mitigation Strategies | Chapter 4 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Background: The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising technologies that aims to enhance humans’ quality of life (QoL). IoT plays a significant role in several fields such as healthcare, automotive industries, agriculture, education, and many cross-cutting business applications. Despite the growing body of literature on IoT security in recent years, critical gaps remain unaddressed.

 

Objectives: This study explores the multifaceted security issues of IoT environments, highlighting current gaps and presenting modern technological solutions. The key purpose of the study is to systematically explore the diverse security challenges in IoT environments, critically assess current technological solutions, and identify unresolved issues along with potential directions for future research.

 

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted for the period 2020–2025, covering more than 50 studies from IEEE, ACM, Elsevier, and SpringerLink. Selected papers were evaluated based on relevance, peer-review status, and contribution to IoT security.

 

Findings: Security remains a major concern as IoT device connectivity expands across industries. IoT systems face unique challenges such as weak authentication, lightweight encryption requirements, and large-scale heterogeneity. This study synthesises current solutions like multi-factor authentication, blockchain, and machine learning for intrusion detection.

 

Conclusion: There is a critical need for integrated, multilayered security frameworks suitable for large-scale and resource-constrained IoT deployments. Future work should focus on real-time, context-aware, and energy-efficient security models validated on realistic testbeds.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Anamul Haque Sadial

Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, 9th Mile, Ribhoi, Meghalaya, India.

 

Atowar Ul Islam
Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, 9th Mile, Ribhoi, Meghalaya, India.

 

S Md S Askari
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/7152

A Fractional-Order Pneumonia Transmission Model Using the Generalised Atangana–Baleanu Derivative: Analysis and Numerical Simulations | Chapter 3 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Pneumonia remains a major global health burden, especially among children under five and the elderly, and is a leading cause of death in many low- and middle-income countries. In this paper, we formulate a novel fractional pneumonia model utilising the generalized Atangana–Baleanu (GAB) derivative. Pneumonia remains a global health threat, particularly in regions with limited medical infrastructure. We extend the traditional integer-order compartmental model into a fractional framework to capture the hereditary properties and memory effects of disease transmission. We establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions for all compartments (Vaccinated V, Susceptible S, Carrier C, Infected I, and Recovered R) using fixed-point theory. This mathematical foundation ensures the biological feasibility of our memory-dependent model, which has significant implications for understanding persistent transmission patterns in pneumonia epidemiology. A numerical scheme based on Newton polynomial interpolation is derived. Finally, we discuss the comparative dynamics of the model relative to data trends for Iowa and Mississippi, demonstrating that fractional-order derivatives provide superior flexibility in fitting localised epidemic spikes compared to traditional models. Our key finding shows that regions with higher vaccination efficacy experience significantly flattened epidemic curves, highlighting the critical importance of vaccination coverage in pneumonia control strategies.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Khan Sana Rahman
Department of Applied Science, Everest College of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/7117

Association between Farmers’ Profile Characteristics and the Effectiveness of Televised Farm Broadcast Programmes in Andhra Pradesh | Chapter 2 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Television is the most powerful audiovisual medium, evolving from its humble beginnings in 1936. In today's world, it has grown into a huge network for mass information and mass entertainment. As an effective medium of mass communication, television plays a crucial role in the agricultural sector, making proper planning and execution of farm broadcast programmes essential for bringing about desired changes in agricultural communities. The present study was taken up to investigate the relationship between the profile characteristics of televiewing farmers and the effectiveness of farm broadcast programmes. The study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh using an ex-post facto research design. Out of the 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, four districts were selected randomly. Two mandals from each district and two villages from each mandal were selected randomly. After listing out the total number of farmers who have television sets, 15 farmers from each village were chosen by a simple random sampling method; the total sample size became 240. The primary data were collected by using a pre–tested interview schedule. To convert the data into meaningful findings, statistical tools such as the Correlation coefficient (r) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) were used. The findings indicated that, out of sixteen profile characteristics selected, thirteen, viz., age, education, farming experience, socio-economic status, innovativeness, mass media exposure, marketing orientation, risk orientation, economic orientation, scientific orientation, extension contact, social participation and training exposure had significant relationship with the effectiveness of farm broadcasts. The other profile characteristics such as farm size, annual income and cropping intensity, did not show any relationship. The MLR analysis found that all 16 profile characteristics of televiewing farmers put together explained about 78.64 per cent variation in the effectiveness of farm broadcasts. The remaining 21.36 per cent is due to the extraneous profile characteristics, which were not considered under study. The profile characteristics, namely socio-economic status, mass media exposure, risk orientation, economic orientation, scientific orientation, extension contact and annual income were found to be positively significant at the 0.01 level of significance. The variable social participation was found to be positively significant at the 0.05 level of significance. This study concludes that farm broadcast programmes provide a comprehensive understanding of agricultural technologies and effectively supplement knowledge gained through training programmes. Due to its audio-visual component and comprehensive nature, the effectiveness of farm broadcasts increases with increasing training exposure. Future studies may include additional profile characteristics like achievement motivation, management orientation, previous knowledge, production orientation, planning orientation, price situation, input accessibility, etc., which are likely to affect them and which are beyond the present study, and may also be studied.

 

 

Author(s) Details

M. V. Krishnaji
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, Achraya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

T. Gopi Krishna
Mekapati Gowtham Reddy Agricultural College, Udayagiri, SPSR Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/7052

Safeguarding Cultural Heritage: The Role of Narrative Transmission in Preserving Mt. Isarog's Indigenous Knowledge | Chapter 1 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Literature is the oldest means of transferring knowledge and understanding the culture of the people in a community. However, the legend of Mt. Isarog is neither widely dispersed to the community nor in the canon for reading literature and understanding culture, unlike several myths and legends about mountains in the Philippines that are in printed books, such as “The Legend of Maria Makiling,” “The Legend of Daragang Magayon,” and “Bulusan and Aguingay.”

 

Despite technological advances in communication methods and information dissemination, it is vital to understand the impact of oral literature on a region’s cultural diversity. Yet, the transferring of knowledge through oral traditions—particularly those surrounding Mt. Isarog—presents challenges in accurately interpreting local cultures, traditions, languages, settlements, and histories. The study investigates the Role of Narrative Transmission in Preserving Mt. Isarog's Indigenous Knowledge.

 

Oral literature pertaining to Mt. Isarog is accounts of the mountain residents, who mostly worked with children and relatives as farmers, tenants, and labourers on farms, whose culture and tradition are becoming disoriented and varied because of the modern cultures viewed through social media and the migration of the natives and ecotourism. The study revealed that the compiled and recorded oral literature are beneficial reference paraphernalia in showcasing the lifestyle of the old natives in the mountains; valuable sources of old knowledge of the Camarinense in cultural-based ecotourism; links between Bicolanos’ past and present cultures; and mitigation tools to more complexities in conveying meanings in educating people, sharing mythological knowledge, and conserving the region’s unique cultural heritage. Findings suggest that the Camarinense people should cultivate a strong sense of responsibility toward protecting and valuing local oral literature while also actively participating in the preservation of Mt. Isarog’s unique biodiversity through ecotourism initiatives. This should be done in terms of future studies and will be stressed by collecting information about the studies done by the tourism council and tourism educators, and strengthening local identity.

 

Author(s) Details

Maria Aurora Gratela-Caballero
Andragogy Department, College of Education, Partido State University, Goa, Philippines.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/6008