Urinary Electrolyte Patterns among Populations of Grand Sido and Kouh-Est: A Comparative Study | Chapter 7 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

Background: Urinary electrolytes play a key role in assessing hydration status, metabolism and renal function. The term “urinary electrolytes” generally refers to the urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride. In many parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, data on the composition and concentration of urinary electrolytes remain limited, especially in rural areas.

 

Aims: This study aimed to characterise and quantify the major urinary electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻) in two rural areas of southern Chad: Grand Sido and Kouh-Est.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted among 783 volunteer participants aged 5–90 years residing in Grand Sido (n = 430) and Kouh-Est (n = 353). Morning urine samples were collected under aseptic conditions and transported to the laboratory in accordance with storage conditions. Urinary concentrations of sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and chloride (Cl⁻) were determined using standardised biochemical methods (colourimetric methods). Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test to compare electrolyte profiles between the two areas and across age groups, with a significance threshold set at p < 0.05.

 

Findings: This study highlights significant differences in urinary electrolyte profiles between Grand Sido and Kouh-Est, reflecting the influence of nutritional factors, access to drinking water, and local environmental conditions. The observed prevalence of electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatraemia and hypocalcaemia, suggests a state of nutritional and metabolic vulnerability within the studied populations. These disturbances may be associated with inadequate dietary intake, increased hydroelectrolytic losses, or the presence of chronic and endemic parasitic diseases, including renal disorders and schistosomiasis.

 

Conclusion: These findings provide a useful reference for assessing hydration status and renal function in these rural populations. They also offer an important basis for developing targeted nutrition, prevention, and public health strategies adapted to the specific context of southern Chad. Despite certain limitations, including the absence of systematic measurement of urinary creatinine and acid–base parameters and limited information on participants’ dietary habits, this study provides important preliminary data and a regional baseline that may guide future research in southern Chad.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdelsalam Hassan Gogo
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Brahim Adoum Ahmat
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Abdelsalam Tidjani
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Aly Savadogo
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-Zerbo, BP 7131 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/7285

Influence of Collection Areas on the Physico-chemical and Nutritional Characterization of Dried Mangoes Consumed in Chad for Better Post-Harvest Valorization | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 9

  

Background: Mango plays a very important nutritional role, providing micronutrients required for the proper functioning of the human body and protection against major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, as well as cancers.

 

Aim: This study aims to determine the chemical and nutritional characterization of dried mangoes consumed in Chad for better post-harvest valorization.

 

Methodology: The study was conducted in the Food Sciences and Nutrition Research Laboratory (LARSAN), Faculty of Human Health Sciences, University of N’Djamena BP1117, Chad; between February 2022 and April 2023. Dried mangoes were collected from five localities (Doba, Bebedjia, Koumra, Moundou, and Bongor), were labeled DbaA, Bja, Mdou, Kmr, and Bgr, and then stored in a refrigerated cooler for physico-chemical analyses using standard methods to determine the chemical composition of various samples. The statistical analysis was carried out using the ANOVA test (analysis of variance test) followed by the Fisher post hoc test to compare means.

 

Results: These analyses showed that the water content of dried mangoes was not significantly influenced (p = 0.0014) by the production area. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the Vitamin composition of dried mangoes from the five locations. Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and energy contents per 100 g ranged from 3.89 to 3.93 g, 94.91 to 104.72 g, 1.35 to 2.07 g, and 360.48 to 381.36 kcal/100 g, respectively. The reducing sugar content was high (77.73 g/100g) in Doba samples, compared to that from Moundou (76.51 g/100g). Starch and amylopectin contents were not significantly affected by production area (110.32 to 112.07 g/100g and 94.28 to 97.20 g/100 g, respectively). Calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) were present in all samples with respective contents varying from 72.66 to 73.49 mg/100 g, 11.41 to 12.58 mg/100 g, 79.15 to 85.97, 68.78 to 70.59 mg/100 g, and 1.05 to 1.79 mg/100 g. Vitamin C and carotenoid contents varied, respectively, from 69.37 to 70.15 µg/100 g and from 249.25 to 274.15 µ g/100 g. Principal Component Analysis revealed that samples E1DOBA and E2BGA and E3Kmr and E4Mdr have the same physico-chemical characteristics.

 

Conclusion: These findings revealed that dried fruits from all localities were kept well, as their water content fell within the norm. Thus, these results demonstrate that respecting the drying and storage conditions for dried mango fruits, regardless of the zone, would enable the best possible preservation of nutritional properties while ensuring year-round availability.

 

Author (s) Details

Al-Lamadine Mahamat
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LARSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena BP1117, Tchad, Chad.

 

Abdoullahi Hissein Ousman
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LARSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena BP1117, Tchad, Chad.

 

Alhadj Markhous Nazal
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques et de l Environnement, Université de Sarh, Chad.

 

Brahim Adoum Ahmat
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LARSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena BP1117, Tchad, Chad.

Ali Haroune
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LARSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena BP1117, Tchad, Chad.

 

Mbaigolmem Beral Valery
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LARSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena BP1117, Tchad, Chad.

 

François Tapsoba
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7131 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.

Azabadji Ashu Evariste Leonce
Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Bakaranga Via Issakou
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LARSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena BP1117, Tchad, Chad.

 

Abdelsalam Tidjani
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LARSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena BP1117, Tchad, Chad.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpafs/v9/1537

Assessment of Diversity in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Cultivars Using Agromorphological Traits | Chapter 5 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 The cowpea is the second most important cash crop in Chad after peanuts, however the native varieties are not valued. This study's objective was to assess the agromorphological diversity of 45 cultivars and the structure of that diversity using 18 descriptors. The majority of cowpea seeds grown for human consumption are kidney-shaped (84.44%), white (73.33%), and have a thin, rough integument (91.11%). White but not dehiscent, the pods are also white. Seven quantitative traits revealed highly significant variations. 73.04% of the variability was explained using principal component analysis. 97.78% of the classifications generated from the hierarchical ascending clustering were supported by discriminant factor analysis. The weight of the seed per pod, the length of the pod, the weight of the pod per plant, and the stage of maturity are used to categorise cultivars into 4 groups. Group I is distinguished by late cultivars with brief pods (PoL: 13.920.63 cm; Fl1: 872.42 days; Mat: 1081.80 days). The maximum pod weights (PoWP: 129.696.81 g) and seed weights per pod (SWPo: 3.980.09 g) were found in Group II cultivars. Cultivars exhibiting intermediate features are in Group III. The earliest cultivars are from Group IV and have long pods (PoL: 21.050.94 cm). It will be possible to increase cowpea productivity by utilising the intriguing cultivars and features.

Author(s) Details:

Nadjiam Djirabaye,
Institut Tchadien de Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, ITRAD, Bp : 5400, N’Djamena, Tchad. 

Amos Nodjasse Doyam,
Centre Régional de Recherche Agronomique, ITRAD/CRRA-ZSD, Bébédjia, Bp: 31, Moundou, Tchad.

Le Diambo Bedingam,
Centre Régional de Recherche Agronomique, ITRAD/CRRA-ZSD, Bébédjia, Bp: 31, Moundou, Tchad.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V2/article/view/8157

Geotechnical Interattraction of Granites from Ouaddai Region (East) for Use in Civil Engineering | Chapter 11 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 4

 This research focuses on the various properties of granitic materials that can be used in construction in Chad's eastern area. The towns of Achklun and Amgala are located in the north and south of Abéché, respectively, in the Ouadda area (Eastern Chad). Granites with diaclases and veins crosscutting them grow in Achklun and Amgala. Granites are classified as fine grains biotite granites, which are made up of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase biotite, and opaque minerals, or coarse grains amphibole biotite granites, which are made up of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase biotite, amphibole, and opaque minerals. Diaclases and veins are structural features that have been studied. Biotite granite and amplibole biotite-granite both have diclases. They show a north-south pattern. In amplibole biotite-granite, veins can be seen. They are granitic in nature and have a pegmatitic texture. The primary trend direction in veins is NE-SW. The fact that their emplacement benefited from the diaclase network is evidenced by the NE-SW trend. Fine grains biotite granite is more durable than amphibole biotite granite, according to geotechnical investigations. In the same rock type, the resistance may differ from one station to the next. This fluctuation is caused by differences in mineral composition, grain sizes, and fracture intensity (diaclases). The current effort allowed for the selection of granite that was better suited for various buildings based on field observations and laboratory investigation.

Author(S) Details

Bozabe Renonet Karka
Département du Génie Civil, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Travaux Publics, N’Djamena, Chad.

Al-Hadj Hamid Zagalo
Faculté des Sciences de la vie, Université des Sciences et de Technologie d’Ati, de la Terre et de l’Aménagement du Territoire - Ati, Chad. and Université de Dschang, Faculté des Sciences, Dschang, Cameroun.

Maurice Kwekam
Université de Dschang, Faculté des Sciences, Dschang, Cameroon.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V4/article/view/4803

Hygienic Quality and Nutritional Composition of Jujube Cakes, Nere Cakes and Nere Plus Jujube Cakes Produced in Chad | Chapter 6 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol.1

Nere cakes, jujube cakes and cakes of nere more jujube, from baking in oven to 120°C for twelve
minutes showed a decrease of 0.5% protein for cakes nere and up to 22% for cake jujube. After 3
days of sun drying followed by 3 months of storage at room temperature, total sugars decreases an
average of 6%. Néré cakes after baking causes an insignificant minimum loss of calcium 0.2% and up
to 79% for iron for cakes jujube. Iron and potassium are minerals losses after cooking and drying
exceed 50%. Calcium, manganese and zinc are minerals which losses are on average 10% after
different treatments. Cooking reduces vitamin C content of cakes, the maximum value is 67% for cake
néré and 100% in vitamin A for jujube cakes. Cooking and drying followed by 3 months of storage
decreases the vitamin C content of 92% jujube cakes and vitamin A 100%. After 3 months of storage,
the cakes have a proliferation of fungal flora certainly due to lack of packaging and the length of
storage time. The reduction of the firing temperature in the oven and the use of solar dryers could be
used to reduce significant losses in nutrients while using the package to preserve the hygienic quality
of cakes with strict adherence to hygiene rules. Enriching these products with vitamin and mineral
compound is recommended.

Author(s) Details

Makalao Mouti Marceline
Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Bongor Normal Higher School, Chad.

Alfred S. Traore
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Research Center in Biological, Food and Nutritional Sciences (CRSBAN), Unit of Formation and Research in Life and Ground Sciences, University Ouaga, BP: 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/221