A Simplified and Accurate Method of Computing Inlet Head of Multi-Outlet Pipelines | Chapter 16 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

The multi-outlet pipelines normally called as lateral lines are the major important components of the micro irrigation and sprinkler irrigation systems. To maintain the allowable discharge variation of the outlets, the variation in pressure along the length of the pipelines due to frictional head loss and elevation is restricted within a specified limit. In this process, the accurate computation of the inlet head of the lateral lines becomes necessary for proper design of the system. The generally used formulae of computing the inlet heads involve different values of coefficients quoted in literature without proper justification. This leads to over or under computed values of the inlet head. In this paper, equations are developed to accurately compute the value of the inlet head of lateral lines. The equations are based on the mathematical series of varying discharge from one outlet to other. The equations are simplified using mathematical logics and finally obtained in the compact forms to be used with the exponents of flow and diameter of different frictional head loss formulae. The verification and application of the formulae are illustrated with the standard example problems. The developed formulae can be easily and accurately used for computing the inlet head of lateral lines of micro irrigation and sprinkler irrigation systems.

 

Author(s) Details

Atish Sagar

Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

Prashant Singh

Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

Pankaj Malkani

Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

DM3730 Processor Hardware Debugging on Linux Platform and Its Application| Chapter 15 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

Texas Instruments fabricated a single chip DM3730 processor with 45 nm technology with improved performance. Less power consumption and improved Graphics features are the key parameters of ARM architecture. DM3730 has 1 GHz processor with 0.4mm pitch Package on Package. Design of effective system is facilitated by properly debugging the hardware and software. The system for detection of driver fatigue for its implementation requires coming in contact with the camera to capture driver image, speaker for warning messages, GSM module to disseminate SMS, mouse, internet, keyboard, etc. for installing different packages. In this paper, DM3730 Processor is tested for different peripherals on Linux Platform. This paper is a part of research work on the project “Development of Non-Intrusive Driver Fatigue Detection & Alarming System to evade on road accidents” sanctioned under Early Career Research Award sponsored by Science & Engineering Research Board, Govt. of India, New Delhi at Vignan Institute of Technology & Science, Vignan Hills, Hyderabad.

 

Author(s) Details

K. Yadaiah

Department of ECE, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, India.

Vijayalaxmi Biradar

Department of ECE, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, India.

G. Durga Sukumar

Department of EEE, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Restoration of Koolipalayam Reservoir by Using Bioclean STP Technology in Tirupur District, Tamilnadu | Chapter 14 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

This study revealed a poor situation for the  lack of water bodies and the available water bodies being polluted by dying unit effluents and other harmful industrial effluents being let out into the available water source due to lack of waste disposal units. The demand for water in and around Tirupur region is very high as the water bodies are very few in number even the available water bodies are being polluted by dying unit effluents and other harmful industrial effluents being let out into the available water source due to lack of waste disposal units. This Kollipalayam reservoir has been a home for several inland and migratory birds for centuries. The water source is the Nallar River, flowing from the Avinashi big Tank and few sewage canals, carrying the effluents and sewage from Tirupur town. Eventually the water level has never come down due to the above sources. The flora and fauna of this tank attracts as many as 135 species of birds from all over. Inland birds like Spot-billed Pelicans, Painted Storks, and etc. It also brings in a huge number of species from other parts of the World during the winter. Starting from November, every year, various birds flock in to kollipalayam reservoir and spend their winter and leave back to their home by the end of March. Bio-Ozolyte Technology has been implemented to treat and restoration the water in the reservoir. In this technology involves three treatments they are biological treatment, Ozone treatment and Anoyte treatment. This study strongly recommends increases the dissolved oxygen level in the water and makes the water favorable for existence of organisms and fit for usage. If this reservoir is restored, all water demands in and around Tirupur can be met.

 

 

Author(s) Details

S. Mohan

Deparment of Civil Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India.

N. Muralimohan

Deparment of Civil Engineering, K.S.R College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India.

P. Tamilchelvan

Deparment of Civil Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

AL-Transformation on M Class Ak* Operator | Chapter 13 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

Operators in Complex Hilbert spaces has been the interest of emerging researchers in the recent years. Takayuki Furuta et al studied AL- transformation on p-hyponormal operators in 1996. Later, yamazaki et al. studied AL- transformation and powers of operators for class A(k) operator in the year 2001. This research work was further carried over by Pannayappan et al. and D. Senthil Kumar et al. In this discipline, we studied AL- transformation and *- AL- transformation for the new class of operator named M class Ak* operator on a non-zero Complex Hilbert space.

 

Author(s) Details

P. Shanmugapriya

Department of Mathematics, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore – 641 022, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Maheswari Naik

Department of Mathematics, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore – 641 022, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability of a Reinforced Concrete Building Located in India |Chapter 12| Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

The effect of earthquake causes loss of life and property in many places all over the world. This creates the need to assess the seismic performance of the structures. The latest development leads to finding the direct losses and damage states of the buildings for various intensities of earthquake ground motions. In the present study, seismic vulnerability assessment was done for a medium rise building (G+5). The design peak ground acceleration of 0.16 g and 0.36 g were considered for the risk assessment. The nonlinear static pushover analysis was done to fine the performance point, spectral acceleration and corresponding spectral acceleration by Equivalent Linearization (EL) method given by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA-440). The four damage states such as slight, moderate, extreme and collapse has been considered as per HAZUS-MR4. The seismic vulnerability in terms of fragility curves was developed to evaluate the damage probabilities based on HAZUS methodology. The discrete and cumulative damage probability was found for all the damage states of the building which shows the building at 0.16 g experience slight damage whereas at 0.36 g the moderate damage state equally becomes predominant.

 

Author(s) Details

S. Prasanth

Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, Prayagraj- 211004, India.

Goutam Ghosh

Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, Prayagraj- 211004, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Geochemistry and Potential Industrial Application of Marble from Ikpeshi, South-West, Nigeria |Chapter 11 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

The aim of this chapter is to use geochemistry to determine the economic potential of marble from Ikpeshi area. Nigeria has a variety of rich solid minerals and rocks such as marble which if fully exploited will boost the economic potentials of the country. Forty five (45) marble samples were collected and subjected to petrographic, physical analyses and geochemical analysis using the inductively coupled plasma –mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Geochemical data indicated that the marble deposits at Ikpeshi has variable geochemical characteristics; some have low dolomite CaMg (CO3)2 (1.35-7.44%) and high calcite CaCO3 (82.78-95.61%) while the Golden Girl quarry has moderate dolomite (41.38-41.42%) and moderate calcite (61.03-61.58%). Physical tests indicated high tensile strength (17.342-31.550MPa), compressive strength (259.515-3892.73MPa) and shear strength (44.70-68.51MPa), respectively. Petrographic studies revealed that the marble contains calcite, dolomite, quartz, opaque mineral, actinolite, lead, feldspar and chlorite at various proportions. Based on these characteristics, the marble from Ikpeshi is suitable as raw materials for manufacture of lime, drugs, toothpaste, paper and paint. It is also important in the production of livestock feed, electrical insulators, flooring tiles and terrazzo chips. The marble is unsuitable as a raw material for the production of cement unless blended.

 

Author(s) Details

Romanus Obasi

Department of Geology, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Fredrick Isife

Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

An Appraisal of the Variation in the Physico– mechanical Properties of Granitic Aggregates: Focus on Some Quarry Sites in Ogun State, Nigeria| Chapter 10 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

Coarse aggregate is an essential constituent of concrete constituting about 60% to 80% of concrete depending on the mix ratio. Granite is reported to be the most widely distributed plutonic rock in the earth crust. It is predominantly available in various parts of Ogun State of Nigeria. Its different properties have been known to strongly influence the fresh and hardened state properties of concrete. In this study, samples of four different sizes of granites (9.5 mm, 12.5 mm, 19 mm and 25 mm) were obtained from four different quarry sites across the state. Sieve analysis was carried out on samples from all the locations while the physical properties such as specific gravity, moisture content and water absorption and the Mechanical properties such as aggregate impact value and aggregate crushing value of the samples were evaluated. The result of the sieve analysis reveals that there are variations in the gradations of samples from the various locations. The results of the specific gravity, moisture content and water absorption vary from 2.61 to 2.86, 0.69 to 1.22%, 0.16 to 2.13% respectively. While the aggregate impact value and aggregate crushing value vary from 18.30 to 28.12% and 6.21 to 9.45% respectively. It was therefore concluded that there are variations in the physical and mechanical properties of granites produced in Ogun State of Nigeria. The observed variations occur in relation to the various sizes and for the different quarry sites.  

 

Author(s) Details.

S. S. Omopariola

Department of Civil Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria.

A. A. Jimoh

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Green Product Factors and Its Impact on Online Purchase Decision of Green Customers | Chapter 9 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

Eco-friendliness or being green is a natural way of being friendly to nature by not harming the environment. This can be achieved by following eco-friendly practices in day to day life. There are many factors that influence the purchase decision of a green customer. The purchase decision of customer is influenced by economic, social, financial and demographic factors. Green consumers across the world purchase different kinds of green products. These items vary from food products to household items. In this paper, the green product features that influence the online purchase decision of a green customer is studied.

 

Author(s) Details

M. Ramesh

Department of Business Administration, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Samudhra Rajakumar

Department of Business Administration, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Comparative Study and Interrelationship of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coarse Aggregates Produced in Ogun State |Chapter 8 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

This study compares and investigates the relationship between the physical and mechanical properties of granites produced in some parts of Ogun State. Granite Samples were tested for their Specific Gravities, Water Absorptions, Moisture Contents, Aggregates Impact Value and Aggregates Crushing Value in accordance to the relevant standards. Test results were compared with relevant standards and with values from various sites. Regression analysis was used to further determine the relationship between the various properties. Results reveals that although all the samples conform to relevant codes and standards there were variations in test results from one location to the other and between the various sizes obtained from the same location. Statistical analysis reveals that there is significant positive correlation between Moisture Content and Water Absorption, no relationship between Specific Gravity and both Moisture Content and Water Absorption, while the relationship between Aggregate Crushing and Impact value is positive but not significant.

 

Author(s) Details

S. S. Omopariola

The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ilaro, Nigeria.

 

A. A. Jimoh

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Standard Intensity Deviation based Recursive Histogram Equalization Contrast Enhancement for Low-exposure Images | Chapter 7 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

The low exposure images pose challenges in better visibility due to its low light conditions. The visibility can be improved by contrast enhancement.  To improve image contrast, the histogram equalization (HE) is a famous method.  The existing HE based algorithm for low exposure images leads to an over enhancement problem and unnatural appearance. In this framework, the generalized algorithm proposed for contrast improvement, it performs the separation of the histogram based on respective standard intensity deviation value and then recursively equalizes all sub histograms independently. The over-enhancement problem is minimized by this method. Added to this, the presented methodology preserves image information and increases image brightness adaptively. A total of 150 low exposure images are used to evaluate its performance and compared it with several existing state-of-the-art algorithms. The experiment results are analyzed in terms of entropy, absolute mean brightness error (AMBE), degree of entropy un-preservation (DEU) and output image inspection. The proposed method results show significant improvement in enhancing low exposure images.

 

Author(s) Details

K. S. Sandeep

Department of Electronics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shimoga, India.

 

 Basavaraj N. Jagadale

Department of Electronics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shimoga, India.

 

J. S. Bhat

Indian Institute of Information Technology, Surat, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Comparative Study of Image Fusion Techniques in Treatment Planning | Chapter 6 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

The process by which different images or information from multiple images are combined is termed as Image fusion which is achieved by applying a sequence of operators on the images. Recently, a number of image fusion techniques have been developed. This chapter presents a review on the main categories of image fusion namely spatial domain technique, transform domain technique and statistical domain fusion technique. This chapter also reviews on the importance of image fusion techniques in treatment planning. Image Fusion is one of the latest fields adopted to solve the problems of digital image; image fusion produces high-quality images which contains additional information for the purposes of interpretation, classification, segmentation and compression, etc. The principle requirement of the fusion process is to identify the most significant features in the input images and to transfer them without loss of detail into the fused image. Image Fusion finds its application in vast range of areas. It is used for medical diagnostics and treatment. This chapter presents a brief description of some of the extensively used image fusion techniques for treatment planning. Comparison of all available image fusion techniques concludes a better approach for future research on image fusion.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Bhuvaneswari Balachander

Department  of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.

 

D. Dhanasekaran

Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Identifying Efficient Road Safety Prediction Model Using Data Mining Classifiers: Recent Advancements |Chapter 5 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

Globally road safety is a major concern to prevent accidents. The aim of the traffic accident analysis for a region is to investigate the cause for accidents and to determine accident prone spots in a region. Multivariate analysis of traffic accidents data is critical to identify major causes for fatal accidents. In this work, accident dataset is analysed using algorithmic approach, as an attempt to address this problem. The reason for accident and with other attributes such as weather, surface, ambience, mobile usage and drunken driving were also considered. Prediction model was derived using various classifiers such as J48, Naive Bayes etc., to enhance safety measures for a accident prone region.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Durga Karthik

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRC – SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

K. Vijayarekha

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Bandwidth Distribution Algorithm of Applications in LTE-Femtocell Network: Advanced Study | Chapter 4 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

The wireless technology demand is growing exponentially for higher data rate more than 1Gbit/s. The capacity of wireless networks must grow continuously in order to satisfy the demand of traffic from users and applications. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) have been standardized by 3GPP to target data rate of 100Mbits/s in the downlink and 50Mbits/s in the uplink. In LTE, the concept of self-optimization includes optimization of coverage, capacity, handover and interference. During Handover, in the dense deployment of femtocells, the issues of cell selection and reselection need to optimize. The mobile broadband networks support multiple applications like voice, data, video and email, single IP-based infrastructure. These applications have unique traffic challenging and Quality of Service requirements. In the LTE network the bandwidth is distributed among all the users and active applications using rate requirement of user equipment (UE). To increase user satisfaction in terms of rate of applications, the bandwidth allocation among applications needs to be optimized by dynamic scheduling. The objectives which we focused are Handover optimization and bandwidth optimization in the LTE integrated with femtocell networks. Aiming to our objective we proposed Dynamic Cell Selection (DCS) mechanism for handover optimization and Efficient Bandwidth Distribution (EBD) mechanism for allocating dynamic bandwidth to applications. We can perform the simulation of DCS and EBD mechanism in the NS-3 or similar simulation software to evaluate the performance of these algorithms. The real time experimentation of these mechanisms using Software Defined Radio is also possible. For real time set-up, possible supported technical tools are Xilinx(R) Zynq-Based Radio Support Package, Analog Devices AD9361 and LTE System Toolbox of MATLAB.

 

Author(s) Details

Anita B. Jadhav

1Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology (RAIT), Nerul, Mumbai, India.

 

Y. Srinivasa Rao

3Sardar Patel Institute of Technology (SPIT), Andheri, Mumbai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Simplified Measurement on the Impact of Radiation by Mobiles: Recent Study | Chapter 3 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

In fast growing world Mobile phone has become part of the human life. Specific Absorption is a measurement for the amount of Electromagnetic energy that has been absorbed by human tissue. Electromagnetic Radiation associated with Mobile Phones is always as an issue that has to be addressed for human safety, Particularly for children. More focus has been paid to induced SAR in the human head when exposed to EM Waves emitted from mobile Phone Antenna, but while using mobile phone the user gets exposed to a dangerous electromagnetic Radiations. ICNIRP Prescribed some guidelines for EM Exposure Level for Public. The Present paper is discuss the SAR Values of different Mobile Phones, Measured How much People are Aware of SAR Values are given as a survey. The study is compromised individuals that visited in the survey site. The awareness is assessed using structured questions and it was recorded to measure the awareness.

 

Author(s) Details

P. Ashok Kumar

GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India.

 

 Ch. R. Phani Kumar

GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Autonomous Planetary Vehicle Development Platform: New Perspectives | Chapter 2 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

This paper presents the design, architecture, and constructions of a planetary autonomous exploration vehicle platform, which can be used to develop and test Artificial Intelligence, based software and generate a large dataset for the training of neural networks. It can also be used for testing a wide range of sensors. Rovers will be at the frontier of planetary exploration, capable of executing tasks without human supervision in a harsh and unpredictable environment, and to do so it requires real-time control over its actuators to keep it away from a risky situation. Due to the limitations imposed by communication latency and small window of communication through deep space satellites, existing Mars rovers are semi-autonomous. To develop AI-based software for the rover, a low-cost alternative of a planetary rover is required, which can facilitate data generation from different types of sensors and actuators for a long duration and perform all possible scenarios and actions. Presently this task is done using simulation or replicas of the actual rovers used in planetary missions which are very costly. The proposed rover design is a low-cost alternative, capable of powering, driving varieties of sensors, scale up to new hardware and record data as specified by the user. It can also be used to test the newly developed algorithm before being tested on an actual rover. This platform can be used as a simulation platform for software as the proposed platform is directly in contact with the environmental factors.

 

Author(s) Details

Bishwajit Pal

Department of MCA (Visveshwaraya Technological University), Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

 

Samitha Khaiyum

Department of MCA (Visveshwaraya Technological University), Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

 

Practical Realization of Three Phase Buck AC Converter Feeding Three Phase Star Connected RL Load Using FPGA Real Time Controller: Advanced Study | Chapter 1 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

A three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET is designed, rigged up and analyzed with three phase star connected RL load for electrical parameters such as output voltage, input current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using FPGA real time controller. The various PWM techniques such as ramp-DC symmetrical PWM (RDSPWM), ramp-triangular asymmetrical PWM (RTAPWM), sinusoidal asymmetrical PWM type-1 [SAPWM1] and sinusoidal asymmetrical PWM type-2 [SAPWM2] techniques are generated using FPGA real time controller in order to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter It is required to consider both harmonic profile and input power factor in order to increase the efficiency of power electronic converter. It is observed from experimental results that the RDSPWM technique gives lesser total harmonic distortion [THD] of output voltage and input current than other techniques. It is also observed that the SAPWM1 switching strategy gives high input power factor, more output voltage, high efficiency and moderate improvement of harmonic profile for the entire range of modulation index MI compared to other PWM techniques. Hence SAPWM1 technique is preferred for AC to AC converter than other techniques that renders easy filtration at lower cost.A

 

Author(s) Details

K. Venkatesha

1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, BNM Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India.

H. A. Vidya

2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

 

Evaluation of Origanum vulgare Essential Oil as a Natural Antibacterial Agent in Minced Meat | Chapter 5 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

The increasing consumer demand for natural, clean-label food preservation strategies has intensified interest in plant-derived essential oils as alternatives to synthetic preservatives. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy and preservative potential of Origanum vulgare essential oil in fresh minced meat under refrigerated storage. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and chemically characterised using GC–MS, revealing a carvacrol-rich chemotype with significant amounts of thymol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene, which collectively contribute to its strong antimicrobial activity. Phenolic derivatives accounted for over 64% of the oil composition, explaining its pronounced efficacy against microorganisms.

 

When incorporated into minced meat at a sensorially acceptable concentration of 0.1%, the essential oil significantly reduced total aerobic mesophilic microflora and Staphylococcus aureus populations over 48 hours at 4 °C, without affecting sensory attributes such as taste and odour. The stronger reduction in S. aureus is attributed to the higher susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to phenolic compounds. The antibacterial mechanism involves disruption of bacterial cell membranes, ion leakage, ATP depletion, and collapse of the proton-motive force, while minor compounds like p-cymene and γ-terpinene enhance membrane penetration and synergistically boost antimicrobial activity. The essential oil also exhibits anti-biofilm properties, preventing adhesion and disrupting mature biofilms.

 

From an industrial perspective, challenges such as volatility, instability, and strong aroma can be mitigated using encapsulation technologies (nanoemulsions, liposomes, cyclodextrins, biopolymer-based matrices) and by combining essential oils with other multi-hurdle preservation strategies, including modified atmosphere packaging, edible coatings, organic acids, and mild thermal treatments.

 

In conclusion, Origanum vulgare essential oil is a promising natural preservative capable of enhancing food safety, extending shelf life, and meeting the consumer demand for minimally processed, natural meat products. Further studies are warranted to optimise encapsulation systems, synergistic preservation strategies, and industrial-scale applications.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sonia Heni
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Biology of Materials, Higher Normal School of Technological Education of Skikda, Algeria.

 

Hicham Boughendjioua
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Biology of Materials, Higher Normal School of Technological Education of Skikda, Algeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7083

Development and in vivo Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Microballoons of Acetohydroxamic Acid for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability |Chapter 4 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

The oral route remains the most preferred and patient-friendly mode of drug administration. Microballoons, a non-effervescent gastroretentive system, are hollow microspheres (<200 µm) composed of polymers or proteins that exhibit excellent buoyancy due to their internal cavity. As multiple-unit systems, they ensure uniform drug distribution, minimise dose dumping, and allow controlled drug release by optimising polymer composition. Acetohydroxamic acid, a urease inhibitor structurally similar to urea, effectively inhibits Helicobacter pylori by penetrating bacterial cells and blocking urease activity, making it suitable for stomach-specific delivery. This study involved the formulation of acetohydroxamic acid floating microballoons, the evaluation of gastric retention by X-ray imaging in rabbits, and bioavailability assessment through pharmacokinetic studies. DSC and FTIR confirmed drug–polymer compatibility. The percentage yield was in the range of 60-90 % for all the formulations. It was found to be less than 70% yield with ethyl cellulose and HPMC K4M, and for the optimised formulation, the yield was around 80 %. The entrapment efficiency was in the range of 60-90 % for all the formulations and was found to be 89.6%for optimized formulation. The percentage buoyancywas in the range of 60-90 % for all the formulations and was found to be 85.5% for optimized formulation. Drug content of all the prepared formulations was found to be within the acceptable range of 90.0 -110.0%. This manuscript is important to the scientific community as it provides a comprehensive and well-validated approach to gastroretentive drug delivery using floating microballoons as a non-effervescent, multiparticulate system. The work offers a reproducible formulation strategy for stomach-specific delivery of urease inhibitors, addressing a critical challenge in the management of Helicobacter pylori infections. Overall, the findings contribute valuable translational insights for the development of advanced oral drug delivery systems with improved clinical efficacy.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Munija Pancheddula
Vision College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Boduppal, Hyderabad, India.

 

Nemuri Mounika
Vision College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Boduppal, Hyderabad, India.

 

Upparaboina Srilatha
Vision College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Boduppal, Hyderabad, India.

 

Shayeda
Department of Pharmaceutics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal-506009, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7065

 

Chronotherapy and Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems: Aligning Pharmacotherapy with Circadian Rhythms |Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Chronotherapy is a therapeutic strategy that synchronises the timing of drug administration with the body’s endogenous circadian rhythms to enhance efficacy and reduce adverse effects. These rhythms regulate physiological processes such as hormone secretion, metabolism, sleep–wake cycles, and cardiovascular function, making timing an essential component of optimised therapy. Pulsatile drug delivery systems complement chronotherapy by releasing drugs in a programmed manner after a predetermined lag time, allowing the drug to reach peak concentrations at the time when symptoms are most severe or when the body is most receptive to treatment. Chronotherapy can be implemented using various approaches, including delayed or advanced sleep phase therapy, rest-phase adjustment, and combination interventions involving light or behavioural therapy. In clinical practice, chronotherapy has shown particular benefit in arthritis management—night-time dosing of NSAIDs or corticosteroids helps reduce early-morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis, while morning dosing of COX-2 inhibitors is more effective for osteoarthritis. Overall, aligning drug delivery with circadian patterns offers a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic outcomes in time-dependent diseases.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Y. Ismail
Crescent School of Pharmacy, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 600048, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vijaya Kumar Voleti
School of Pharmacy, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, OMR Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

S. Priya
School of Pharmacy, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, OMR Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7019

Evaluation of α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Selected Plants | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Background: Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), leading to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. Naturally occurring inhibitors of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes may offer an effective way to limit the absorption of dietary carbohydrates while causing fewer adverse effects than synthetic drugs. α-amylase helps in the digestion and absorption of dietary starch and causes elevated blood glucose levels.

 

Aims: The present work aims to find natural α-amylase inhibitors derived from plants that have gained popularity as safe and cost-effective alternatives.

 

Study Design: This study investigates the α-amylase inhibitory potential of five medicinal plants (Aerva lanata, Emblica officinalis, Momordica charantia, Musa paradisiaca, and Psidium guajava) traditionally used in diabetes management.

 

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Botany, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.

 

Methodology: The α-amylase inhibitory activity of five plant extracts (Aerva lanata, Emblica officinalis, Momordica charantia, Musa paradisiaca, and Psidium guajava) was evaluated at concentrations ranging from 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/mL. Metformin was used as a standard antidiabetic drug for comparison. The extracts underwent additional phytochemical analysis to determine their total tannin and total phenolic contents.

 

Results: Our findings demonstrate that these plant extracts exhibit varying degrees of α-amylase inhibitory activity, with Momordica charantia showing the highest inhibition (95.00% ± 0.58% at 100 μg/mL). The inhibitory potential of these extracts correlates with their phenolic and tannin content, suggesting a role for these phytochemicals in α-amylase inhibition. Notably, Emblica officinalis and Psidium guajava also displayed significant inhibitory activity comparable to the standard drug metformin.

 

Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into the development of novel antidiabetic therapies from natural sources. Further studies are warranted to isolate and characterise the bioactive compounds and elucidate their mechanisms of action. The findings of this study have significant implications for the management of diabetes and the development of natural antidiabetic agents.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nisha Joseph
Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate College Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.

 

A. S. Deepthi
Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate College Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.

 

Gokul G. Nair
Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate College Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.

 

Merin Grace Jiji
Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate College Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7036

Spectroscopic Methods for Analysing Herbal Medicine and their Roles in Healthcare |Chapter 1 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Background: Spectroscopic methods are very fundamental, convenient, cost-effective and available equipment settings in both industry and laboratory to analyse a range of products, including food, medicines, cosmetics and herbal products. Herbal drugs, that is, plant-derived products, have been used in the healthcare system from ancient times. There are different types of spectroscopic methods, among which ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are widely used for analysing herbal drugs.

 

Materials and Methods: PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar and other search engines, including Artificial intelligence tools, have been searched to find suitable literature to find relevant research works. The keywords “Spectroscopy”, “Herbal medicines”, “UV-VIS spectroscopy”, “Analysis”, “Infra-Red spectroscopy”, “Raman spectroscopy”, “Atomic absorption spectroscopy”, “Mass spectroscopy”, “Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy”, “Analysis of herbs and phytoconstituents” etc. have been applied to find expected research articles and collect information on various aspects of spectroscopic methods for analysing herbal medicine and their roles in healthcare.

 

Results: After a thorough study of a lot of published articles, standard textbooks and related literature, we found some spectroscopic methods which are suitable for the analysis of herbal drugs. Some of these methods are - ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared and Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. Several tandem systems integrate spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Prominent examples include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). These methods are highly suitable, specific, sensitive, and readily amenable to validation.

 

Conclusion: Spectroscopic methods provide a reliable and cost-effective approach for evaluating phytochemical potency and ensuring the quality of herbal preparations, making them essential tools in routine laboratory analysis.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sabiha Ferdowsy Koly
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Tejgaon-1215, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Shah Amran
Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Public Health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Bashudhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/6660

Advancing Healthcare through Corporate Social Responsibility: A Study of Bangladesh’s Banking Sector| Chapter 4 | Economics, Business and Management: Recent Advances Vol. 1

 

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has shifted from a philanthropic activity to a strategic business practice, especially in Bangladesh’s banking sector, where it plays a crucial role in healthcare improvements. The contribution of CSR by banks in Bangladesh has been influential in addressing critical societal needs and enhancing community well-being. Through their CSR initiatives, banks in Bangladesh are actively involved in promoting education, environmental sustainability, and particularly healthcare, reflecting a strong commitment to societal development. This chapter investigates how Bangladeshi banks have integrated CSR into their operations, aligning efforts with national health goals. Using content analysis of publications from the Bangladesh Central Bank and other sources, the study outlines the transition from basic charitable actions to more impactful CSR interventions. Under the Bangladesh Bank’s regulatory framework, banks are required to allocate a portion of profits to CSR, particularly focusing on healthcare, education, disaster relief, and environmental sustainability. The research highlights key healthcare initiatives such as infrastructure development, funding medical camps, and promoting public health awareness. Fluctuations in healthcare-related CSR spending from 2019 to 2023 are examined, showing a peak in 2021, followed by a decline due to political and economic instability. The study stresses the need for stronger oversight, strategic partnerships, and long-term healthcare investments to ensure sustainable outcomes. Bangladesh Bank has initiated several measures to integrate FI with social welfare activities, reflecting a comprehensive engagement of the banking sector in CSR to combat poverty, empower women, improve educational and healthcare facilities, handle disasters, and enhance cultural richness. The variability in expenditure, influenced by external political and economic factors, underscores the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and strategic partnerships. By aligning CSR activities with national health goals and enhancing transparency, banks can ensure that their contributions to healthcare are both impactful and sustainable. Recommendations include aligning CSR strategies with national health objectives, enhancing transparency, and collaborating with healthcare providers and NGOs. Further research is suggested to evaluate the direct impact of these initiatives on healthcare outcomes to ensure long-term effectiveness.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shamsul Sarkar
Healthcare and Community Service Professional, Sydney, Australia.

 

Sharmin Islam
Eastern University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Shafiqur Rahman

Business, Int’l Open University, The Gambia.

 

Md Moniruzzaman
Amazing Dental Signature, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Afruza Haque
DUET, Bangladesh.

 

Faiyaz Rahman
Komatsu, NSW, Australia.

 

Gazi Farid Hossain
King's Own Institute, Australia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ebmra/v1/6991

 

An Empirical Study on Impact Analysis of Macro Economic Indicators on Indian Banking Stocks | Chapter 3 | Economics, Business and Management: Recent Advances Vol. 1

 

The fluctuations in stock prices are due to both company-specific internal factors and many external factors. Among the external factors, the most important are the macroeconomic factors. To create a profitable portfolio, investors must analyse both internal and external influences. This study focuses on the impact of the most important macroeconomic factors, viz., GDP, inflation, industrial production, crude oil prices, foreign institutional investments, currency exchange rate and interest rates, on the prices of the listed banking stocks in India. The sample constitutes the top five listed banks selected from the public and private sectors on the basis of their market capitalisation. The collected secondary data was analysed using suitable statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation and linear multiple regression analysis. Hypotheses are tested based on Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis. It is observed that only two variables, i.e. industrial production and exchange rate, have a significant positive impact on the stock prices. The variable interest rate is showing a significantly negative influence on the stock prices. All the other variables, viz., GDP, inflation, oil prices and FII investments have an insignificant impact.

 

 

Author(s) Details

S. Sundara Ram
C. U. Shah University, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India.

 

Munjal Dave
C. U. Shah University, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India.

 

M. Rajesh
VIT Business School, VIT University, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ebmra/v1/6975

Impact of MGNREGA on Tribal Livelihoods of Santhal Households in Pakur District of Jharkhand, India | Chapter 2 | Economics, Business and Management: Recent Advances Vol. 1

 

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a pivotal welfare program in India, designed to ensure 100 days of guaranteed wage employment for rural households. The objectives of the act are to provide safety nets for vulnerable groups, provide an engine for the agricultural sustainable development, empower the rural poor and promote new ways of doing businesses by providing work for unskilled workers at the wage rate specified by the Central Government. For tribal communities like the Santhals of Pakur district (Jharkhand), MGNREGA has the potential to function as both a safety net and a catalyst for livelihood security. The study aims to find out the extent of participation of MGNREGA among Santhal households in Pakur. This study assesses the influence of MGNREGA on income, migration, and household consumption within Santhal households in Pakur district. Primary data were gathered utilising a stratified random sampling method to guarantee representation among the socio-economic strata of Santhal households. The survey encompassed 150 households, with 25 households chosen from each of six blocks—Pakuria, Maheshpur, Pakur, Amrapara, Littipara, and Hiranpur—establishing a solid foundation for evaluating the program's impact on the community. The data were examined through descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test methodologies after testing the data for normality. The results indicate a statistically significant upward shift in income categories and a reduction in reported seasonal migration following participation in MGNREGA. MGNREGA participation contributed to improved economic well-being, as evidenced by consumption trends, with most households reporting heightened consumption, signifying better access to food and essential goods. The research concludes that MGNREGA has favourably impacted the socio-economic status of Santhal households. The research highlights the necessity for MGNREGA to focus on the development of productive community assets, including irrigation facilities, land development structures, and water harvesting systems, to improve the livelihood resilience of tribal households. It advocates for enhancing execution to achieve more comprehensive livelihood advancements.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Amar Kumar Chaudhary
Department of Commerce and Business Management, Ranchi University, India.

 

Shashi Shekhar Murmu
Department of Commerce and Business Management, Ranchi University, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ebmra/v1/6964

The Role of Firms, Markets, and Financial Systems in Driving Sustainability Transitions under Climate and Resource Constraints | Chapter 1 | Economics, Business and Management: Recent Advances Vol. 1

Sustainability transitions under climate change and resource constraints call for systemic transformations of economic structures instead of mere technologically or financially isolated interventions. This chapter offers a narrative review and conceptual synthesis of the changes in the roles of firms, markets, and financial systems during such transitions. Grounded in economics and finance, the chapter examines how firm behaviour, market incentives, innovation dynamics, and investment decisions interact under conditions of environmental uncertainty. The analysis brings out constraints of the market coordination in the presence of externalities, the significance of a regulatory framework that is credible for guiding innovation, and the function of financial systems in reallocating capital and pricing transition risks. It is argued that firms, markets, and finance are not entities that can independently drive the change; rather, they are the interdependent components of wider transition processes influenced by governance and the credibility of policy. The chapter also draws policy-relevant implications by emphasising the need for coordinated innovation policy, regulatory credibility, and financial disclosure frameworks to enable stable and inclusive sustainability transitions. The chapter concludes by emphasising the need for coordinated policy approaches that would be able to harmonise real, economic incentives with the financial systems in order to be a source of stable, inclusive, and economically sustainable transitions of the environment.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Imtipong Longkumer
Department of Management, Nagaland University, Meriema Campus, Kohima, Nagaland, India and Department of Business Administration, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Jakhama, Nagaland, India.

 

Mohd Faishal
St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Jakhama, Nagaland, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ebmra/v1/6968

Multitemporal Monitoring of Surface Water Dynamics in Lake Tota (Colombia) Using Landsat Imagery and NDWI: A Replicable Methodological Framework | Chapter 4 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Remote sensing has become an essential tool for understanding environmental dynamics, particularly the long-term monitoring of surface water bodies. Among spectral indices, the Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) has shown strong potential for detecting and quantifying changes in water surfaces using multispectral satellite imagery. This chapter presents a replicable methodological framework for the multitemporal analysis of surface water dynamics based on Landsat imagery and the NDWI index, integrating conceptual explanation with a step-by-step workflow accessible to researchers, professionals, and students.

 

The proposed methodology is applied to Lake Tota, the largest natural freshwater lake in Colombia, using Landsat images from 1985 to 2025. The results indicate a net reduction of 125.24 hectares in surface water area, equivalent to a decrease of 2.29% relative to the baseline year, together with marked interannual variability and a declining trend in recent years. Beyond the case study, the framework offers a transferable approach for monitoring surface water changes in different geographic contexts, contributing to more informed decision-making in environmental management and research.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Alexander Saavedra Pulido
Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Santo Tomás, Colombia.

 

Carlos Caro Camargo
Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Santo Tomás, Colombia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/7147

 

A Study of the Seawater Quality Around Halmahera Islands, North Maluku, Indonesia | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Halmahera is one of the largest islands in North Maluku, Indonesia. The island is rich in valuable minerals like gold and nickel, and it also has abundant marine resources. In September 2005 (transition monsoon), a research survey was carried out in the waters around Halmahera, because September is a transitional season, where in this month there is a change of season from the east season to the west season, which affects water conditions. This study aims to monitor seawater quality in relation to fisheries and tourism interests. The study looked at both physical and chemical seawater quality parameters. The physical parameters measured included temperature, salinity, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and light transmission, while the chemical parameters were nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate),  dissolved oxygen (DO), acidity (pH), and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni). The results showed that the seawater quality was generally suitable for fisheries and tourism activities and still met the standards set for Indonesia’s seawater quality.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Edward Edward
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.

 

Abd Wahab Radjab
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Yanrizal Yanrizal
Faculty of Technical Geology , Bandung Technology Institute, Bandung, Indonesia.

 

Safar Dody
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Sam Wouthuyzen
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Agus Kusnadi
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Teddy Triandiza
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Marsya J Rugebregt
Research Center for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency, Ancol, Indonesia.

 

Intan Rubiyanti
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural Institute, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

RDA Opier
Research Center for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency, Ancol, Indonesia.

 

Agus Dendi Rochendi
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.

 

Sulistiono
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural Institute, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Frensly D Hukom
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Teguh Peristiwady
Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Yunia Witasari
Reserach Center for Limnology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/7087

Seasonal Variability of Surface Currents in the Kawal Estuary, Bintan Island, Indonesia: A Hydrodynamic Modelling Approach | Chapter 2 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Background: From a social point of view, the water area around the mouth of the Kawal river, Bintan regency, is a tourism area, settlement, fisherman harbour, and seagrass conservation area that affects the sustainability of coastal activities and conditions such as abrasion, sedimentation and changes in coastline. Current patterns and wind speeds around the region are strongly influenced by winds blowing from the dominant monsoon system in Southeast Asian waters.

 

Aims: This study analyses the seasonal hydrodynamic characteristics, particularly surface current patterns, in the Kawal Estuary, eastern Bintan Island, Indonesia, a monsoon-dominated area intensively utilised for tourism, settlements, seagrass conservation, and fisheries activities.

 

Study Design: A numerical hydrodynamic modelling approach was employed to simulate and evaluate seasonal variations in the magnitude and direction of surface currents over a one-year period.

 

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Kawal estuary, Bintan Island, Indonesia, covering a one-year simulation period from December 2020 to November 2021.

 

Methodology: Hydrodynamic simulations were performed using the MIKE 21/3 Flexible Mesh integrated flow model. Seasonal surface current characteristics were examined across representative tidal conditions, including flood and ebb phases under spring and neap tides. Model validation was conducted using tidal data and in situ current measurements obtained from a Recording Current Meter deployed in March 2021. Surface current magnitude and direction were analysed at four representative locations within and around the estuary.

 

Results: The modelling results show good agreement with observations, achieving validation accuracies of 81.69% for tidal data and 85.04% for field current measurements. Surface current patterns exhibit pronounced spatial and seasonal variability, with predominantly northeastward flow at the northern and southern locations, while the frontal area displays greater directional variability. Two dominant flow patterns were identified, characterised by southwest–south and northeastward directions associated with tidal reversals. Peak surface current velocities consistently occur during the flood tide phase.

 

Conclusion: The Kawal Estuary exhibits complex seasonal surface current dynamics controlled by monsoon forcing, tidal variability, and estuarine geometry. These findings provide essential baseline information for understanding sediment transport pathways, supporting coastal management and navigation planning, and enhancing the sustainability of estuarine ecosystems in monsoon-influenced tropical regions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Reni Wijayanti
Research Center Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.

 

Dewi Surinati
Research Center Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.

 

Risandi Dwirama Putra
Naval Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Tanjungpinang 29411, Indonesia.

 

Agus Mulyono
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.

 

Ida Narulita
Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.

 

Muh. Rahman Djuwansah
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/7067

The Toxic Chemicals Consumed in Clay Soil and Its Implications for Women’s Health: A Call to Awareness |Chapter 1 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Background: The practise of geophagy is associated with maternal, neonatal and childhood morbidities and mortalities. Pregnancy complications, central nervous system, iron deficiency, shortness of breath, severe constipation, fatigue, appendicitis and cancer were reported as the major public health concerns linked with the practice of geophagy.

 

Aims: The purpose of this chapter is to provide insights into geophagy and to promote awareness of its causes, practices, and implications.

 

Methodology: An exploratory mixed-method sequential design was employed to develop an environmental health and promotion intervention program to mitigate geophagy amongst women of childbearing age in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province. The study was conducted in the Tshwane District, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The study was run between September 2023 and October 2024. Experimental research was conducted at the Biochemistry laboratory at the University of Johannesburg using the ICP Mass Spectrometry to examine the chemical composition of clay soil eaten by geophagic women of childbearing age in the Tshwane District, Gauteng Province. Face-to-face in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with women of childbearing age and Nurses in the antenatal care and family planning units. A purposive sampling technique was followed to select and include study participants. The sample size reached was 99 women of childbearing age, including pregnant women and 20 Nurses, determined by the data saturation, which is the point at which participants are no longer providing new information.

 

Results: More than 50% of pregnant women practised geophagy during their gestation period to supplement their nutrient, vitamins and minerals deficiencies. Nurses perceived that people who practise geophagy are iron-deficient. Thirty-nine samples were assessed to detect the chemical composition and potential health risks associated with the practise of geophagy. 18 Trace elements were detected from the samples containing both essential and non-essential elements. The potential health risks reported to be linked with the practice of geophagy included cancer, appendicitis, severe constipation, dental enamel damage, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia, fatigue, shortness of breath, lead poisoning, pregnancy complications, central nervous system damage, and birth defects.

 

Conclusion: It is thus concluded that practise of geophagy is harmful, containing toxic elements such as trace elements. The practise of geophagy and commercialisation of geophagic must be discouraged to curb health-related risks associated with the practise of geophagy. More research is needed to understand geophagy better. We need to educate people about the risks of geophagy and help those who are affected. Governments should make rules to stop the sale of clay soil for eating. We should spread awareness about the dangers of geophagy through campaigns and community programs.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mohora Feida Malebatja
Department of Public Health, School of Healthcare Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, 0208, P.O. Box 60, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/6721

AI-Powered Administrative Tools and Secretarial Job Security: A Phenomenological Study in Lesotho Government Ministries | Chapter 7 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 6

This pilot phenomenological qualitative study explored how five secretaries from a selected Lesotho government ministry perceived job security amid the emerging, though informal, use of AI-powered administrative tools in their daily work. Guided by an interpretivist stance and informed by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) frameworks, the study employed a purposive non-probability sampling and conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews to capture participants’ lived experiences. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Three dominant themes emerged: (1) fear of role displacement; (2) competency gaps, notably limited digital skills and lack of training; and (3) structural limitations, including inadequate infrastructure, weak communication and unclear policy direction. Participants acknowledged the efficiency improvements associated with AI tools but voiced concerns about future roles; inadequate training, limited organisational support and the absence of clear digital transformation plans. Based on the findings, the study recommended a focused strategy that combines targeted reskilling, structured capacity-building and clear, policy-driven digital integration to enable secure and meaningful adoption of AI tools while preserving the secretaries’ distinct professional roles. As a small pilot, the findings were context-specific, and their transferability to other settings should be assessed rather than assumed; nonetheless, they offer applicable, evidence-based guidance for ministries pursuing inclusive and sustainable digital transformation. The study contributed deep insights into AI tools adoption and job security within African public service environments and identifies priorities for policy, training and change management to inform subsequent large-scale qualitative research.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Marethabile Selloane Florina Hoeane-Makote
Information and Corporate Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.

 

Musawenkosi Ngibe
Information and Corporate Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v6/6856

Roots and Transformations: Installation Art in Contemporary Sculpture | Chapter 6 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 6

 

In the 20th and 21st centuries, concepts of durability, control over physical substance, and spatial existence have undergone a remarkable change. In contrast to classical sculpture, which emphasises qualities such as resilience, expert artistry, and symbolism, modern approaches have expanded the definition of sculpture to include immersive and participatory perspectives.

 

By combining media such as sculpture, sound, light, video, and performance to create a place-specific atmosphere, installation art has emerged as a significant force of transformation. In comparison to static, object-centric works, the installation gives stress on spatial dynamics, aspects of temporality and audience interaction, which facilitates the emergence of meaning through personal experience and contextual involvement.

 

The historical evolution of installation art started with early avant-garde efforts, including Marcel Duchamp's readymades, Dadaism, Surrealism, and constructivism, which critically analysed well-known aesthetic norms, material disruption, and participation of the observers. The innovation of many persons, notably Allan Kaprow's Happenings and Yayoi Kusama's immersive installations, laid the foundation of the process with audience engagement and perceptual alteration.

 

Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty and Joseph Beuys' ecological initiatives first started installation art as a vehicle for social, political, and environmental discussion and ecological discourse. The conceptual richness and cultural implications of installation art utilising both traditional and innovative materials to confront urgent societal and environmental issues received a lot of attention from notable artists Olafur Eliasson, Anish Kapoor, Ai Weiwei, as well as Indian practitioners. The scale, conceptual richness, and cultural implications of installation art.

 

Installation art entails phenomenology, relational aesthetics, and participatory and immersive characteristics. This increases the significance of embodied perception, social interaction, and contextual meaning, eg, Postmodern and deconstructive methodologies further promote a plurality of interpretations, thereby increasing audience involvement.

 

This chapter highlights a case study of an environment-oriented installation using the available roots, woods and natural materials in the vicinity of the university with emphasis on sustainability, protection of cultural heritage, and audience engagement. The study elucidates the several ways in which contemporary installation art has value in aesthetic and ethical aspects, which in turn establishes a link between traditional knowledge and ecological consciousness.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ratan Kanwar
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v6/6434

Machine Learning for the Real World: Applications and Insights | Book Publisher International

 

The accelerating advancement of machine learning has reoriented the manner in which we interact with data, make decisions, and tackle challenges. What was previously a specialized field of computer science is now a groundbreaking force for change in the markets and sciences. The concept of Machine Learning for the Real World: Applications and Insights originated from the understanding that true progress is not just about creating complex algorithms but also about using them to deliver real-world solutions.

 

This book is a selected set of research contributions that encapsulate the applied spirit of machine learning. Each chapter embodies the imagination, intensity, and innovative spirit of its authors and illustrates how machine learning can be applied in various disciplines. The focus lies in connecting theoretical models with their practical applications so that readers can gain conceptual illumination as well as practical insights.

 

We wish this book to act as both scholarly reference and inspiration for further investigation. It is meant for professionals, scholars, and students interested in learning how machine learning is transforming the current and future.

 

I seize this moment to thank sincerely the authors for their tireless efforts, my institution and colleagues for their encouragement, and the publishing staff for assisting in bringing this vision to reality.

 

It is my conviction that the chapters in this book will not only enhance readers' comprehension of machine learning but also inspire new concepts for its ethical and effective use in the real world.

Editor(s) Details

Prof. Sheela S Maharajpet

Department of MCA, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore – 560107, India.

 

Dr. Manish Kumar Thakur
Department of MCA, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore – 560107, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-999106-5-2

Edible Straws as Promising Biodegradable Alternatives to Single-Use Plastics: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 4 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 6

 

The most standard type of straws commonly found in the food industry is made of plastic. Plastic pollution remains one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century, with single-use plastic straws contributing significantly to marine litter and microplastic accumulation. In response, edible straws have emerged as a promising biodegradable alternative aligned with global efforts to reduce plastic consumption. Edible straws are being actively researched for their biodegradability, functionality, and consumer acceptability. While their biodegradable nature makes them appealing, their safety, environmental impact, and regulatory compliance are paramount for successful market adoption. This review synthesises insights from 32 Scopus-indexed studies (2020–2025), highlighting advancements in raw materials, processing methods, mechanical strength, environmental sustainability, and consumer perception. Edible straws are primarily manufactured using renewable, food-grade biopolymers such as starch (from cassava, corn, rice), seaweed polysaccharides (agar, alginate, carrageenan), cellulose (agro-waste derived), and proteins (soy, whey, gelatin), with functional additives like plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol) and hydrophobic coatings (beeswax, shellac) enhancing their performance. Among them, cellulose-based straws show high tensile strength and moisture resistance, while protein- and seaweed-based versions offer favourable sensory profiles and faster biodegradation. Despite these benefits, challenges such as high production costs, short shelf life, variability in material behaviour, and lack of regulatory standardisation limit market penetration. Life cycle assessments confirm the ecological advantages of edible straws over plastic and paper alternatives. Innovative developments such as hybrid biopolymer blends, nanofillers, scalable extrusion techniques, and flavour-infused designs hold promise for enhancing commercial viability and user acceptance. Achieving mainstream adoption will require integrated efforts in material science, food engineering, policy regulation, and public awareness. Despite growing academic and industrial interest in edible straws, several critical knowledge gaps and developmental challenges remain unaddressed. While laboratory-scale development has yielded promising outcomes, large-scale production of edible straws remains largely unexplored. Future research should prioritise scalable manufacturing methods, improved shelf-life formulations, comprehensive life-cycle and techno-economic assessments, expanded consumer acceptance studies, and the development of harmonised regulatory standards to enable the commercial viability of edible straws.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Meegada Akhila
Department of Food Technology, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Santhi Sri K. V
Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, ANU College of Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

M. V. Keerthi
Department of Food Technology, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

M. Mounica
Department of Food Technology, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v6/7101